Laki language

Laki
Laki
Lekî
لەکی
Native to	Iran, Iraq, Turkey
Region	Central Zagros
Ethnicity	Laks
Native speakers	1.5 to 2.5 million (2000)
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern Iranian I Lurish, Kurdish Laki; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	lki
Glottolog	laki1244
Linguasphere	58-AAC-aac

Laki pronunciation^ⓘ ^[11](لەکی; Lekî) is a speech variety that is either considered an independent Iranian language,^[12]^[13]^[14], a dialect of Lurish^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] or a dialect of Southern Kurdish.^[9]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19] Lexical similarity with Khorramabadi Luristani is 78%, with Persian is 70%, and with Northern Luri is 69%.^[1]

Laki is presently spoken in the areas south of Hamadan and including the towns of Nahavand, Tuyserkan, kuhdasht, Nursbad, Ilam, Gilan, and Pahla (Pehle), as well as the countryside in the districts of Horru, Selasele, Silakhur, and the northern Aleshtar in western Iran. It is also spoken in Kermanshah province including Harsin, Bisotun, Sahneh, Zangane Tribe as well as the city of Kermanshah.

The syntax and vocabulary of Laki have been profoundly altered by Lurish language, a Southwest Iranic language. The basic grammar and verb systems of Laki are, like other Northwestern Iranian languages, especially the Zaza–Gorani languages, clearly Northwest Iranian. This relationship is further affirmed by remnants in Laki of the Kurdish grammatical hallmark, the ergative construction. Despite this, Shahsavari based on his linguistics and semantics characteristics concluded that Laki is obviously different from Kurdish.^[20]

Laki and Ancient Persian

Ancient Persian^{[citation needed]}	English	Kurdish	Laki	Lurish	Farsi
dā	mother	dāya	dā	daya	mādar / māmān
ima	we	ima	ima	ima	mā
awa	it	awa	aoa/ava	ho/û	ān
baw	father	bãwa	bãwa	bowa	pedar / bābā
hyat	When the	kati ka	haně ke^[21]		zamni ke
hvar	sun	xor/war	huar	hurşîd	xorşid
aδa	At that time	awsā	asa	ûsa	ān zaman
tauhmā	Seed	tōm	tôěm	tōm	toxm
brātā	Brother	bera	berā	berār	barādar
ah	is	haya	hā	hā	hast
Jani	Female	žen	žan	zan	zan
Xvasura	Spouse's family	xazūra	hasûira	hasîra	xānevadeh hamsar
Asrav	Tears	asrin	asr	asr	ashk
Varaza	Boar	barāz	verāz/tawena	verāz	gorāz
zān	Know	zān	zān	dŭn	dān
zamā	Groom	zamā/zāwā	zumā	domā	dāmād
varkā	Lamb	barx	vark	vark	bare
māung	Month	māŋ	māŋ	mä	māh
āsen	Iron	āsen	āsen	āhen	āhan
berz	Height	barz	barz	barz	boland / borz
tāu	Heat	taw	tāw	tāu	garmā

Comparison between Laki, some other Kurdish varieties, and Persian

Feyli	Kelhuri	Central Kurdish	Northern Kurdish	Laki	Hawrami	Persian	English
wehar	wehar	behar, wehar	behar, bihar	wehar, vihar	wehar	bahar	spring
tawsan	tawsan	hawîn, tawsan	havîn	tawsan	hamîn	tabestan, hāmīn (Middle Persian)	summer
payîz	payîz	payîz	pahîz, payîz	payîz , małejêr	payîz	payîz	autumn
waran	waran	baran, werişt	baran	varan, waran, veşt	waran, weşt	bârân	rain
çaw	çew	çaw	çav	çem	çem	çašm	eye
dut	dut	kiç/kenîşk/afret	keç, dot	dit, afiret	kinaçê	dôxtar	girl
kurr	kurr	kurr	kurr	koirr	kurr	pesar	boy
gurdalle	gurdalle	gurçîle	gurçik	gurdałe , viłk	wellk	gurde	kidney
rêwêar	rêwêar	rêbwar	rêbwar, rêwî	rêvêar ,rîwar	rawyar	?	wayfarer
minall	minall	minall, mindall	zarok	ayîl	zarolle	baçe	child
xwem	xwem	xom	ez bi xwe	wozhm/wozhem	wêm	xodam	myself
minîş	minîş	minîş	ez jî / min jî	minîj ,minîş,minîc	minîç	man ham	me too
keftin	keftin	kewtin	ketin	ketin	kewtey	oftodan	to fall
xistin	xistin	hawêştin	avêtin	aîtin,azhten,ashten, haîştin	-	partoftan	to throw
(mi) hatim	(mi) hatim	(min) hatim	ez hatim	(mi) hetim	(min) amam	(man) omadam	I came
(mi) xwem/xwerim	(mi) xwem/dixwim	(min) exwem/dexom	ez dixwim	(mi) merim/mexwim	min mewerû	(man) xordam	I eat
(mi) nan xwardim	(mi) nan xwardim	(min) nanim xward	min nan xuard	(mi) nanim hward	(min) nanim ward	(man) nanam xordam	I ate the bread
(mi) nan xwem	(mi) nan xwem	(min) nan dexwim	ez nanê di xwum	(mi) nane merim/mexwim	(min) nan mewerû	(man) daram nan mixoram	I am eating the bread
(mi) nan xwardisim	(mi) na xwardêam	(min) nanim dexward	min nan di xuard	(mi) nanme mehward	-	(man) nanam xordam	I was eating the bread
(mi) hatime	(mi) hatime	(min) hatûme	ez hatime	(mi) hetime		(man) omadam	I have come
(mi) hatoîm	(mi) hatoîm	(min) hatibûm	ez hatibûm	(mi) hetoîm	-	(man) omade budam	I had come

Comparison between Laki and some other Lurish varieties with kormaci alfabet

Lakî	South Lurish	Minjai	Bakhtiari	English	Persian	Persian transcription
koiçik,san	berd / kuçuk	berd	berd / kuçuk	stone	سنگ	sang
sê	sê	sê / sia	šé / sê	black	سیاه	siyah
çem	tye	češ	tî / tye	eye	چشم	chashm
da / daleke	da / deî	da / dałike	da	mother	مادر	maadar
pet	nuft	pit	nuft	nose	بینی	bini
kła ga	verza	verza	verza	bull	گاونر	gāve nar
tate	tate	tate	tate	uncle (Father's brother)	عمو	amu
halû	halû	halû	halû	uncle (mother's brother)	دایی	dayi
çûłê(big) , jijû(small)	cilé / cŭlé	jejŭ / jejŭle	čŭlé	Porcupine	تشی	tashi
agir / awir	teš	agır / teš	teš / agır	fire	آتش	aatash
bîlem ,biylim	bêlum	bîlam	bêlum	let me	به من اجازه بده	be man ejaze bedeh
koir	kur	kur	kur	son/boy	پسر	pesar
dit , afiret	duwer/dōder	duxter	dōder	daughter	دختر	dokhtar
pîayl , pîal	pîayel	pîaya	pîayel	men	مردها	mardha
jinel , jiniyl	zenel	zenîa	zenel/zengel	women	زنها	zanha
dîar	dîar	dîar	dîar	evident, obvious	مشخص، آشکار	moshakhkhas, ashkar
mazg	mezg	mezg	mezg	brain	مغز	maghz
pişî	gulŭ	pıšî / gulŭ	gulŭ	cat	گربه	gorbeh
gemal	kutŭ / seg	gemal / sey	kutŭ	dog	سگ	sag
bet	bet	bet	bet	duck	مرغابی	morghabi

Laki colors

Laki	Minjai Lurish	Zaza	Northern Kurdish	Central Kurdish	Persian	English
ispê, çermê	ispî, sipî	sipî	sipî	spî/çermû	sefîd	white
reş, sê	sê	sîya	reş	reş	sîya	black
kaw	kaw, kîaw	kiho, kewe	şîn	şîn, kewe	ābi	blue
soêr	sôr	sûr	sor	sûr	sôrx / relmez	red
sioz	sewz	sewz, kesk, kewe	kesk	sewz	sabz	green
hoiîl, qehviyî	qehweyî	qehweyî	qehweyî	qaweyî	qahveyî	brown
bur	xakî-bur	gewr, bor	gewr	bor	xāke-stari	gray
zerd	zerd	zerd	zer	zerd	zard	yellow

Laki calendar

Mangê lekî
pence
mêrêan
gakoir
agranê
mirdał
male jêr
male jêr doimaêne
tül tekin
mange sêe
niorûj
xake lêe
mang êd

References

^ ^a ^b Laki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ ^a ^b B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.
^ ^a ^b ایزدپناه، ح. فرهنگ لکی، مؤسسه فرهنگی جهانگیری، تهران ۱۳۶۷خ، ص ده (مقدمه)
^ ^a ^b "The Lurs of Iran". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
^ ^a ^b امان الاهی بهاروند، سکندر. قوم لر. تهران: آتیه، 1393
^ ^a ^b William J. Frawley, William Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics& 4-Volume Set, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8, s. 310.
^ ^a ^b Albrecht Klose, Sprachen der Welt, De Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-11404-5, s. 227.
^ ^a ^b "Ethnologue 14 report for Iraq".
^ ^a ^b "Laki". Ethnologue.
^ Buǧnūrdī, zīr-i naẓar-i Kāẓim Mūsawī (2007). the great Islamic Encyclopedia (1 ed.). Tehran: the center for the great Islamic Encyclopedia. pp. 548, 549. ISBN 978-964-7025-04-1.
^ "Laki (Lekí) - Kurdish Academy of Language".
^ Shahsavari, Faramarz(2010): Laki and Kurdish. Iran and the Caucasus: volume14, Number 1, Pages 79-82
^ Lakī and Kurdish, Author: Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)[1]
^ فرامرز شهسواری (1394). "ریشه‌شناسی و معناشناسی در زبان لکی". کرمانشاه: طاق بستان. Retrieved 25 December 2015.
^ Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587
^ Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.
^ Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.
^ V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.
^ Hulst, Harry van der; Goedemans, Rob; Zanten, Ellen van (2011). A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198966. KURDISH: Central Kurdish, Northern Kurdish, Laki, Southern Kurdish
^ Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)[2]
^ Different, "hani» that the Laki and the Lurish that means "still".

External links

[e18-1] Laki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[B._Grimes_1996_p._677-2] B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.

[ReferenceA-3] ایزدپناه، ح. فرهنگ لکی، مؤسسه فرهنگی جهانگیری، تهران ۱۳۶۷خ، ص ده (مقدمه)

[The_Lurs_of_Iran-4] "The Lurs of Iran". Cultural Survival. Retrieved 2015-09-21.

[ToolAutoGenRef1-5] امان الاهی بهاروند، سکندر. قوم لر. تهران: آتیه، 1393

[William_J._Frawley_2003-6] William J. Frawley, William Frawley, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics& 4-Volume Set, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8, s. 310.

[Albrecht_Klose_2001-7] Albrecht Klose, Sprachen der Welt, De Gruyter, 2001, ISBN 978-3-598-11404-5, s. 227.

[archive.ethnologue.com-8] "Ethnologue 14 report for Iraq".

[Ethnologue-9] "Laki". Ethnologue.

[cgie-10] Buǧnūrdī, zīr-i naẓar-i Kāẓim Mūsawī (2007). the great Islamic Encyclopedia (1 ed.). Tehran: the center for the great Islamic Encyclopedia. pp. 548, 549. ISBN 978-964-7025-04-1.

[11] "Laki (Lekí) - Kurdish Academy of Language".

[12] Shahsavari, Faramarz(2010): Laki and Kurdish. Iran and the Caucasus: volume14, Number 1, Pages 79-82

[13] Lakī and Kurdish, Author: Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)[1]

[14] فرامرز شهسواری (1394). "ریشه‌شناسی و معناشناسی در زبان لکی". کرمانشاه: طاق بستان. Retrieved 25 December 2015.

[15] Windfuhr, G. (2009). The Iranian Languages, Routledge, p. 587

[16] Rüdiger Schmitt: Die iranischen Sprachen in Gegenwart und Geschichte. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 2000.

[17] Rüdiger Schmitt (Hg.): Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Wiesbaden (Reichert) 1989.

[18] V. Minorsky, "Lak", Encyclopaedia of Islam.

[sow-19] Hulst, Harry van der; Goedemans, Rob; Zanten, Ellen van (2011). A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110198966. KURDISH: Central Kurdish, Northern Kurdish, Laki, Southern Kurdish

[20] Shahsavari, Faramarz, Source: Iran and the Caucasus, Volume 14, Number 1, 2010 , pp. 79-82(4)[2]

[21] Different, "hani» that the Laki and the Lurish that means "still".

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