List of earthquakes in Turkey
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey_1900-2020.svg/420px-Map_of_earthquakes_in_Turkey_1900-2020.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Anatolian_Plate.png/420px-Anatolian_Plate.png)
This is a list of earthquakes in Turkey, including any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. This list is incomplete.
Tectonic setting
Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian Plate and both the African and Arabian Plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.
Seismic hazard
Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time.[1]
List of notable earthquakes
Date | Time‡ | Place | Lat | Long | Deaths | Mag. | Comments | Sources |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17 CE | n/a | Philadelphia (Alaşehir) | 38.21 | 28.31 | n/a | n/a | see AD 17 Lydia earthquake | [2] |
13 December 115 | Antioch | 36.1 | 36.1 | ~260,000 | 7.5 Ms | see 115 Antioch earthquake | [3] | |
141 (or 142) | Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese | 36.7 | 28.0 | n/a | VIII | Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake | [4] | |
262 | South and west coasts of Anatolia | 36.5 | 27.8 | n/a | IX | Damaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake | [5] | |
19 May 526 | Antioch | 250,000 | VIII | The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake | [6] | |||
August 15, 554 | Anatolia | The earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia Earthquake | [7] | |||||
14 December 557 | just before midnight | Constantinople | 40.9 | 28.7 | n/a | X (Intense) | Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake | [8] |
1268 | Cilicia, Anatolia | 37.5 | 35.5 | 60,000 | ~7 | see 1268 Cilicia earthquake | – | |
10 September 1509 | Constantinople | 40.9 | 28.7 | 10,000 | 7.2 Mw | see 1509 Constantinople earthquake | – | |
23 February 1653 | Smyrna | 38.2 | 28.2 | 2,500 | 7.5 | see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake | [9] | |
17 August 1668 | Anatolia | 40 | 36 | 8,000 | 8 | see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake | USGS | |
10 July 1688 | 11:45 | Smyrna | 38.4 | 26.9 | 16,000 | 7.0 Ms | see 1688 Smyrna earthquake | [10] |
22 May 1766 | 05:10 | Istanbul | 40.8 | 29.0 | 4,000 | 7.1 Ms | see 1766 Istanbul earthquake | [11] |
28 February 1855 | 01:00 | Bursa | 40.2 | 29.1 | 1,900 | 6.7 | see 1855 Bursa earthquake | [12] |
2 June 1859 | 10:30 | Erzurum | 39.9 | 41.3 | 15,000 | 6.1 Ms | see 1859 Erzurum earthquake | [13] |
3 April 1881 | 11:30 | Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı | 38.25 | 26.25 | 7,866 | 7.3 Mw | see 1881 Chios earthquake | [14] |
10 October 1883 | 13:30 | Çeşme, Izmir, Ayvalik | 38.3 | 26.2 | 120+ | 7.3 Ms | see 1883 Çeşme earthquake | [15] |
10 July 1894 | 12:24 | Gulf of Izmit | 40.73 | 29.25 | 1,300 | 7.0 | see 1894 Istanbul earthquake | [16] |
29 April 1903 | 01:46 local time | Malazgirt | 39.14 | 42.65 | 600 | 6.7 Ms | see 1903 Manzikert earthquake | [17][18] |
9 August 1912 | 03:29 local time | Mürefte | 40.75 | 27.2 | 216 | 7.3 MS | see 1912 Mürefte earthquake | [17][18] |
4 October 1914 | 00:07 local time | Burdur | 37.82 | 30.27 | 2,344 | 6.9 MS | see 1914 Burdur earthquake | [17][18] |
13 September 1924 | 16:34 local time | Horasan | 40.0 | 42.1 | 60 | 6.8 | see 1924 Pasinler earthquake | [17][18] |
22 October 1926 | 21:59 local time | Kars | 40.7 | 43.7 | 360 | 6.0 Ms | see 1926 Kars earthquake | [19] |
31 March 1928 | 02:29 local time | Smyrna | 38.5 | 28.0 | 50 | 6.5 MS | Possible M=6.2 foreshock previous day | [17][18] |
18 May 1929 | 08:37 local time | Suşehri | 40.2 | 37.9 | 64 | 6.1 | Ms | [17][18] |
7 May 1930 | 00:34 local time | Hakkâri | 38.1 | 44.7 | 2,514 | 7.2–7.5 Ms | see 1930 Salmas earthquake | [20] |
4 January 1935 | 16:41 local time | Erdek | 40.4 | 27.5 | 5 | 6.4 Ms | [17][18] | |
19 April 1938 | 12:59 local time | Kırşehir | 39.1 | 34.0 | 160 | 6.6 MS | see 1938 Kırşehir earthquake | [17][18] |
22 September 1939 | 02:36 local time | Dikili | 39.1 | 26.8 | 60 | 6.6 MS | [17][18] | |
26 December 1939 | 23:57 | Erzincan | 39.77 | 39.53 | 32,700 | 7.8 Mw | see 1939 Erzincan earthquake | USGS |
15 November 1942 | 19:01 local time | Bigadiç | 39.2 | 28.2 | 16 | 6.1 MS | [17][18] | |
20 December 1942 | 14:03 | Erbaa | 40.87 | 36.47 | 3,000 | 7.0 Ms | see 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake | [21] |
20 June 1943 | 17:32 local time | Hendek | 40.6 | 30.5 | 336 | 6.6 MS | [17][18] | |
26 November 1943 | 22:20 | Ladik | 40.87 | 33.65 | 2,824–5,000 | 7.5 Mw | see 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake | |
1 February 1944 | 03:25 | Gerede | 40.8 | 32.2 | 3,959 | 7.5 | see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake | [21] |
6 October 1944 | 04:34 local time | Ayvalık | 39.37 | 26.53 | 30 | 6.8 MS | [17][18] | |
17 August 1949 | Karlıova | 39.54 | 40.57 | 450 | 6.8 | see 1949 Karlıova earthquake | [21] | |
13 August 1951 | 18:36 | Kurşunlu | 40.88 | 32.87 | 50 | 6.9 | see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake | [21] |
18 March 1953 | 21:06 local time | Yenice | 40.02 | 27.53 | 265 | 7.2 MS | see 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake | [17][18] |
16 July 1955 | 09:07 local time | Söke | 37.55 | 27.05 | 23 | 6.8 MS | [17][18] | |
25 April 1957 | 04:25 local time | Fethiye | 36.5 | 28.6 | 67 | 7.1 MS | see 1957 Fethiye earthquakes | [17][18] |
26 May 1957 | 6:36 | Abant | 40.67 | 31.00 | 52 | 7.1 | see North Anatolian Fault | [21] |
6 October 1964 | 16:31 local time | Manyas | 40.1 | 27.93 | 23 | 7.0 MS | [17][18] | |
19 August 1966 | 12:23 | Varto | 39.17 | 41.56 | 2,394 | 6.8 Mw | see 1966 Varto earthquake | [21] |
22 July 1967 | 16:56 | Mudurnu | 40.67 | 30.69 | 89 | 7.2 | see North Anatolian Fault | [21] |
3 September 1968 | 10:19 local time | Bartın | 41.79 | 32.31 | 29 | 6.5 MS | [17][18] | |
28 March 1969 | 03:48 local time | Alaşehir | 38.5 | 28.4 | 53 | 6.5 MS | [17][18] | |
28 March 1970 | 23:02 local time | Gediz | 39.2 | 29.5 | 1,086 | 7.2 MS | see 1970 Gediz earthquake | [17][18] |
22 May 1971 | 16:44 | Bingöl | 38.83 | 40.52 | 755 | 6.9 Mw | see 1971 Bingöl earthquake | [22] |
6 September 1975 | 12:20 local time | Lice | 38.5 | 40.7 | 2,311 | 6.6 MS | see 1975 Lice earthquake | [17][18] |
24 November 1976 | 14:22 local time | Muradiye | 39.12 | 44.03 | 4,000 | 7.5 MS | see 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake | [17][18] |
30 October 1983 | 07:12 local time | Erzurum | 40.33 | 42.19 | 1,342 | 6.9 MS | see 1983 Erzurum earthquake | [17][18] |
13 March 1992 | 17.18 | Erzincan | 39.70 | 39.69 | 498 | 6.7 Mw | see 1992 Erzincan earthquake | [23] |
1 October 1995 | 17:57 local time | Dinar | 38.06 | 30.13 | 90 | 6.1 MS | see 1995 Dinar earthquake | [17][18] |
27 June 1998 | 16:55 local time | Ceyhan | 36.88 | 35.31 | 146 | 6.3 Mw | see 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake | [17][18] |
17 August 1999 | 03:02 local time | Izmit | 40.77 | 30 | 17,127 | 7.6 Mw | see 1999 İzmit earthquake | USGS |
12 November 1999 | 18:57 local time | Düzce | 40.75 | 31.16 | 894 | 7.2 Mw | (PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquake | USGS |
3 February 2002 | 07:11 | Afyon | 38.573 | 31.271 | 44 | 6.5 Mw | (HRV); see 2002 Afyon earthquake | [25] |
27 January 2003 | 05:26 | Pülümür | 39.46 | 39.79 | 1 | 6.1 Mw | (HRV, USGS) | USGS |
1 May 2003 | 00:27 | Bingöl | 39.01 | 40.46 | 177 | 6.4 Mw | (HRV, USGS); see 2003 Bingöl earthquake | [26] |
2 July 2004 | 01:30 | Ağrı | 39.71 | 44.02 | 18 | 5.1 Mw | (HRV); see 2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake | [27] |
8 March 2010 | 02:32 | Elâzığ | 38.79 | 40.03 | 41 | 6.1 Mw | (HRV); see 2010 Elazığ earthquake | [28] |
19 May 2011 | 23:15 | Kütahya | 39.14 | 29.07 | 2 | 5.8 Mw | (HRV); see 2011 Kütahya earthquake | [29] |
23 October 2011 | 13:41 | Van | 38.63 | 43.49 | 604 | 7.2 Mw | (HRV); see 2011 Van earthquakes | [30] |
9 November 2011 | 19:23 | Van | 38.42 | 43.22 | 40 | 5.6 Mw | (HRV): see 2011 Van earthquakes | [31] |
24 May 2014 | 12:25 local time | Imbros | 40.31 | 25.45 | 0 | 6.9 Mw | (HRV); see 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake | [32] |
12 June 2017 | 15:28 local time | Lesbos, Greece | 38.93 | 26.37 | 1 (in the Greek island of Lesbos) | 6.3 Mw | (HRV); see 2017 Lesbos earthquake | [33] |
21 July 2017 | 01:31 local time | Bodrum | 36.92 | 27.41 | 2 (in the Greek island of Kos) | 6.6 Mw | (HRV); see 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake | [34] |
26 September 2019 | 13:59 local time | Marmara Region | 40.89 | 28.17 | 1 | 5.7 Mw | (HRV); see 2019 Istanbul earthquake | [35] |
24 January 2020 | 20:55 local time | Elazığ, Malatya | 38.390 | 39.081 | 41 | 6.7 Mw | (HRV); see 2020 Elazığ earthquake | [36] |
23 February 2020 | 08:53 local time
19:00 local time |
Iran-Turkey border | 38.3943
38.3943 |
44.3405
44.3405 |
10 | 5.8 Mw
6.0 Mw |
(HRV); see 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes | [37][38] |
14 June 2020 | 16:24 local time | Bingöl | 39.42 | 40.67 | 1 | 5.9 Mw | see 2020 Bingöl earthquake | [39] |
30 October 2020 | 14:51 local time | İzmir | 37.918 | 26.790 | 116 | 7.0 Mw | see 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake | [40] |
27 December 2020 | 09.37 local time | Elazığ | 38.5088 | 39.2165 | 5.5 Mw | [41] |
See also
References
- ^ Akkar, Sinan; Eroğlu Azak, Tuba; Can, Tolga; Çeken, U.; Demircioglu, Mine; Duman, Tamer; Erdik, M.; Ergintav, Semih; Kadirioğlu, Filiz; Kalafat, Doğan; Kale, Özkan (2018-07-13). "Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey". Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 16 (8): 3197–3228. doi:10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1. S2CID 116119039.
- ^ The Internet Classics Archive. "Tacitus Annales Book 2, 47". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)[permanent dead link]|last=
- ^ National Geophysical Data Center. "Comments for the Significant Earthquake". Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ^ "Comments for the tsunami event". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ "Turkey: S Coasts; Libya: Comments for the Earthquake Event". Significant Earthquake Database. National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
- ^ Procopius, II.14.6; sources based on John of Ephesus
- ^ Antonopoulos, J. (1980). "Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D. Part 2". Annals of Geophysics. 33 (1): 164–178. doi:10.4401/ag-4702.
- ^ Agathias; Frendo, Joseph D. (1975), The histories, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-003357-1
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1653 Earthquake". Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1688 Earthquake". Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ N. N. Ambraseys; J. A. Jackson (June 2000). "Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500". Geophysical Journal International. 141 (3): F1–F6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1855 Earthquake". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1859 Earthquake". Retrieved 1 February 2011.
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1881 Earthquake". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ NCEI. "Comments for the 1883 earthquake". Retrieved 3 March 2018.
- ^ Ambraseys, N. (January 2001). "The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999". Journal of Seismology. 5 (1): 117–128. Bibcode:2001JSeis...5..117A. doi:10.1023/A:1009871605267. ISSN 1573-157X. S2CID 128657125.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC). "List of large earthquakes 1900–2004" (in Turkish). Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1926 Earthquake". Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ NGDC. "Comments for the 1930 Earthquake". Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g Toksoz, M.N., Shakal, A.F. & Michael, A.J. 1979. Space-Time Migration of Earthquakes Along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Seismic Gaps. Pageophys, 117, 1258–1270.
- ^ USGS list of earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900 Archived 2008-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Bernard, P., Gariel, J-C. & Dorbath L. 1997. Fault location and rupture kinematics of the magnitude 6.8, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, Turkey, from strong ground motion and regional records. Bulletin Seismological Society of America, 87, 1230–1243.
- ^ Marza, Vasile I. (2004). "On the death toll of the 1999 Izmit (Turkey) major earthquake" (PDF). ESC General Assembly Papers, Potsdam: European Seismological Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2002".
- ^ USGS. "Significant Earthquakes of the World 2003".
- ^ "M 5.1 - eastern Turkey". USGS.com. United States Geological Survey. 2004-07-01. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
- ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.1 – eastern Turkey". Archived from the original on 2010-03-11.
- ^ USGS. "Magnitude 5.8 – WESTERN TURKEY".
- ^ USGS. "Magnitude 7.2 – EASTERN TURKEY". Archived from the original on 2011-10-24.
- ^ "M 5.6 - eastern Turkey". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ 24 MAYIS 2014 GÖKÇEADA AÇIKLARI - EGE DENİZİ DEPREMİ, Kandilli Observatory (Retrieved 2 January 2018)
- ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.3 – Plomarion Greece".
- ^ USGS. "Magnitude 6.6 – WESTERN TURKEY".
- ^ "Istanbul earthquake: Magnitude 5.8 quake hits Turkey". independent.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-09-26.
- ^ "Rescue efforts under way after deadly quake rattles east Turkey". Aljazeera. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "M 5.8 - 25km SE of Saray, Turkey". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
- ^ "M 6.0 - 25km SE of Saray, Turkey". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-02-23.
- ^ "M 5.9 - 14 km E of Yedisu, Turkey". US Geological Survey. Retrieved 2020-06-16.
- ^ "M 7.0 - 15 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece". US Geological Survey.
- ^ "M 5.5 - 8 km WNW of Sivrice, Turkey".