Loteprednol
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| Clinical data | |
|---|---|
| Trade names | Lotemax |
| Other names | 11β,17α,Dihydroxy-21-oxa-21-chloromethylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 17α-ethylcarbonate |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| Routes of administration | Eye drops |
| ATC code | |
| Legal status | |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | None |
| Protein binding | 95% |
| Metabolism | Ester hydrolysis |
| Metabolites | Δ1-cortienic acid and its etabonate |
| Onset of action | ≤2 hrs (allergic conjunctivitis) |
| Elimination half-life | 2.8 hrs |
| Identifiers | |
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| CAS Number | |
| PubChem CID | |
| IUPHAR/BPS | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
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| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.167.120 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C24H31ClO7 |
| Molar mass | 466.951 g/mol g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 220.5 to 223.5 °C (428.9 to 434.3 °F) |
| Solubility in water | 0.0005 mg/mL (20 °C) |
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Loteprednol (as the ester loteprednol etabonate) is a corticosteroid used to treat inflammations of the eye. It is marketed by Bausch and Lomb as Lotemax[1] and Loterex.
Medical uses
Applications for this drug include the reduction of inflammation after eye surgery,[1] seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis,[2] as well as chronic forms of keratitis (e.g. adenoviral and Thygeson's keratitis), vernal keratoconjunctivitis, pingueculitis, and episcleritis.[citation needed]
Contraindications
As corticosteroids are immunosuppressive, loteprednol is contraindicated in patients with viral, fungal or mycobacterial infections of the eye.[1][2][3]
Adverse effects
The most common adverse effects in patients being treated with the gel formulation are anterior chamber inflammation (5%), eye pain (2%), and foreign body sensation (2%).[4]
Interactions
Because long term use (>10 days) can cause increased intraocular pressure, loteprednol may interfere with the treatment of glaucoma. Following ocular administration, the drug is very slowly absorbed into the blood, therefore the blood level is limited to an extremely small concentration, and interactions with drugs taken by mouth or through any route other than topical ophthalmic are very unlikely.[1]
Pharmacology
Mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics
Neither loteprednol etabonate nor its inactive metabolites Δ1-cortienic acid and Δ1-cortienic acid etabonate are detectable in the bloodstream, even after oral administration. A study with patients receiving loteprednol eye drops over 42 days showed no adrenal suppression, which would be a sign of the drug reaching the bloodstream to a clinically relevant extent.[1]
Steroid receptor affinity was 4.3 times that of dexamethasone in animal studies.[1]
Retrometabolic drug design
Loteprednol etabonate was developed using retrometabolic drug design. It is a so-called soft drug, meaning its structure was designed so that it is predictably metabolised to inactive substances. These metabolites, Δ1-cortienic acid and its etabonate, are derivatives of cortienic acid, itself an inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone.[1][3][5]
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Cortisol, a naturally occurring corticosteroid, known as Hydrocortisone when used as a drug -
Δ1-Cortienic acid, inactive metabolite of loteprednol -
Cortienic acid, inactive metabolite of hydrocortisone
Chemistry
Loteprednol etabonate is an ester of loteprednol with etabonate (ethyl carbonate). The pure chemical compound has a melting point between 220.5 °C (428.9 °F) and 223.5 °C (434.3 °F). Its solubility in water is 1:2,000,000[3], therefore it is formulated for ophthalmic use as either an ointment, a gel, or a suspension.[6]
Loteprednol is a corticosteroid. The ketone side chain of classical corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone is replaced by a cleavable ester, which accounts for the rapid inactivation.[7] (This is not the same as the etabonate ester.)
Chemical synthesis
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References
- ^ a b c d e f g Haberfeld, H., ed. (2015). Austria-Codex (in German). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag.
- ^ a b Loteprednol Professional Drug Facts.
- ^ a b c Dinnendahl, V.; Fricke, U., eds. (2008). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German). Vol. 6 (22 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
- ^ "HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION Lotemax" (PDF). 2012.
- ^ Bodor, N.; Buchwald, P. (2002). "Design and development of a soft corticosteroid, loteprednol etabonate". In Schleimer, R.P.; O'Byrne, P.M.; Szefler, S.J.; Brattsand, R. (eds.). Inhaled Steroids in Asthma. Optimizing Effects in the Airways. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 541–564.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Loteprednol (Professional Patient Advice)". Retrieved October 4, 2018.
- ^ Pavesio, C.E.; Decory, H.H. (2008). "Treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions with loteprednol etabonate". Br J Ophthalmol. 92 (4): 455–459. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.132621. PMID 18245274.
- ^ Druzgala, P.; Hochhaus, G.; Bodor, N. (1991). "Soft drugs—10. Blanching activity and receptor binding affinity of a new type of glucocorticoid: Loteprednol etabonate". J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 38 (2): 149–54. doi:10.1016/0960-0760(91)90120-T. PMID 2004037.
Further reading
- Steward, R.; et al. (November 1998). "Double-masked, placebo-controlled evaluation of loteprednol etabonate 0.5% for postoperative inflammation. Loteprednol Etabonate Post-operative Inflammation Study Group 1". J Cataract Refract Surg. 24 (11): 1480–1489. doi:10.1016/s0886-3350(98)80170-3. PMID 9818338.