Nemesiidae
| Funnel-web tarantulas Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Calisoga sp. | |
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| Acanthogonatus francki | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Mygalomorphae |
| Clade: | Avicularioidea |
| Family: | Nemesiidae Simon, 1889 |
| Diversity | |
| 45 genera, 456 species | |
| |
Nemesiidae, also known as funnel-web tarantulas, is a family of mygalomorph[1] spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1889,[2] and raised to family status in 1985. Before becoming its own family, it was considered part of "Dipluridae".[3] Fossils have been found dating this family back to the Lower Cretaceous.[4]
Description
Nemesiidae are relatively large spiders with robust legs and a body that is nearly three times as long as it is wide. They are darkly colored, brown to black, though some have silvery hairs on their carapace.[5] Atmetochilus females can grow over 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long.
They live in burrows, often with a hinged trapdoor. This door is pushed up while the spider waits for passing prey. They rarely leave their burrows, catching prey and withdrawing as quickly as possible. Some of these burrows have a side tubes, but it is not certain whether Sinopesa builds burrows at all.[6]
Genera
As of April 2019[update], the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:[7][8]
- Acanthogonatus Karsch, 1880 — South America
- Aname L. Koch, 1873 — Australia
- Atmetochilus Simon, 1887 — Myanmar, India, Indonesia
- Bayana Pérez-Miles, Costa & Montes de Oca, 2014
- Brachythele Ausserer, 1871 — Europe, Cyprus
- Calisoga Chamberlin, 1937 — United States
- Chaco Tullgren, 1905 — Argentina, Uruguay, Chile
- Chenistonia Hogg, 1901 — Australia
- Chilelopsis Goloboff, 1995 — Chile
- Damarchilus Siliwal, Molur & Raven, 2015
- Damarchus Thorell, 1891 — Asia
- Diplothelopsis Tullgren, 1905 — Argentina
- Entypesa Simon, 1902 — Madagascar, South Africa
- Flamencopsis Goloboff, 1995 — Chile
- Gravelyia Mirza & Mondal, 2018 — India
- Hermacha Simon, 1889 — South America, Africa
- Hermachura Mello-Leitão, 1923 — Brazil
- Hesperonatalius Castalanelli, Huey, Hillyer & Harvey, 2017
- Iberesia Decae & Cardoso, 2006 — Africa, Europe
- Ixamatus Simon, 1887 — Australia
- Kiama Main & Mascord, 1969 — Australia
- Kwonkan Main, 1983 — Australia
- Lepthercus Purcell, 1902 — South Africa
- Longistylus Indicatti & Lucas, 2005 — Brazil
- Lycinus Thorell, 1894 — Chile, Argentina, Brazil
- Mexentypesa Raven, 1987 — Mexico
- Namea Raven, 1984 — Australia
- Nemesia Audouin, 1826 — Africa, Europe, Cuba, China
- Neostothis Vellard, 1925 — Brazil
- Pionothele Purcell, 1902 — South Africa
- Prorachias Mello-Leitão, 1924 — Brazil
- Proshermacha Simon, 1908 — Australia
- Psalistopoides Mello-Leitão, 1934 — Brazil
- Pselligmus Simon, 1892 — Brazil
- Pycnothele Chamberlin, 1917 — Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina
- Rachias Simon, 1892 — Brazil, Argentina
- Raveniola Zonstein, 1987 — Asia
- Sinopesa Raven & Schwendinger, 1995 — Asia
- Spiroctenus Simon, 1889 — South Africa
- Stanwellia Rainbow & Pulleine, 1918 — Australia, New Zealand
- Stenoterommata Holmberg, 1881 — Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
- Swolnpes Main & Framenau, 2009 — Australia
- Teyl Main, 1975 — Australia
- Teyloides Main, 1985 — Australia
- Xamiatus Raven, 1981 — Australia
See also
References
- ^ Raven, R.J. (1987). "A new mygalomorph spider genus from Mexico (Nemesiinae, Nemesiidae, Arachnida)" (PDF). J. Arachnol. 14: 357–362.
- ^ Simon, E. (1889). Arachnides.
- ^ Raven, R.J. (1985). "The spider Infraorder Mygalomorphae (Araneae): cladistics and systematics". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 182.
- ^ Selden, P.A. (2001). "Eocene spiders from the Isle of Wight with preserved respiratory structures". Palaeontology. 44 (4): 695–729. doi:10.1111/1475-4983.00199. hdl:1808/8359.
- ^ "Find-a-Spider Guide". University of Queensland. 2006-07-07. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ Murphy, Frances; Murphy, John (2000). An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
- ^ "Family: Nemesiidae Simon, 1889". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2019-04-22.
- ^ Goloboff, Pablo A. (1995). "A revision of the South American spiders of the family Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). Part 1, Species from Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay". Bulletin of the AMNH. 224.
External links
Wikispecies has information related to Nemesiidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nemesiidae.
- Photographs of three species (Aname sp., Ixamatus sp. and Namea salanitri)
- Pictures of Acanthogonus francki
Further reading
- Pesarini, C. (1988): Revision of the genus Pycnothele (Araneae, Nemesiidae). J. Arachnol. 16: 281-293. PDF
- Rafael P. Indicatti & Sylvia M. Lucas (2005): Description of a new genus of Nemesiidae (Araneae, Mygalomorphae) from the Brazilian Cerrado. Zootaxa 1088: 11-16. PDF (Longistylus)
- Indicatti, Rafael P.; Lucas, Sylvia M.; Ott, Ricardo & Brescovit, Antonio D. (2008): Litter dwelling mygalomorph spiders (Araneae: Microstigmatidae, Nemesiidae) from Araucaria forests in southern Brazil, with the description of five new species. Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 25(3): 529-546.