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Pikey

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Pikey (/ˈpaɪkiː/; also spelled pikie, pykie)[1][2] is an ethnic slur referring to Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people. It is used mainly in the United Kingdom and in Ireland to refer to people who belong to groups which had a traditional travelling lifestyle.[3][4] Groups referred to with this term include Irish Travellers, English Gypsies, Welsh Kale, Scottish Lowland Travellers, Scottish Highland Travellers, and Funfair Travellers. These groups consider the term to be extremely offensive.[5][6]

It is used by extension as a classist insult against marginalised working class communities, similar to the term chav.[7]

Etymology

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The term "pikey" is possibly derived from "pike" which, c. 1520, meant "highway" and is related to the words turnpike (toll road) and pikeman (toll collector).[8] In Robert Henryson's Fable Collection (late 15th century), in the fable of the Two Mice, the thieving mice are referred to on more than one occasion as "pykeris":

And in the samin thay went, but mair abaid,
Withoutin fyre or candill birnand bricht
For commonly sic pykeris luffis not lycht.[9]

And together they went, but more about,
without fire or candle burning bright
For commonly, such thieves do not like light.

19th century and 20th century

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Charles Dickens in 1837 writes disparagingly of itinerant pike-keepers.[8]

The Oxford English Dictionary traced the earliest use of "pikey" to The Times in August 1838, which referred to strangers who had come to the Isle of Sheppey as "pikey-men".[10][full citation needed] In 1847, J. O. Halliwell in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words recorded the use of "pikey" to mean a gypsy.[10] In 1887, W. D. Parish and W. F. Shaw in the Dictionary of Kentish Dialect recorded the use of the word to mean "a turnpike traveller; a vagabond; and so generally a low fellow".[10][full citation needed]

Thomas Acton's Gypsy Politics and Social Change notes John Camden Hotten's Slang Dictionary (1887) as similarly stating:

Hotten's dictionary of slang gives pike at as go away and Pikey as a tramp or a Gypsy. He continues a pikey-cart is, in various parts of the country, one of those habitable vehicles suggestive of country life. Possibly the term has some reference to those who continually use the pike or turnpike road.[11]

The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society similarly agrees the term pikey solely applied (negatively) to Romani people.[12][13]

Contemporary usage

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Pikey remained, as of 1989, common prison slang for Romani people or those who have a similar lifestyle of itinerant unemployment and travel.[14] More recently, pikey was applied to Irish Travellers (other slurs include tinkers and knackers) and non-Romanichal travellers.[5][15] In the late 20th century, it came to be used to describe "a lower-class person, regarded as coarse or disreputable".[10][5]

Pikey's most common contemporary use is not as a term for the Romani ethnic group, but as a catch-all phrase to refer to people, of any ethnic group, who travel around with no fixed abode. Among English Romani Gypsies the term pikey refers to a Traveller who is not of Romani descent. It may also refer to a member who has been cast out of the family.[16]

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the definition became even looser and is sometimes used to refer to a wide section of the (generally urban) underclass of the country (in England generally known as chavs), or merely a person of any social class who "lives on the cheap" such as a bohemian. It is also used as an adjective, e.g. "a pikey estate" or "a pikey pub". Following complaints from Travellers' groups about racism, when the term was used by presenter Jeremy Clarkson as a pun for Pike's Peak in the television programme Top Gear, the Editorial Standards Committee of the BBC Trust ruled that, in this instance, the term merely meant "cheap".[17] In doing so, it justified the ascribed meaning by quoting the Wikipedia article for the term.[18]

Negative English attitudes towards "pikeys" were a running theme in the 2000 Guy Ritchie film Snatch.

In 2003 the Firle Bonfire Society burned an effigy of a family of gypsies inside a caravan after travellers damaged local land.[19] The number plate on the caravan read "P1KEY". A storm of protests and accusations of racism rapidly followed.[20][21][22] Twelve members of the society were arrested but the Crown Prosecution Service decided that there was insufficient evidence to proceed on a charge of "incitement to racial hatred".[23]

The Oxford History of English refers to:

young people who use charver or pikey to identify a contemporary style of dress or general demeanour suggest an aimless "street" lifestyle, unaware of the Romani origin of the first or of connotation with "gypsy" of the second.

Pikey, formed from turnpike roads, as along with pikee and piker been used in the South East [of England] especially since the mid-19th-century to refer to itinerant people of all kinds and been used by travelling people to refer to those of low caste. Scally a corresponding label originating in the North West of England was taken up by the media and several websites, only to be superseded by chav.

A very recent survey has unearthed 127 synonyms, with ned favoured in Scotland, charver in North East England and pikey across the South [of England].[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Marcus, Geetha (25 January 2019). Gypsy and Traveller Girls: Silence, Agency and Power. Springer. ISBN 9783030037031 – via Google Books. pikie.
  2. ^ Fetherston, Drew (17 July 1997). The Chunnel: The Amazing Story of the Undersea Crossing of the English Channel. Times Books. ISBN 9780812921984 – via Internet Archive. pykie.
  3. ^ "BBC – Suffolk – People – "Very Important Pikey"". BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2009. It was because there's always someone out there, I feared, who was going to tap me on the shoulder and say "you dear, who do you think you are and where do you get off at, you're a gyspy, you're a pikey
  4. ^ "New Statesman – Andrew Billen – Common problem". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 November 2009. Then, a year or so ago, I noticed the words "pikey" and "chav" were being used as synonyms for "common
  5. ^ a b c Geoghegan, Tom (11 June 2008). "How offensive is the word 'pikey'?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  6. ^ Gentleman, Amelia (16 May 2017). "Fighting Gypsy discrimination: 'What people ask me is insulting'". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  7. ^ Gidley, Ben; Rooke, Alison (2010). "Asdatown: The Intersections of Classed Places and Identities". In Taylor, Yvette (ed.). Classed Intersections. Routledge.
  8. ^ a b Partridge, Eric; Simpson, Jacqueline (1973). The Routledge Dictionary of Historical Slang 6th Edition. Routledge. p. 691. ISBN 0-7100-7761-0.
  9. ^ Fox, Denton (1981). The Poems of Robert Henryson. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 11.
  10. ^ a b c d Oxford English Dictionary
  11. ^ Acton, Thomas (1974). Gypsy politics and social change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7100-7838-4. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  12. ^ Gypsy Lore Society, Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society The Society of Gypsy Lore volume 6: 1912
  13. ^ Albert Barrère, Charles Godfrey Leland, A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology Volume 2, G. Bell: 1897, 915 pages:
  14. ^ Smith, Ken; Wait, Dave (1989). Inside Time. Harrap. p. 235. ISBN 0-245-54720-7.
  15. ^ Aidan McGurran (10 June 2008). "mirror.co.uk, Formula 1 commentator in 'pikey' Ofcom probe". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  16. ^ Wood, Manfri Frederick (1973). In the life of a Romany gypsy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7595-2.
  17. ^ "Top Gear cleared over Pike's Peak pun". BBC News. 17 March 2015.
  18. ^ "Top Gear cleared by Ofcom after 'pikey' probe". Irish Examiner. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  19. ^ Helm, Toby (15 November 2003). "How tradition lit the fuse for gipsy effigy". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  20. ^ "Local newspaper article about the Lewes protest". Archive.theargus.co.uk. 29 October 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  21. ^ Mark Townsend (16 November 2003). "National newspaper article about the Lewes protests". Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  22. ^ Syal, Rajeev (16 November 2003). "Lay off revellers who blew up gipsy caravan on my land, says viscount". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  23. ^ Carey, Rachel (2007). "Safe Communities Initiative: case studies Contingency Planning in Firle". Commission for Racial Equality. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  24. ^ Mugglestone, Lynda (2006). The Oxford history of English. Oxford University Press. p. 322. ISBN 0-19-924931-8.

Sources

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Look up pikey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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