Salamanca

Coordinates: 40°57′42″N 5°40′03″W / 40.961612°N 5.667607°W / 40.961612; -5.667607
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For other places named Salamanca, see Salamanca (disambiguation).
Salamanca
View of Salamanca
View of Salamanca
Flag of Salamanca
Flag
Coat of arms of Salamanca
Coat of arms
Location of Salamanca in Spain
Location of Salamanca in Spain
Coordinates: 40°58′N 5°40′W / 40.967°N 5.667°W / 40.967; -5.667
CountrySpain
Autonomous communityCastile and León
ProvinceSalamanca
Area
 • Total38.6 km2 (14.9 sq mi)
Elevation
802 m (2,631 ft)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total154,462
 • Density4,034/km2 (10,450/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Area code34 (Spain) + 923 (Salamanca)
Websitewww.salamanca.es
Official nameOld City of Salamanca
Includes
  1. Old Quarter of the City
  2. Colegio de los Irlandeses
  3. Iglesia de San Marcos [es]
  4. Iglesia de Sancti Spiritus
  5. Convento de las Claras [es]
  6. Casa-Convento de Santa Teresa [es]
  7. Iglesia de San Juan Barbalos [es]
  8. Iglesia de San Cristobal [es]
CriteriaCultural: (i)(ii)(iv)
Reference381rev
Inscription1988 (12th Session)
Area50.78 ha (125.5 acres)
Buffer zone130.3 ha (322 acres)
Salamanca Cathedral

Salamanca (Spanish pronunciation: [salaˈmaŋka]) is a city in northwestern Spain that is the capital of the Province of Salamanca in the community of Castile and León. The city lies on several hills by the Tormes River. Its Old City was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988. With a metropolitan population of 228,881 in 2012 according to the National Institute of Statistics (INE), Salamanca is the second most populated urban area in Castile and León, after Valladolid (414,000), and ahead of León (187,000) and Burgos (176,000).

It is one of the most important university cities in Spain and supplies 16% of Spain's market for the teaching of the Spanish language.[1][2] Salamanca attracts thousands of international students.[3]

It is situated approximately 200 kilometres (120 miles) west of the Spanish capital Madrid and 80 km (50 mi) east of the Portuguese border. The University of Salamanca, which was founded in 1218, is the oldest university in Spain and the fourth oldest western university, but the first to be given its status by the Pope Alexander IV who gave universal validity to its degrees.[4] With its 30,000 students, the university is, together with tourism, a primary source of income in Salamanca. It is on the Via de la Plata path of the Camino de Santiago.

History

See also: Timeline of Salamanca

The city was founded in the pre-Ancient Rome period by the Vaccaei, a Celtic tribe, or the Vettones, a Celtic or pre-Celtic indo-European tribe, as one of a pair of forts to defend their territory near the Duero river. In 220 BC Hannibal laid siege to the city and captured it.[5] With the fall of the Carthaginians to the Romans, the city of Helmantica, as it was known, began to take more importance as a commercial hub in the Roman Hispania due to its favorable location. Salamanca lay on a Roman road, known as the Vía de la Plata, which connected it with Emerita Augusta (present day Mérida) to the south and Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga) to the north. Its Roman bridge dates from the 1st century, and was a part of this road.

With the fall of the Roman Empire, the Alans established in Lusitania, and Salamanca was part of this region. Later the city was conquered by the Visigoths and included in their territory. The city was already an episcopal see, and signatures of bishops of Salamanca are found in the Councils of Toledo.

Salamanca surrendered to the Moors, led by Musa bin Nusair, in the year 712 AD. For years, this area between the south of Duero River and the north of Tormes River, became the main battlefield between the Christian kingdoms and the Muslim Al-Andalus rulers. The constant fighting of the Kingdom of León first, and the Kingdom of Castile and León later against the Caliphate depopulated Salamanca and reduced it to an unimportant settlement. After the battle of Simancas (939) the Christians resettled this area. After the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León and Castile in 1085, the definitive resettlement of the city took place. Raymond of Burgundy, instructed by his father-in-law Alfonso VI of León, led a group of settlers of various origins in 1102.

One of the most important moments in Salamanca's history was the year 1218, when Alfonso IX of León granted a royal charter to the University of Salamanca, although formal teaching had existed at least since 1130. Soon it became one of the most significant and prestigious academic centres in Europe.

During the 16th century, the city reached its height of splendour (around 6,500 students and a total population of 24,000). During that period, the University of Salamanca hosted the most important intellectuals of the time; these groups of mostly-Dominican scholars were designated the School of Salamanca. The juridical doctrine of the School of Salamanca represented the end of medieval concepts of law, and founded the fundamental body of the ulterior European law and morality concepts, including rights as a corporeal being (right to life), economic rights (right to own property) and spiritual rights (rights to freedom of thought and rights related to intrinsic human dignity).

In 1551, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ordered an inquiry to find out if the science of Andreas Vesalius, physician and anatomist, was in line with Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted.

Salamanca suffered the general downturns of the Kingdom of Castile during the 17th century, but in the 18th century it experienced a rebirth. In this period, the new baroque Cathedral and main square (Plaza Mayor) were finished.

In the Peninsular War of the Napoleonic campaigns, the Battle of Salamanca, in which an Anglo-Portuguese Army led by Wellington decisively defeated the French army of Marmont, was fought on 22 July 1812. The western quarter of Salamanca was seriously damaged by cannon fire. The battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history and many thousands of men were killed in the space of only a few short hours.

Salamanca City map in 1858, Spanish edition

During the devastating Spanish Civil War (1936–39) the city quickly went over to the Nationalist side and was used as the de facto capital. Franco was named Generalissimo on 21 September 1937 while at the city, and in the same year was formed, by a decree signed in the city, the official fascist party that ruled Spain until the end of the Francoist regime, officially suppressing any other political party. The Nationalists soon moved most of the administrative departments to Burgos, which being more central was better suited for this purpose. However, some administrative departments, Franco's headquarters (located at the Palacio Episcopal, next to the Old Cathedral) and the military commands stayed in Salamanca, along with the German and Italian fascist delegations, making it the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power during the entire civil war.[6][7] Like much of fervently Catholic and largely rural Leon and Old Castile regions, Salamanca was a staunch supporter of the Nationalist side and Francisco Franco's regime for its long duration.

In 1988, the old city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1998, it was declared a European Capital of Culture for year 2002 (shared with Bruges). During 14 and 15 October 2005, it hosted the XV Ibero-American Summits of Heads of State and Governments.

Since 1996, Salamanca has been the designated site of the archives of the Spanish Civil War (Archivo General de la Guerra Civil Española). The original documents were assembled by the Francoist regime, selectively obtained from the administrative departments of various institutions and organizations during the Spanish Civil War as a repressive instrument used against opposition groups and individuals.[8] The socialist government moved the Catalan part of the archive to Barcelona in 2006 despite opposition from the local authorities and popular protests.

Main sights

Old Cathedral, Salamanca, built in the 12th century
Salamanca Cathedral

The Old City of Salamanca was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. Sightseeing in the city, many of them within the old quarter,[9] are:

Squares and public spaces

The city hall of Salamanca near the terrace of the Café Novelty founded in 1905.
  • La Plaza Mayor: of Baroque style, designed by architects Alberto and Nicolás Churriguera is the most important of public spaces and the heart of the city.
  • Campo de San Francisco (Salamanca): First public garden in the city on grounds of the former convent of San Francisco Real.
  • Huerto de Calisto y Melibea (Salamanca): Garden near the cathedrals where, some say, lies the plot of the novel La Celestina by Fernando de Rojas. Beside it are remains of the Roman Walls.
  • Plaza del Corrillo (Salamanca): Small square adjacent to the Plaza Mayor. On the left is the Romanesque church of San Martín and the right a series of houses with porches formed by columns of stone completed in pads representing the days of the week (a moon for the Monday, a Mars for Tuesday, etc.).

Religious buildings

Convento de San Esteban (16th century)

University buildings

Colegio Mayor de Santiago el Zebedeo (old Irish College).
  • University: Set of buildings that made up the former University of Salamanca, including the Escuelas Mayores, the Escuelas Menores and the Hospital de Estudio (current rectorate). These buildings are situated around the square known as Patio de Escuelas. In this same square is the home of Dr. Álvarez Abarca or of the Doctors of the Queen (15th century), whose façade is Gothic with Renaissance details and is now the Museum of Salamanca.
  • Casa-museo de Unamuno (18th century): former home of the rectors of the university. It preserved as in its time it had Miguel de Unamuno when he took this position.
  • Colegio Mayor de Santiago el Zebedeo, also called "of the Archbishop Fonseca" or "of the Irish" (16th century).
  • Colegio de San Ambrosio (1719): Is currently General Archive of the Spanish Civil War. Houses documents and items seized by the national troops and their allies during and at the end of the Spanish Civil War. While over the entire postwar its basic objective was to preserve the information related to organizations and peoples potentially opposing the Franco regime, and therefore use this information for repressive, since the return of democracy this building would become one of the most important archives that existed in Spain to investigate the historical period of the Second Republic. Many of the documents and objects that still remain in the archive are related to the Freemasonry, including several furniture that has been rebuilt a Masonic Lodge.
  • Colegio Trilingüe: founded in 1554 to the teaching of Latin, Greek and Hebrew. It also preserves part of the original courtyard, remade in 1829, in the Faculty of Physics.
  • Palacio de Anaya was the last headquarters of the Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé or Colegio de Anaya founded in the 15th century by Don Diego de Anaya, abolished in the early 19th century. Today is the faculty of philology. Next to the building is the Iglesia of San Sebastian, former chapel of the college and the Inn, work by Joaquín de Churriguera.
  • Colegio Santa Cruz de Cañizares (16th century): Music Conservatory. Of it only remains the old chapel, now incorporated into the assembly hall of the conservatory, and the main façade, of plateresque style.
  • Colegio de San Pelayo: founded in the mid-16th century. Since 1990 home to the Faculty of Geography and History.

Palaces and palatial houses

La Salina Palace
  • Casa de las Conchas: built in the late 15th century. of Gothic civil style, its façade is decorated with about 350 shells of scallops, distinctive of the Order of Santiago. Also important are the bars Gothic windows. It currently houses a public library.
  • Casa de Don Diego Maldonado: 16th-century Plateresque palace. It houses the Hispanic-Brazilian Cultural Foundation and the Centre for Brazilian Studies at the University of Salamanca.
  • Casa de Doña María la Brava: 15th-century Gothic building, prototype of the noble mansions of the time. Its owner, María Rodríguez de Monroy was the head of one of the two sides in that split the city in the 15th century. Beheaded the murderers of her children. It is located in the Plaza de los Bandos.
  • Casa Lis: Art Nouveau palace of 1905 with iron façade. Built on the walls. It houses the Collections of Art Nouveau and Art Deco donated by Manuel Ramos Andrade.
  • Casa de las Muertes (early 16th century), built by Juan de Álava and named such for the skulls that decorate the façade.
  • Casa del Regidor Ovalle (18th century): The Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno died here.
  • Casa de Santa Teresa (16th century): The saint Teresa of Ávila stayed here when she visited Salamanca in 1570 to found a convent and here she wrote the poem Vivo sin vivir en mí.
  • Casa de la Tierra (15th century): doorway with arched, Gothic window tracery. Headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Salamanca.
  • Casa de las Viejas (17th century): old workhouse for poor, now the headquarters of the Regional Film Archive of Castile and León. Permanent exhibition of equipment related to cinema and its history, owned by Salamancan filmmaker Basilio Martín Patino.
  • Fonda Veracruz : courtyard with wooden galleries in form of dead-end street. Currently catering school.
  • Arias Corvelle Palace (15th century): sgraffito façade very similar to that of San Boal. It houses the School of Fine and Performing Arts of San Eloy.
  • Castellanos Palace (15th-16th centuries): The Palace of the Marquises of Castellanos construction began in the late 15th century, although the façade dates from the late 19th century which combines Gothic and Neoclassical styles. With a powerful Gothic interior courtyard, this building now serves as a hotel.
  • Garci Grande Palace (16th century): Renaissance doorway and chamfered corner windows unique in the city. Head Office of the Savings Bank (Caja Duero).
  • Monterrey Palace: was built in the 16th century and is of plateresque style. Belongs to the House of Alba and highlight its towers and chimneys. Only it built one of the four parts that composed all designed initially.
  • Orellana Palace (16th century): building of classical architecture with Mannerist influence. The courtyard in L shape and the ladder.
  • Rodríguez de Figueroa Palace (1545): has interesting façades at the streets Concejo and Zamora and interior courtyard. Today the Salamanca Casino.
  • La Salina Palace (1546): Renaissance, work by Rodrigo Gil de Hontañón. Since 1884 is the headquarters of the Provincial Diputation.
  • San Boal Palace (15th century): façade decorated with sgraffitos. Was School of Commerce and later Faculty of Business. Since 1999 is Hispanic-Japanese Cultural Center of the University of Salamanca. In the same square is the Iglesia de San Boal (17th century).
  • Solís Palace (15th century): In this palace were married Philip II of Spain and Maria Manuela of Portugal in 1543. Today it houses the Telefónica.
  • Tower del Aire: is all that remains of the Palace of the dukes of Fermoselle, built in the 15th century. It has beautiful Gothic windows. It is currently a student residence.
  • Tower del Clavero (15th century): remains of a palace, apparently built by Francisco de Sotomayor, Clavero Staff of the Order of Alcántara, about 1470 . The lower part is quadrangular, while the upper is octagonal adorned with eight cylindrical turrets.
  • Torreón de los Anaya (15th century): old manor house of Gothic civil style which highlights the mullioned window and the Patio de Tres Lados. For years it was the seat of Institute of Studies of Latin America and Portugal of the University of Salamanca, also known as Palacio de Abrantes.

Museums

Exterior of the Art Nouveau and Art Deco Museum. Casa Lis.
  • Casa Lis Art Nouveau and Art Deco Museum. The museum displays collections of the work of Émile Gallé, Demetre Chiparus and other artists of the Art nouveau and Art Deco period, in addition to special exhibitions.
  • Museum of the History of the City
  • Museum of Trade of Salamanca
  • Casa Museo Unamuno
  • Museum of Automotive History of Salamanca
  • Museum of Salamanca
  • Cathedral Museum
  • Museum of the Convento de San Esteban
  • University Museum - University Library
  • University Collections
  • Bullfighting Museum
  • Collections of the Convento de las Úrsulas
  • Museum of the Convento de Santa Clara
  • Teresian Museum
  • Casa Museo de Zacarías González. House where Zacarías González lived and painted, on the street Alarcón.
  • Permanent Exhibition IERONIMUS. The name of the exhibition: IERONIMUS alludes to Don Jerónimo de Périgueux, famed French-born Spanish bishop by the Diocese of Salamanca in 1102, who commissioned the construction of the Iglesia de Santa María. This was the event that marked the origin of the 900 Years of Art and History of the Cathedrals of Salamanca. In this tour one can admire amazing places like the one offered by the gazebo next to the Tower del Gallo, the Patio Chico or the Terraza de Anaya. The circuit of the exhibition begins in the Board of Warden, continuing on the Board of the Tower Mocha, the Platform of the Superior Room and the Board of Vault.

It is accessed from the last tower, next to the gate of Santa Lucía (giving access to the old cathedral). In three of the rooms one can find exposed drawings, documents and religious objects related to the cathedrals; especially with its construction, one can see, both inside and outside the two cathedrals. From the "Sala del Alcaide" enjoy a splendid view of the nave and the altar of the old cathedral, and from the upper platform located thereupon, one may accurately observe the Tower del Gallo, as well as views of the Tormes and Transtormes neighborhoods. One may also enjoy the vaults of the new cathedral, and again on the outside with views of the plaza Anaya, the Tower del Reloj, the Rua Mayor and all of the historical centre.

Others

  • Theatre Bretón. Now destroyed.
  • Cave of Salamanca. Located on the Carvajal slope, where it is said that the devil taught black magic.
  • Central Market (1899–1909). Located in the old Plaza de la Verdura. Made of iron.
  • Roman bridge of Salamanca. Crossing the Tormes River, it is 150 m long and built on 26 arches, of which fifteen are Roman of the 1st century BC, while the remainder date from a 16th-century reconstruction after a flood.

Nearby are the Mudéjar Romanesque church of Santiago (modern reconstruction) and the stone bull quoted in Lazarillo de Tormes.

University

Plateresque façade of the University of Salamanca.

The University of Salamanca was founded in 1134 and in 1218 it was given the royal charter of foundation ("Estudio General") by Alfonso IX of León. It was the first university to receive the title of "University" in 1254. Under the patronage of the learned Alfonso X, its wealth and reputation greatly increased (1252–1282), and its schools of canon law and civil law attracted students even from the Universities of Paris and Bologna.[when?] In the 16th century, the city's fortunes depended on those of the University. About the time Christopher Columbus was lecturing there on his discoveries, Hernán Cortés took classes at Salamanca, but returned home in 1501 at age 17, without completing his course of study. (About ten years later the conquistador Francisco Vásquez de Coronado was born in Salamanca.)

Climate

With an altitude of over 800 meters, Salamanca has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) according to the Köppen climate classification, with some cold semi-arid climate (BSk) climatic influences, resulting in large diurnal temperature variations, a slightly hotter summer and colder winter, and nearly-semi-arid levels of precipitation. Nearly all of the year's precipitation falls outside of the summer, with upticks at the end of the spring and during the winter; snow is not common, with only a few days per year on average seeing snow.

Climate data for Salamanca Airport 790m (1981-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.8
(67.6) 		25.0
(77.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		31.0
(87.8) 		34.5
(94.1) 		38.6
(101.5) 		39.8
(103.6) 		41.0
(105.8) 		39.0
(102.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		24.8
(76.6) 		19.7
(67.5) 		41.0
(105.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5) 		11.2
(52.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.5
(85.1) 		25.1
(77.2) 		18.9
(66.0) 		12.8
(55.0) 		9.4
(48.9) 		18.7
(65.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2) 		5.5
(41.9) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		14.0
(57.2) 		18.8
(65.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		17.6
(63.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.9
(46.2) 		4.9
(40.8) 		12.2
(54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		1.7
(35.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.3
(45.1) 		11.0
(51.8) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.6
(54.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		6.4
(43.5) 		2.4
(36.3) 		0.4
(32.7) 		5.6
(42.1)
Record low °C (°F) −15.6
(3.9) 		−20.0
(−4.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.4
(32.7) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−10.6
(12.9) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−20.0
(−4.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 30
(1.2) 		25
(1.0) 		21
(0.8) 		38
(1.5) 		47
(1.9) 		29
(1.1) 		11
(0.4) 		12
(0.5) 		32
(1.3) 		46
(1.8) 		40
(1.6) 		42
(1.7) 		372
(14.6)
Average precipitation days 6 5 5 7 8 4 2 2 4 7 7 7 64
Average snowy days 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7
Average relative humidity (%) 82 73 63 62 59 52 47 51 59 71 79 83 65
Mean monthly sunshine hours 118 154 211 224 265 317 358 330 251 183 130 104 2,667
Source: Agencia Española de Meteorología (1981-2010 climatology)[10]

Economy

Founded in 1812, S.A. Mirat, is claimed to be the city's oldest industrial business.

The city's economy is dominated by the university and tourism, but other sectors including agriculture and livestock rearing along with construction and manufacturing are also significant. Not surprisingly, in December 2007 83% of the working population, equivalent to 55,838, were employed in the service sector.[11]

Industry

Industrial activity accounted for 5% of the working population, or 3,340 workers employed over 360 businesses.[11] Two of the largest businesses, both of them numbered among the largest 100 enterprises in the region, are the veterinary vaccine manufacturer "Laboratorios Intervet", and the fertilizer specialist manufacturers S.A. Mirat, which is the city's oldest industrial company, having been established originally as a starch factory in 1812.[12]

Communications

A street of the old city of Salamanca

Road

Highways

Roman bridge of Salamanca (1st century BC)

Other roads

Airport

Salamanca Airport, located in the military base of Matacán, is located about 14 km (9 mi) east of the city.

Public transport

There are 13 bus lines during the day and two night lines. Also, a tram line has been projected.[13]

Culture and sports

The Old City of Salamanca was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1988.[14] In 2002 Salamanca shared the title of European Capital of Culture with Bruges. In 2005, Salamanca celebrated the 250th anniversary of the construction of the Plaza Mayor with a number of European events (Plaza Mayor de Europa).[citation needed]

Festivals

Holy Week procession in Salamanca

Holy Week

Main article: Holy Week in Salamanca

The Holy Week in Salamanca (Semana Santa) is the most well-known of Salamanca's festivals. Salamanca is renowned for the solemn and sober processions celebrated during Holy Week. 16 confraternities, 10.000 brothers or "cofrades", 50 floats or "pasos" celebrate the Passion of Christ with 20 processions and thousands of followers, tourist and visitors.

Some of the celebrations have been performed for centuries. The confraternities carry artistic pasos created by important Spanish artists such as Luis Salvador Carmona, Alejandro Carnicero or Mariano Benlliure. in 2003 the Semana Santa of Salamanca obtained the official declaration of International Touristic Interest.[15]

Other

Salamanca is also famous throughout Spain and the rest of Europe for its celebrations of "Nochevieja Universitaria," loosely translated as "University New Year".[16][better source needed] It is usually held on the Thursday of the last week of school in December and two weeks before the real New Year's Eve. On this day, students congregate in the Plaza Mayor, Salamanca to watch free performances and take part in the countdown to midnight.

Sports

Salamanca offers the amenities of a larger city while retaining an intimate small town atmosphere. Since 1923, "Los Charros", formally the Union Deportiva Salamanca, have been the Salamanca football team. In 2013, the club went bankrupt and its activities were abandoned.[17] After its dissolution, some managers of the entity decided to refound the farm team to continue competing, maintaining the legacy of the historic club. Thus they created the Club de Fútbol Salmantino.

The first high jump over 8 feet (2.44 m) was made in Salamanca, by Javier Sotomayor in 1993. His jump, of 2.45 m (8 feet 0.46 inch), is still the world record in the event.

Teams based in Salamanca

Cinema

With its old streets being ideal for historical film settings Salamanca has been used several times in cinematic productions, including 1492: Conquest of Paradise by Ridley Scott and Goya's Ghosts by Miloš Forman. Salamanca was also the setting for the 2008 political thriller Vantage Point, although the movie was almost exclusively filmed in Mexico.

Gastronomy

Salamanca has a very interesting and distinctive gastronomy. Among many dishes, Chanfaina (steamed rice with pork) is very popular. Another classic dish of the Salamancan, known as Charreria ("peasant lands"), is a cocido, a slow-cooked casserole including chickpeas. However, Hornazo, a meat pie, is the most popular dish of all.

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ "Noticias - Salamanca: enseñanza de español mueve 46 millones de euros". El Castellano. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  2. ^ "Salamanca Ciudad del Español". Espanolensalamanca.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  3. ^ "La USAL inaugura los cursos de verano con 2.000 estudiantes extranjeros". Elmundo.es. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  4. ^ "La cristiandad y el reino. Universitas". www.usal.es. December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  5. ^ "History of Salamanca - Salamanca The City to learn Spanish". Espanolensalamanca.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  6. ^ Hugh Thomas, pág. 550
  7. ^ Hugh Thomas, pág. 650
  8. ^ Monfort, César Carreras; Cabrillana, Glòria Munilla (5 August 2017). "Patrimoni digital: un nou mitjà al servei de les institucions culturals". Editorial UOC. Retrieved 5 August 2017 – via Google Books.
  9. ^ "18 Cosas que hacer gratis en Salamanca cuando no tienes un duro". Conciertosensalamanca.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  10. ^ "Monthly Averages for Salamanca, Spain". Agencia Española de Meteorología. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
  11. ^ a b "Salamanca - Datos Económicos y Sociales" (PDF). cajaespana.es. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "MIRAT Historia Antecedentes". mirat.net. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  13. ^ "Presentan un estudio de viabilidad para la implantación del tranvía en Salamanca". 20minutos.es. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
  14. ^ "Old City of Salamanca". World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  15. ^ Easter | Salamanca. Salamanca.es. Retrieved on 5 September 2013.
  16. ^ "University New Year". Drinkriberawine.com. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ La RFEF desciende a la UDS por las deudas con los futbolistas - UDS -Noticias de La Gaceta de Salamanca. Lagacetadesalamanca.es (2013-06-29). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.

Bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Salamanca

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salamanca.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Salamanca.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "Salamanca".

Museums

40°57′42″N 5°40′03″W / 40.961612°N 5.667607°W / 40.961612; -5.667607

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