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Salmon P. Chase

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Salmon P. Chase
6th Chief Justice of the United States
In office
December 6, 1864 – May 7, 1873
Nominated byAbraham Lincoln
Preceded byRoger Taney
Succeeded byMorrison Waite
25th United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office
March 7, 1861 – June 30, 1864
PresidentAbraham Lincoln
Preceded byJohn Dix
Succeeded byWilliam Fessenden
United States Senator
from Ohio
In office
March 4, 1861 – March 6, 1861
Preceded byGeorge Pugh
Succeeded byJohn Sherman
In office
March 4, 1849 – March 3, 1855
Preceded byWilliam Allen
Succeeded byGeorge Pugh
23rd Governor of Ohio
In office
January 14, 1856 – January 9, 1860
LieutenantThomas Ford
Martin Welker
Preceded byWilliam Medill
Succeeded byWilliam Dennison
Personal details
Born
Salmon Portland Chase

(1808-01-13)January 13, 1808
Cornish, New Hampshire, U.S.
DiedMay 7, 1873(1873-05-07) (aged 65)
New York City, U.S.
Political partyWhig (Before 1841)
Liberty (1841–1848)
Free Soil (1848–1854)
Republican (1854–1868)
Democratic (1868–1873)
Spouse(s)Katherine Garmiss
Eliza Ann Smith
Sarah Dunlop Ludlow
Children2, including Kate
EducationUniversity of Cincinnati
Dartmouth College (BA)
Signature

Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was a U.S. politician and jurist who served as the sixth Chief Justice of the United States. He also served as the 23rd Governor of Ohio, represented Ohio in the United States Senate, and served as the 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury.

Born in Cornish, New Hampshire, Chase studied law under Attorney General William Wirt before establishing a legal practice in Cincinnati. He became an anti-slavery activist and frequently defended fugitive slaves in court. Chase left the Whig Party in 1841 to become the leader of Ohio's Liberty Party. In 1848, he helped establish the Free Soil Party and recruited former President Martin Van Buren to serve as the party's presidential nominee. Chase won election to the Senate the following year, and he opposed the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In the aftermath of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Chase helped establish the Republican Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories. After leaving the Senate, Chase served as the Governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1860.

Chase sought the Republican nomination for president in the 1860 presidential election, but the party chose Abraham Lincoln at its National Convention. After Lincoln won the election, he asked Chase to serve as Secretary of the Treasury. Chase served in that position from 1861 to 1864, working hard to ensure the Union was well-financed during the Civil War. Chase resigned from the Cabinet in June 1864, but retained support among the Radical Republicans. Partly to appease the Radical Republicans, Lincoln nominated Chase to fill the Supreme Court vacancy that arose following Chief Justice Roger Taney's death.

Chase served as Chief Justice from 1864 to his death in 1873. He presided over the Senate trial of President Andrew Johnson during the impeachment proceedings of 1868. Despite his service on the court, Chase continued to pursue the presidency. He unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1868 and the Liberal Republican nomination in 1872.

Biography

Coat of Arms

Early years

Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13, 1808,[1] to Janette Ralston and Ithamar Chase, who died in 1817 when Salmon was nine years old. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Aquila Chase from Cornwall, England, a ship-master who settled in Newbury, Massachusetts about 1640, while his maternal grandparents Alexander Ralston and Janette Balloch were Scottish; originally from Falkirk.[2][3][4][5] His mother was left with ten children and few resources, and so Salmon lived from 1820 to 1824 in Ohio with his uncle Bishop Philander Chase, a leading figure in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the West. U.S. Senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle.[6]

The Salmon P. Chase Birthplace is preserved and operated as a B&B in Cornish, New Hampshire.

He studied in the common schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio, and at Cincinnati College before entering the junior class at Dartmouth College.[5] He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa,[5] and graduated from Dartmouth with distinction in 1826.[1] While at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont.[5] Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a classical school while studying law under U.S. Attorney General William Wirt.[1] He was admitted to the bar in 1829.[5]

The Salmon P. Chase Birthplace and childhood home still stands in Cornish, New Hampshire.

Political career

Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio,[7] and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830.[8] He rose to prominence for his authoritative compilation of the state's statutes,[1] which long remained the standard work on the topic.

From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood,[1] he defended people who escaped slavery and those tried for assisting them.[1][9] He became particularly devoted to the abolition of slavery from the death of his first wife, Katherine Jane Garmiss, in 1835, shortly after their March 1834 wedding, an event which was a spiritual reawakening for him. He worked initially with the American Sunday School Union.[9] At a time when public opinion in Cincinnati was dominated by Southern business connections, Chase, influenced by local events, including the attack on the press of James G. Birney during the Cincinnati Riots of 1836, associated himself with the anti-slavery movement. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club; its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe and Calvin Stowe.[10] Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement.

For his defense of people arrested in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, Chase was dubbed the Attorney General for Fugitive Slaves.[11] His argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U.S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, and the judgment against John Van Zandt was upheld. Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. He argued that the federal government was not empowered by the Constitution to create slavery anywhere and that when an enslaved person leaves the jurisdiction of a state where slavery is legal, he ceases to be a slave; he continues to be a man and leaves behind the law that made him a slave.

Elected as a Whig to the Cincinnati City Council in 1840[citation needed], Chase left that party the next year. For seven years he was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his pragmatic approach and political thought. He was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843 and the Liberty address of 1845. Building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848 Chase was leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party.

Chase as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

Chase drafted the Free-Soil platform[12] and it was chiefly through his influence that Van Buren was their nominee for President in 1848. In 1849, Chase was elected to the U.S Senate from Ohio on the Free Soil ticket. Chase's goal, however, was not to establish a permanent new party organization, but to bring pressure to bear upon Northern Democrats to force them to oppose the extension of slavery.

During his service in the Senate (1849–1855), Chase was an anti-slavery champion. He argued against the Compromise of 1850[13] and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.[14] After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska legislation and the subsequent violence in Kansas, Chase cut back on his efforts to influence the Democrats.[citation needed]

He was a leader in the movement to form a new party opposing the extension of slavery. He tried to unite the Free Soilers and the anti-slavery Democrats with the dwindling Whig Party, which led to establishment of the Republican Party. "The Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States", written by Chase and Giddings, and published in the New York Times on January 24, 1854, may be regarded as the earliest draft of the Republican party creed.

In 1855 he was elected governor of Ohio. Chase was the first Republican governor of Ohio, serving from 1856 to 1860, where he supported women's rights, public education, and prison reform.[5]

Chase sought the Republican nomination for president in 1860[citation needed]. With the exception of William H. Seward, Chase was the most prominent Republican in the country and had done more against slavery than any other Republican. But he opposed a "protective tariff", favored by most other Republicans, and his record of collaboration with Democrats annoyed many Republicans who were former Whigs.

At the 1860 Republican National Convention, he got 49 votes on the first ballot,[15] but he had little support outside of Ohio. Abraham Lincoln won the nomination, and Chase supported him.

Chase was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate in 1860. However, two days after taking his seat, he resigned to become Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln.[5]

Secretary of the Treasury

Chase was a member of the Peace Convention of 1861 held in Washington, D.C., in an effort to prevent the impending war.

Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Chase as Secretary of the Treasury

Chase served as Secretary of the Treasury in President Lincoln's cabinet from 1861 to 1864, during the Civil War. In that period of crisis, there were two great changes in American financial policy, the establishment of a national banking system and the issue of paper currency. The former was Chase's own particular measure. He suggested the idea, worked out the important principles and many of the details, and induced the Congress to approve them. It not only secured an immediate market for government bonds, but also provided a permanent, uniform and stable national currency. Chase ensured that the Union could sell debt to pay for the war effort. He worked with Jay Cooke & Company to successfully manage the sale of $500 million in government war bonds (known as 5/20s) in 1862.[16]

The first issue of $1 notes in 1862 as legal tender, featuring Chase

The first U.S. federal currency, the greenback demand note, was printed in 1861–1862 during Chase's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury. It was Chase's responsibility to design the notes. In an effort to further his political career, his face appeared on a variety of U.S. paper currency, starting with the $1 bill so that the people would recognize him[citation needed].

On May 5, 1862, Chase accompanied President Lincoln, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, and Brigadier General Egbert Ludovickus Viele in what would become a pivotal week for Union forces. The presidential party left the Washington Navy Yard aboard a five-gun Treasury cutter, Miami,[17][18] bound for Fort Monroe "to ascertain by personal observation whether some further vigilance and vigor might not be infused into the operations of the army and navy at that point" to determine whether Norfolk could be captured. After a 27-hour trip, the Miami reached Fort Monroe on the night of May 6. Chase went with Major General John E. Wool, in command of the Federals at Fort Monroe, to inspect beach locations for a potential troop landing and relayed to Lincoln that he and General Wool had found "a good and convenient landing place" on the south shore, safely away from the Confederate's Merrimack battleship.[19] Chase's participation in the reconnaissance ended with the surrender of Norfolk and the destruction of the Merrimack.[20]

On October 10, 1862, Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Welles wrote that "a scheme for permits, special favors, Treasury agents, and improper management" existed and was arranged by Treasury Secretary Chase for General John A. Dix. The motive of Chase appeared to be for political influence and not for financial gain.[21]

Perhaps Chase's chief defect was an insatiable desire for high office.[22] Throughout his term as Treasury Secretary, Chase exploited his position to build up political support for another run at the Presidency in 1864.

He also tried to pressure Lincoln by repeatedly threatening resignation[citation needed], which he knew would cause Lincoln difficulties with the Radical Republicans.

Salmon P. Chase, Treasury Secretary, scribes "In God is our Trust," scratches out "is our" and overwrites "We" to arrive at "In God We Trust" in a December 9, 1863, letter to James Pollock, Director of the Philadelphia Mint.[23]

To honor Chase for introducing the modern system of banknotes, he was depicted on the $10,000 bill printed from 1928 to 1946. Chase was instrumental in placing the phrase "In God We Trust" on United States coins in 1864.[24]

Judicial career

Chase as Chief Justice

In June 1864, Lincoln surprised Chase by accepting his third offer of resignation. The Republican Party had at that point already nominated Lincoln as its presidential candidate and the Treasury was in solid shape, so Lincoln no longer needed to keep Chase in the cabinet to forestall a challenge for the presidential nomination.[25]

But to placate the Radical wing of the party, Lincoln mentioned Chase as a potential Supreme Court nominee. When Chief Justice Roger B. Taney died in October 1864, Lincoln named Chase to replace him. Lincoln issued the nomination on December 6, 1864. Chase was confirmed by the Senate that very day, and immediately received his commission, holding the office from 1864 until his own death in 1873. Chase was a complete change from the pro-slavery Taney; one of Chase's first acts as Chief Justice was to admit John Rock as the first African-American attorney to argue cases before the Supreme Court.[26]

The Chase Court, 1866

Among his most prominent decisions while on the court were:

  • Texas v. White (74 U.S. 700), 1869, in which he asserted that the Constitution provided for a permanent union, composed of indestructible states, while allowing some possibility of divisibility "through revolution, or through consent of the States";[27][28]
  • Veazie Banks v. Fenno (75 U.S 533), 1869, upholding banking legislation of the Civil War that imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes; and
  • Hepburn v. Griswold (75 U.S. 603), 1870, which declared certain parts of the legal tender acts to be unconstitutional. When the legal tender decision was reversed after the appointment of new Justices, in 1871 and 1872 (Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457), Chase prepared a very able dissenting opinion.

As Chief Justice, Chase also presided at the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson in 1868. As the justice responsible for the 4th Circuit, Chase also would have been one of two judges at the trial of Jefferson Davis (who was imprisoned at Fort Monroe in Virginia,) because trial for major crimes such as treason required two judges. However, Davis' best defense would be that he forfeited U.S. citizenship upon secession, and therefore could not have committed treason. Convicting Davis could also interfere with Chase's presidential ambitions, described below. After passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, Chase invited Davis' lawyer to meet with him privately, and explained his theory that Section 3 of the new Amendment prohibited imposing further punishment on former Confederates. When Davis' lawyer repeated this argument in open court, Chase dismissed the case, over the objection of his colleague, U.S. District Judge John Curtiss Underwood, and the government chose not to appeal the dismissal to U.S. Supreme Court.[29]

Chase gradually drifted back toward his old Democratic allegiance, and made an unsuccessful effort to secure the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1868. He "was passed over because of his stance in favor of voting rights for black men".[26] In 1871, The New Departure policy of Ohio Democrat Clement Vallandigham was endorsed by Chase.[30] He helped found the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, unsuccessfully seeking its presidential nomination. Chase was also a Freemason,[citation needed] active in the lodges of Midwestern society. He collaborated with John Purdue, the founder of Lafayette Bank and Purdue University. Eventually, JP Morgan Chase & Co. would purchase Purdue National Corporation of Lafayette, Indiana in 1984.[citation needed]

As early as 1868 Chase concluded that:

Congress was right in not limiting, by its reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States.[31]

Personal life

Grave of Salmon Chase in Spring Grove Cemetery. Docent is dressed in period clothing.

Chase died of a stroke in New York City on May 7, 1873.[1] His remains were interred first in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C., and re-interred in October 1886 in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio.[32][33][34] Chase had been an active member of St. Paul Episcopal Cathedral, Cincinnati. Chase's birthplace in New Hampshire was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

Legacy

Chase depicted on the 1934 $10,000 Gold certificate

After Chase's death in 1873, the Supreme Court established a tradition that a newly deceased Justice's chair and the front of the bench where the Justice sat will be draped with black wool crêpe, with black crêpe hung over the Court's entrance.[35]

The Chase National Bank, a predecessor of Chase Manhattan Bank which is now JPMorgan Chase, was named in his honor, though he had no affiliation with it, financial or otherwise.

In May 1865, Chase was elected a 3rd class companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). MOLLUS was an organization of Union officers who had served in the Civil War which allowed distinguished civilians who had supported the Union cause to join as 3rd class companions. Chase was one of the first to receive this honor and was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 46.

Chase's portrait appears on the United States $10,000 bill, the largest denomination of U.S. currency to publicly circulate. The bill was last printed in 1945. In 1969, the Federal Reserve began withdrawing high-denomination bills from circulation and as of 2009 only 336 $10,000 bills had not been returned for destruction.[36]

Chase County, Kansas, and Chase City, Virginia, are named in his honor. Chasevilles in Florida, Massachusetts, North Carolina (which only lasted from 1868 to 1871), New York, Ohio, and Tennessee were also named for him. Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and Chase Hall, the main barracks and dormitory at the United States Coast Guard Academy, is named for Chase in honor of his service as Secretary of the Treasury, and the United States Coast Guard Cutter Chase (WHEC 718) is named for him, as are Chase Hall at the Harvard Business School and the Salmon P. Chase College of Law at Northern Kentucky University.

Although not referred to by name, Chase was portrayed by Shakespearean actor Montagu Love (who closely resembled him) in the 1942 film Tennessee Johnson during Andrew Johnson's impeachment scenes. Chase was also portrayed by Josh Stamberg in the 2013 movie Saving Lincoln.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g EB (1878).
  2. ^ The Centennial Book of American Biography - By James Dabney McCabe
  3. ^ The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase - By Jacob Schuckers
  4. ^ Janette Ralston Chase (1777-1832) - Find A Grave
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Salmon P. Chase". Retrieved September 20, 2015.
  6. ^ Blue, Frederick J., Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics, 1987, page 8
  7. ^ Morris, William W.; Krieger, E. B., eds. (1921). The Bench and Bar of Cincinnati: Commemorating the Building of the New Court House. Cincinnati: New Court House Publishing Company. p. 16. It is a coincidence that his county home near Loveland, later came into the possession, for a few years, of Judge Charles J. Hunt, during the years the latter occupied the local Common Pleas Court bench.
  8. ^ EB (1911), p. 955.
  9. ^ a b Ross, Ph.D., Kelley L. "Six Kinds of United States Paper Currency". Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  10. ^ Gates, Henry Louis, Jr; and Hollis Robbins. "The Annotated Uncle Tom's Cabin" WW. Norton, p. xxxii
  11. ^ "Salmon P. Chase, of Ohio, known as 'attorney-general for fugitive slaves,' on account of his frequent appearance as counsel in fugitive slave cases. - NYPL Digital Collections". July 26, 2016. Archived from the original on July 26, 2016. Retrieved February 26, 2018. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Foner, Eric (1995). Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83.
  13. ^ "Salmon P. Chase". Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  14. ^ Foner (1995), p.94.
  15. ^ Tarbell, Ida M. (1998). The Life of Abraham Lincoln Volumes 1 & 2. Digital Scanning Inc. p. 148. ISBN 9781582181240. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  16. ^ Geisst, Charles R. (1999). Wall Street. Oxford University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-19-511512-3.
  17. ^ Honings, Diana. "The Long Blue Line: Cutter Miami, Abraham Lincoln and the destruction of CSS Virginia". Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  18. ^ "The Clyde Built Ships:Lady Le Marchant". Caledonian Maritime Research Trust. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  19. ^ "Landing of Wool and Surrender of Norfolk". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  20. ^ Symonds, Craig L. (2008). "Lincoln and The Navy". American Heritage. 58 (6). Rockville, MD: American Heritage Publishing. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  21. ^ pp. 166, 175, 177, 227, 318, Welles, Gideon. Diary of Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy Under Lincoln and Johnson, Vol. I, 1861 – March 30, 1864. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1911.
  22. ^ Salmon Portland Chase Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 Edition, Originally appearing in Volume V05, Page 956
  23. ^ Chase, Salmon P (December 9, 1863). Letter to James Pollock. National Archives and Records Administration. p. 11. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  24. ^ "History of 'In God We Trust'". US Department of the Treasury. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  25. ^ McPherson, James. Battle Cry of Freedom. Oxford: 1988. p. 841n. Print.
  26. ^ a b "The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: Salmon Portland Chase". Impeach-andrewjohnson.com. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
  27. ^ Aleksandar Pavković, Peter Radan, Creating New States: Theory and Practice of Secession, p. 222, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007.
  28. ^ Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1868) at Cornell University Law School Supreme Court collection.
  29. ^ http://www.scotusblog.com/2017/10/chief-justice-salmon-chase-permanency-union-cynthia-nicoletti-chases-political-ambitions/
  30. ^ p. 446, Vallandigham, James L. A Life of Clement L. Vallandigham. Baltimore, MD: Turnbull Brothers, 1872.
  31. ^ J. W. Schuckers, The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase, (1874). p. 585; letter of May 30, 1993, to August Belmont
  32. ^ "Chief Justice Chase's Remains". The Evening Star. October 11, 1886. p. 3.
  33. ^ "Christensen, George A. (1983) Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices, Yearbook". Archived from the original on September 3, 2005. Retrieved September 3, 2005. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Supreme Court Historical Society at Internet Archive.
  34. ^ See also, Christensen, George A., Here Lies the Supreme Court: Revisited, Journal of Supreme Court History, Volume 33 Issue 1, Pages 17–41 (February 19, 2008), University of Alabama.
  35. ^ Phelps, Jordyn (February 16, 2016). "Antonin Scalia's Supreme Court Chair and Bench Draped in Black". ABC News. ABC. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  36. ^ Palmer, Brian (July 24, 2009). "Somebody Call Officer Crumb!:How much cash can a corrupt politician cram into a cereal box?". Slate.com. Retrieved July 24, 2012.

References

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading

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