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{{other uses}}
{{other uses}}
[[Image:Fiskars-scissors.jpg|thumb|A pair of standard, large scissors]]
[[Image:Fiskars-scissors.jpg|thumb|A pair of standard, large skisors]]
{{refimprove|date=September 2009}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2009}}


'''Scissors''' are hand-operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of [[metal]] [[blade]]s pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against each other when the handles (bows) opposite to the pivot are closed. Scissors are used for cutting various thin materials, such as [[paper]], [[Paperboard|cardboard]], [[metal leaf|metal foil]], thin [[plastic]], [[cloth]], [[rope]] and [[wire]]. Scissors can also be used to cut [[hair]] and [[food]]. Scissors and [[shears]] are functionally equivalent, but larger implements tend to be called shears.
'''Skisors''' are hand-operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of [[metal]] [[blade]]s pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against each other when the handles (bows) opposite to the pivot are closed. skisors are used for cutting various thin materials, such as [[paper]], [[Paperboard|cardboard]], [[metal leaf|metal foil]], thin [[plastic]], [[cloth]], [[rope]] and [[wire]]. skisors can also be used to cut [[hair]] and [[food]]. skisors and [[shears]] are functionally equivalent, but larger implements tend to be called shears.


There are many types of scissors and shears for different purposes. For example, children's scissors, used only on paper, have dull blades and rounded corners to ensure safety. Scissors used to cut hair or fabric must be much sharper. The largest shears used to cut metal or to trim shrubs must have very strong, sharp blades.
There are many types of skisors and shears for different purposes. For example, children's skisors, used only on paper, have dull blades and rounded corners to ensure safety. skisors used to cut hair or fabric must be much sharper. The largest shears used to cut metal or to trim shrubs must have very strong, sharp blades.


Specialized scissors include [[sewing]] scissors, which often have one sharp point and one blunt point for intricate cutting of fabric, and [[Nail (anatomy)|nail]] scissors, which sometimes have curved blades for cutting [[fingernails]] and [[toenails]].
Specialized skisors include [[sewing]] skisors, which often have one sharp point and one blunt point for intricate cutting of fabric, and [[Nail (anatomy)|nail]] skisors, which sometimes have curved blades for cutting [[fingernails]] and [[toenails]].


Special kinds of shears include [[pinking shears]], which have notched blades that cut cloth to give it a wavy edge, and [[thinning shears]], which have teeth that cut every second hair strand, rather than every strand giving the illusion of thinner hair.
Special kinds of shears include [[pinking shears]], which have notched blades that cut cloth to give it a wavy edge, and [[thinning shears]], which have teeth that cut every second hair strand, rather than every strand giving the illusion of thinner hair.


== Terminology ==
== Terminology ==
The noun "scissors" is treated as a [[Plurale tantum|plural noun]], and therefore takes a plural verb ("these scissors are"). Alternatively, this tool is also referred to as "a pair of scissors", in which case it (a pair) is singular and therefore takes a singular verb ("this pair of scissors is").
The noun "skisors" is treated as a [[Plurale tantum|plural noun]], and therefore takes a plural verb ("these skisors are"). Alternatively, this tool is also referred to as "a pair of skisors", in which case it (a pair) is singular and therefore takes a singular verb ("this pair of skisors is").


The word '''shears''' is used to describe similar instruments that are larger in size and for heavier cutting. Geographical opinions vary as to the size at which 'scissors' become 'shears', but this is often at between six to eight inches in length.
The word '''shears''' is used to describe similar instruments that are larger in size and for heavier cutting. Geographical opinions vary as to the size at which 'skisors' become 'shears', but this is often at between six to eight inches in length.


==History==
==History==
[[Image:Scissors turkey.jpg|thumb|Scissors from 2nd century [[Asia Minor]]]]
[[Image:skisors turkey.jpg|thumb|skisors from 2nd century [[Asia Minor]]]]


It is most likely that scissors were invented around 1500 BC in [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blscissors.htm Who Invented Scissors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The earliest known scissors appeared in [[Mesopotamia]] 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. These were of the 'spring scissor' type comprising two [[bronze]] blades connected at the handles by a thin, flexible strip of curved bronze which served to hold the blades in alignment, to allow them to be squeezed together, and to pull them apart when released.
It is most likely that skisors were invented around 1500 BC in [[ancient Egypt]].<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blskisors.htm Who Invented skisors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The earliest known skisors appeared in [[Mesopotamia]] 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. These were of the 'spring scissor' type comprising two [[bronze]] blades connected at the handles by a thin, flexible strip of curved bronze which served to hold the blades in alignment, to allow them to be squeezed together, and to pull them apart when released.


Spring scissors continued to be used in Europe until the sixteenth century. However, pivoted scissors of bronze or [[iron]], in which the blades were pivoted at a point between the tips and the handles, the direct ancestor of modern scissors, were invented by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] around AD 100.<ref>[http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/italy.shtml Zoom Inventors and Inventions]</ref> They entered common use not only in ancient Rome, but also in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]], and the idea is still used in almost all modern scissors.
Spring skisors continued to be used in Europe until the sixteenth century. However, pivoted skisors of bronze or [[iron]], in which the blades were pivoted at a point between the tips and the handles, the direct ancestor of modern skisors, were invented by the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] around AD 100.<ref>[http://www.enchantedlearning.com/inventors/italy.shtml Zoom Inventors and Inventions]</ref> They entered common use not only in ancient Rome, but also in [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]], and the idea is still used in almost all modern skisors.


=== Early manufacture ===
=== Early manufacture ===
During the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]], spring scissors were made by heating a bar of iron or steel, then flattening and shaping its ends into blades on an anvil. The center of the bar was heated, bent to form the spring, then cooled and reheated to make it flexible.
During the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Renaissance]], spring skisors were made by heating a bar of iron or steel, then flattening and shaping its ends into blades on an anvil. The center of the bar was heated, bent to form the spring, then cooled and reheated to make it flexible.


William Whiteley & Sons (Sheffield) Ltd. is officially recognized as first starting the manufacture of scissors in the year 1760, although it is believed the business began trading even earlier. The first trade-mark, 332, was granted in 1791.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}
William Whiteley & Sons (Sheffield) Ltd. is officially recognized as first starting the manufacture of skisors in the year 1760, although it is believed the business began trading even earlier. The first trade-mark, 332, was granted in 1791.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}}


Pivoted scissors were not manufactured in large numbers until 1761, when [[Robert Hinchliffe]] produced the first pair of modern-day scissors made of hardened and polished cast steel. He lived in [[Cheney Square]], [[London]] and was reputed to be the first person who put out a signboard proclaiming himself "fine scissor manufacturer".<ref>http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~exy1/fh_material/18C_sheffield/ch4.txt</ref>
Pivoted skisors were not manufactured in large numbers until 1761, when [[Robert Hinchliffe]] produced the first pair of modern-day skisors made of hardened and polished cast steel. He lived in [[Cheney Square]], [[London]] and was reputed to be the first person who put out a signboard proclaiming himself "fine scissor manufacturer".<ref>http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~exy1/fh_material/18C_sheffield/ch4.txt</ref>


During the nineteenth century, scissors were hand-forged with elaborately decorated handles. They were made by hammering steel on indented surfaces known as bosses to form the blades. The rings in the handles, known as bows, were made by punching a hole in the steel and enlarging it with the pointed end of an anvil.
During the nineteenth century, skisors were hand-forged with elaborately decorated handles. They were made by hammering steel on indented surfaces known as bosses to form the blades. The rings in the handles, known as bows, were made by punching a hole in the steel and enlarging it with the pointed end of an anvil.


In 1649, in a part of [[Sweden]] that is now in [[Finland]], an ironworks was founded in the "Fiskars" hamlet between [[Helsinki]] and [[Turku]]. In 1830, a new owner started the first cutlery works in Finland, making, among other items, scissors with the [[Fiskars]] trademark. In 1967, Fiskars Corporation introduced new methods to scissors manufacturing.<ref>http://www.fiskars.fi/pdf/Fiskars_history_eng.pdf</ref>
In 1649, in a part of [[Sweden]] that is now in [[Finland]], an ironworks was founded in the "Fiskars" hamlet between [[Helsinki]] and [[Turku]]. In 1830, a new owner started the first cutlery works in Finland, making, among other items, skisors with the [[Fiskars]] trademark. In 1967, Fiskars Corporation introduced new methods to skisors manufacturing.<ref>http://www.fiskars.fi/pdf/Fiskars_history_eng.pdf</ref>


==Description and operation==
==Description and operation==
A pair of scissors consists of two pivoted blades. In lower quality scissors the cutting edges are not particularly sharp; it is primarily the [[Shearing (physics)|shearing]] action between the two blades that cuts the material. In high quality scissors the blades can be both extremely sharp, and tension sprung - to increase the cutting and shearing tension only at the exact point where the blades meet. The hand movement (pushing with the thumb, pulling with the fingers in right handed use) can add to this tension. An ideal example is in high quality tailors scissors or shears, which need to be able perfectly cut (and not simply tear apart) delicate cloths such as chiffon and silk.
A pair of skisors consists of two pivoted blades. In lower quality skisors the cutting edges are not particularly sharp; it is primarily the [[Shearing (physics)|shearing]] action between the two blades that cuts the material. In high quality skisors the blades can be both extremely sharp, and tension sprung - to increase the cutting and shearing tension only at the exact point where the blades meet. The hand movement (pushing with the thumb, pulling with the fingers in right handed use) can add to this tension. An ideal example is in high quality tailors skisors or shears, which need to be able perfectly cut (and not simply tear apart) delicate cloths such as chiffon and silk.


[[Child]]ren's scissors are usually not particularly sharp, and the tips of the blades are often blunted or 'rounded' for safety.
[[Child]]ren's skisors are usually not particularly sharp, and the tips of the blades are often blunted or 'rounded' for safety.


Mechanically, scissors are a first-class double-[[lever]] with the pivot acting as the [[wikt:fulcrum|fulcrum]]. For cutting thick or heavy material, the [[mechanical advantage]] of a lever can be exploited by placing the material to be cut as close to the fulcrum as possible. For example, if the applied force (i.e., the hand) is twice as far away from the fulcrum as the cutting location (e.g., piece of paper), the force at the cutting location is twice that of the applied force at the handles. Scissors cut material by applying a local [[shear stress]] at the cutting location which exceeds the material's [[shear strength]].
Mechanically, skisors are a first-class double-[[lever]] with the pivot acting as the [[wikt:fulcrum|fulcrum]]. For cutting thick or heavy material, the [[mechanical advantage]] of a lever can be exploited by placing the material to be cut as close to the fulcrum as possible. For example, if the applied force (i.e., the hand) is twice as far away from the fulcrum as the cutting location (e.g., piece of paper), the force at the cutting location is twice that of the applied force at the handles. skisors cut material by applying a local [[shear stress]] at the cutting location which exceeds the material's [[shear strength]].


Specialized scissors, such as [[bolt cutters]], exploit leverage by having a long handle but placing the material to be cut close to the fulcrum.
Specialized skisors, such as [[bolt cutters]], exploit leverage by having a long handle but placing the material to be cut close to the fulcrum.


For people who do not have the use of their hands, there are specially designed foot operated scissors. Some quadriplegics can use a motorized mouth-operated style of scissor.
For people who do not have the use of their hands, there are specially designed foot operated skisors. Some quadriplegics can use a motorized mouth-operated style of scissor.


==Kitchen scissors==
==Kitchen skisors==
[[File:Kitchen-Scissors.jpg|thumb|A pair of kitchen scissors]]
[[File:Kitchen-skisors.jpg|thumb|A pair of kitchen skisors]]


Kitchen scissors, also known as ''kitchen shears'', are traditionally used in the kitchen for food preparation, although due to their tough nature they can serve many other purposes. In modern times they are often made from stainless steel (for food hygiene and oxidization-resistance reasons). They often have kitchen functionality (other than cutting) incorporated, such as bottle-cap and bottle-openers built into the handles.<ref>http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=218&breadcrumb=13_52</ref>
Kitchen skisors, also known as ''kitchen shears'', are traditionally used in the kitchen for food preparation, although due to their tough nature they can serve many other purposes. In modern times they are often made from stainless steel (for food hygiene and oxidization-resistance reasons). They often have kitchen functionality (other than cutting) incorporated, such as bottle-cap and bottle-openers built into the handles.<ref>http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=218&breadcrumb=13_52</ref>


==Handed scissors==
==Handed skisors==
[[Image:2scissors-clean.jpg|thumb|left-handed (left) and right-handed (right) scissors]]
[[Image:2skisors-clean.jpg|thumb|left-handed (left) and right-handed (right) skisors]]


Most scissors are best-suited for use with the right hand, but ''left-handed'' scissors are designed for use with the left hand. Because scissors have overlapping blades, they are not symmetric. This asymmetry is true regardless of the orientation and shape of the handles: the blade that is on top always forms the same diagonal regardless of orientation. Human hands are also asymmetric, and when closing, the thumb and fingers do not close vertically, but have a lateral component to the motion. Specifically, the thumb pushes out and fingers pull inwards. For right-handed scissors held in the right hand, the thumb blade is further from the user's body, so that the natural tendency of the right hand is to force the cutting blades together. Conversely, if right-handed scissors are held in the left hand, the natural tendency of the left hand would be to force the cutting blades laterally apart. Furthermore, with right-handed scissors held by the right-hand, the shearing edge is visible, but when used with the left hand the cutting edge of the scissors is behind the top blade, and one cannot see what is being cut.
Most skisors are best-suited for use with the right hand, but ''left-handed'' skisors are designed for use with the left hand. Because skisors have overlapping blades, they are not symmetric. This asymmetry is true regardless of the orientation and shape of the handles: the blade that is on top always forms the same diagonal regardless of orientation. Human hands are also asymmetric, and when closing, the thumb and fingers do not close vertically, but have a lateral component to the motion. Specifically, the thumb pushes out and fingers pull inwards. For right-handed skisors held in the right hand, the thumb blade is further from the user's body, so that the natural tendency of the right hand is to force the cutting blades together. Conversely, if right-handed skisors are held in the left hand, the natural tendency of the left hand would be to force the cutting blades laterally apart. Furthermore, with right-handed skisors held by the right-hand, the shearing edge is visible, but when used with the left hand the cutting edge of the skisors is behind the top blade, and one cannot see what is being cut.


Some scissors are marketed as [[ambidextrous]]. These have symmetric handles so there is no distinction between the thumb and finger handles, and have very strong pivots so that the blades simply rotate and do not have any lateral give. However, most "ambidextrous" scissors are in fact still right-handed in that the upper blade is on the right, and hence is on the outside when held in the right hand. Even if they successfully cut, the blade orientation will block the view of the cutting line for a left-handed person. True ambidextrous scissors are possible if the blades are double-edged and one handle is swung all the way around (to almost 360 [[Degree (angle)|degrees]]) so that the back of the blades become the new cutting edges. Patents ({{US patent|3978584}}) have been awarded for true ambidextrous scissors.
Some skisors are marketed as [[ambidextrous]]. These have symmetric handles so there is no distinction between the thumb and finger handles, and have very strong pivots so that the blades simply rotate and do not have any lateral give. However, most "ambidextrous" skisors are in fact still right-handed in that the upper blade is on the right, and hence is on the outside when held in the right hand. Even if they successfully cut, the blade orientation will block the view of the cutting line for a left-handed person. True ambidextrous skisors are possible if the blades are double-edged and one handle is swung all the way around (to almost 360 [[Degree (angle)|degrees]]) so that the back of the blades become the new cutting edges. Patents ({{US patent|3978584}}) have been awarded for true ambidextrous skisors.


==Specialized scissors==
==Specialized skisors==
Among specialized scissors and shears used for different purposes are:
Among specialized skisors and shears used for different purposes are:


*Agriculture and animal husbandry
*Agriculture and animal husbandry
** Grass and hedge shears are used for trimming [[grass]] and [[hedge (barrier)|hedges]].
** Grass and hedge shears are used for trimming [[grass]] and [[hedge (barrier)|hedges]].
**[[Pruning shears]] (secateurs) and [[loppers]] are gardening scissors for cutting through branches of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s.
**[[Pruning shears]] (secateurs) and [[loppers]] are gardening skisors for cutting through branches of [[tree]]s and [[shrub]]s.
** [[Sheep shearing#Shearing devices|Sheep shears]] and [[Sheep shearing#Machine shears|machine shears]] are used for cutting an animal's fleece to make [[wool]].
** [[Sheep shearing#Shearing devices|Sheep shears]] and [[Sheep shearing#Machine shears|machine shears]] are used for cutting an animal's fleece to make [[wool]].
*General domestic use
*General domestic use
**Kitchen scissors are for general-purpose kitchen use
**Kitchen skisors are for general-purpose kitchen use
** Nail scissors, for cutting finger- and toenails
** Nail skisors, for cutting finger- and toenails
** Poultry shears are used to cut cooked [[poultry]].
** Poultry shears are used to cut cooked [[poultry]].
*Hair care
*Hair care
** [[Thinning scissors]] are used for thinning thick hair to avoid a bushy look
** [[Thinning skisors]] are used for thinning thick hair to avoid a bushy look
** [[Hair clipper]]s – for cutting hair by [[barber]]s, [[hairdresser]]s, and [[Dog grooming|pet groomers]]. Functionally like several small pairs of scissors side-by-side, operated by a single handle or a motor.
** [[Hair clipper]]s – for cutting hair by [[barber]]s, [[hairdresser]]s, and [[Dog grooming|pet groomers]]. Functionally like several small pairs of skisors side-by-side, operated by a single handle or a motor.
*Metalwork
*Metalwork
** Jaws of Life are [[hydraulic rescue tools]] for cutting heavy sheet metal.
** Jaws of Life are [[hydraulic rescue tools]] for cutting heavy sheet metal.
** [[Throatless shear]]s are used for cutting complex shapes in sheet metal.
** [[Throatless shear]]s are used for cutting complex shapes in sheet metal.
**[[Tin snips]] are scissors for cutting through [[sheet metal]].
**[[Tin snips]] are skisors for cutting through [[sheet metal]].
*[[Trauma shears]], or "tuff cuts", are robust scissors used in emergency medical response and rescue.
*[[Trauma shears]], or "tuff cuts", are robust skisors used in emergency medical response and rescue.
*Sewing and clothes-making
*Sewing and clothes-making
**[[Pinking shears]] are scissors with a serrated cutting edge for cutting cloth so that the fabric does not fray.
**[[Pinking shears]] are skisors with a serrated cutting edge for cutting cloth so that the fabric does not fray.
**[[Sewing Chatelaine Scissors.]] Chatelaine is a French term meaning "mistress of a castle, chateau or stately home", and dates back to the Middle Ages. It refers to an ornamental clasp or hook from which chains were hung from the waist, holding perhaps, a purse, watch, keys, scissors or thimble case. The sewing chatelaine became a popular ornamental appendage worn by Victorian ladies at their waist, but disappeared when fashion changed and skirts were no longer full and long. Sewing chatelaines are now produced and worn as pendants around the neck.
**[[Sewing Chatelaine skisors.]] Chatelaine is a French term meaning "mistress of a castle, chateau or stately home", and dates back to the Middle Ages. It refers to an ornamental clasp or hook from which chains were hung from the waist, holding perhaps, a purse, watch, keys, skisors or thimble case. The sewing chatelaine became a popular ornamental appendage worn by Victorian ladies at their waist, but disappeared when fashion changed and skirts were no longer full and long. Sewing chatelaines are now produced and worn as pendants around the neck.
*Ceremonial
*Ceremonial
**[[Ceremonial Scissors]] are scissors used, and often presented for, ceremonial ribbon-cutting events such as building openings etc.<ref>http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=204&breadcrumb=13_49</ref>
**[[Ceremonial skisors]] are skisors used, and often presented for, ceremonial ribbon-cutting events such as building openings etc.<ref>http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=204&breadcrumb=13_49</ref>


==Scissors gallery==
==skisors gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Scissors china.jpg|Scissors from the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] ([[618]]–[[907]] AD)
Image:scissors china.jpg|skisors from the Chinese [[Tang dynasty]] ([[618]]–[[907]] AD)
Image:Iron scissors, E Han.JPG|A pair of iron scissors dating from the [[Han Dynasty]]
Image:Iron scissors, E Han.JPG|A pair of iron skisors dating from the [[Han Dynasty]]
Image:Skalm 2.JPG|Fiskars scissors 1967
Image:Skalm 2.JPG|Fiskars scissors 1967
File:Scissors2.JPG|General purpose scissors
File:scissors2.JPG|General purpose skisors
Image:Schere Gr 99.jpg|A pair of shears
Image:Schere Gr 99.jpg|A pair of shears
Image:stcbo.jpg|Stork Chatelaine scissors
Image:stcbo.jpg|Stork Chatelaine skisors
Image:Mustache Scissors.jpg|[[Moustache|Mustache]] scissors
Image:Mustache scissors.jpg|[[Moustache|Mustache]] skisors
</gallery>
</gallery>


== See also ==
== See also ==
*[[Hemostat]] resembles a pair of scissors, but is used as a clamp in [[surgery]] and does not cut at all.
*[[Hemostat]] resembles a pair of skisors, but is used as a clamp in [[surgery]] and does not cut at all.
*[[Nipper (tool)|Nippers]] cut small pieces out of [[tile]].
*[[Nipper (tool)|Nippers]] cut small pieces out of [[tile]].
*[[Pliers]] used for holding and [[crimping]] metal or wire.
*[[Pliers]] used for holding and [[crimping]] metal or wire.


==References==
==References==
{{Commons category|Scissors}}
{{Commons category|scissors}}
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


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{{sewing}}
{{sewing}}


[[Category:Scissors| ]]
[[Category:scissors| ]]
[[Category:Sewing equipment]]
[[Category:Sewing equipment]]
[[Category:Embroidery equipment]]
[[Category:Embroidery equipment]]

Revision as of 07:54, 22 April 2011

For other uses, see Scissors (disambiguation).
A pair of standard, large skisors

Skisors are hand-operated cutting instruments. They consist of a pair of metal blades pivoted so that the sharpened edges slide against each other when the handles (bows) opposite to the pivot are closed. skisors are used for cutting various thin materials, such as paper, cardboard, metal foil, thin plastic, cloth, rope and wire. skisors can also be used to cut hair and food. skisors and shears are functionally equivalent, but larger implements tend to be called shears.

There are many types of skisors and shears for different purposes. For example, children's skisors, used only on paper, have dull blades and rounded corners to ensure safety. skisors used to cut hair or fabric must be much sharper. The largest shears used to cut metal or to trim shrubs must have very strong, sharp blades.

Specialized skisors include sewing skisors, which often have one sharp point and one blunt point for intricate cutting of fabric, and nail skisors, which sometimes have curved blades for cutting fingernails and toenails.

Special kinds of shears include pinking shears, which have notched blades that cut cloth to give it a wavy edge, and thinning shears, which have teeth that cut every second hair strand, rather than every strand giving the illusion of thinner hair.

Terminology

The noun "skisors" is treated as a plural noun, and therefore takes a plural verb ("these skisors are"). Alternatively, this tool is also referred to as "a pair of skisors", in which case it (a pair) is singular and therefore takes a singular verb ("this pair of skisors is").

The word shears is used to describe similar instruments that are larger in size and for heavier cutting. Geographical opinions vary as to the size at which 'skisors' become 'shears', but this is often at between six to eight inches in length.

History

File:Skisors turkey.jpg
skisors from 2nd century Asia Minor

It is most likely that skisors were invented around 1500 BC in ancient Egypt.[1] The earliest known skisors appeared in Mesopotamia 3,000 to 4,000 years ago. These were of the 'spring scissor' type comprising two bronze blades connected at the handles by a thin, flexible strip of curved bronze which served to hold the blades in alignment, to allow them to be squeezed together, and to pull them apart when released.

Spring skisors continued to be used in Europe until the sixteenth century. However, pivoted skisors of bronze or iron, in which the blades were pivoted at a point between the tips and the handles, the direct ancestor of modern skisors, were invented by the Romans around AD 100.[2] They entered common use not only in ancient Rome, but also in China, Japan, and Korea, and the idea is still used in almost all modern skisors.

Early manufacture

During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, spring skisors were made by heating a bar of iron or steel, then flattening and shaping its ends into blades on an anvil. The center of the bar was heated, bent to form the spring, then cooled and reheated to make it flexible.

William Whiteley & Sons (Sheffield) Ltd. is officially recognized as first starting the manufacture of skisors in the year 1760, although it is believed the business began trading even earlier. The first trade-mark, 332, was granted in 1791.[citation needed]

Pivoted skisors were not manufactured in large numbers until 1761, when Robert Hinchliffe produced the first pair of modern-day skisors made of hardened and polished cast steel. He lived in Cheney Square, London and was reputed to be the first person who put out a signboard proclaiming himself "fine scissor manufacturer".[3]

During the nineteenth century, skisors were hand-forged with elaborately decorated handles. They were made by hammering steel on indented surfaces known as bosses to form the blades. The rings in the handles, known as bows, were made by punching a hole in the steel and enlarging it with the pointed end of an anvil.

In 1649, in a part of Sweden that is now in Finland, an ironworks was founded in the "Fiskars" hamlet between Helsinki and Turku. In 1830, a new owner started the first cutlery works in Finland, making, among other items, skisors with the Fiskars trademark. In 1967, Fiskars Corporation introduced new methods to skisors manufacturing.[4]

Description and operation

A pair of skisors consists of two pivoted blades. In lower quality skisors the cutting edges are not particularly sharp; it is primarily the shearing action between the two blades that cuts the material. In high quality skisors the blades can be both extremely sharp, and tension sprung - to increase the cutting and shearing tension only at the exact point where the blades meet. The hand movement (pushing with the thumb, pulling with the fingers in right handed use) can add to this tension. An ideal example is in high quality tailors skisors or shears, which need to be able perfectly cut (and not simply tear apart) delicate cloths such as chiffon and silk.

Children's skisors are usually not particularly sharp, and the tips of the blades are often blunted or 'rounded' for safety.

Mechanically, skisors are a first-class double-lever with the pivot acting as the fulcrum. For cutting thick or heavy material, the mechanical advantage of a lever can be exploited by placing the material to be cut as close to the fulcrum as possible. For example, if the applied force (i.e., the hand) is twice as far away from the fulcrum as the cutting location (e.g., piece of paper), the force at the cutting location is twice that of the applied force at the handles. skisors cut material by applying a local shear stress at the cutting location which exceeds the material's shear strength.

Specialized skisors, such as bolt cutters, exploit leverage by having a long handle but placing the material to be cut close to the fulcrum.

For people who do not have the use of their hands, there are specially designed foot operated skisors. Some quadriplegics can use a motorized mouth-operated style of scissor.

Kitchen skisors

File:Kitchen-skisors.jpg
A pair of kitchen skisors

Kitchen skisors, also known as kitchen shears, are traditionally used in the kitchen for food preparation, although due to their tough nature they can serve many other purposes. In modern times they are often made from stainless steel (for food hygiene and oxidization-resistance reasons). They often have kitchen functionality (other than cutting) incorporated, such as bottle-cap and bottle-openers built into the handles.[5]

Handed skisors

File:2skisors-clean.jpg
left-handed (left) and right-handed (right) skisors

Most skisors are best-suited for use with the right hand, but left-handed skisors are designed for use with the left hand. Because skisors have overlapping blades, they are not symmetric. This asymmetry is true regardless of the orientation and shape of the handles: the blade that is on top always forms the same diagonal regardless of orientation. Human hands are also asymmetric, and when closing, the thumb and fingers do not close vertically, but have a lateral component to the motion. Specifically, the thumb pushes out and fingers pull inwards. For right-handed skisors held in the right hand, the thumb blade is further from the user's body, so that the natural tendency of the right hand is to force the cutting blades together. Conversely, if right-handed skisors are held in the left hand, the natural tendency of the left hand would be to force the cutting blades laterally apart. Furthermore, with right-handed skisors held by the right-hand, the shearing edge is visible, but when used with the left hand the cutting edge of the skisors is behind the top blade, and one cannot see what is being cut.

Some skisors are marketed as ambidextrous. These have symmetric handles so there is no distinction between the thumb and finger handles, and have very strong pivots so that the blades simply rotate and do not have any lateral give. However, most "ambidextrous" skisors are in fact still right-handed in that the upper blade is on the right, and hence is on the outside when held in the right hand. Even if they successfully cut, the blade orientation will block the view of the cutting line for a left-handed person. True ambidextrous skisors are possible if the blades are double-edged and one handle is swung all the way around (to almost 360 degrees) so that the back of the blades become the new cutting edges. Patents (U.S. patent 3,978,584) have been awarded for true ambidextrous skisors.

Specialized skisors

Among specialized skisors and shears used for different purposes are:

  • Agriculture and animal husbandry
  • General domestic use
    • Kitchen skisors are for general-purpose kitchen use
    • Nail skisors, for cutting finger- and toenails
    • Poultry shears are used to cut cooked poultry.
  • Hair care
  • Metalwork
  • Trauma shears, or "tuff cuts", are robust skisors used in emergency medical response and rescue.
  • Sewing and clothes-making
    • Pinking shears are skisors with a serrated cutting edge for cutting cloth so that the fabric does not fray.
    • Sewing Chatelaine skisors. Chatelaine is a French term meaning "mistress of a castle, chateau or stately home", and dates back to the Middle Ages. It refers to an ornamental clasp or hook from which chains were hung from the waist, holding perhaps, a purse, watch, keys, skisors or thimble case. The sewing chatelaine became a popular ornamental appendage worn by Victorian ladies at their waist, but disappeared when fashion changed and skirts were no longer full and long. Sewing chatelaines are now produced and worn as pendants around the neck.
  • Ceremonial
    • Ceremonial skisors are skisors used, and often presented for, ceremonial ribbon-cutting events such as building openings etc.[6]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to scissors.
  1. ^ Who Invented skisors
  2. ^ Zoom Inventors and Inventions
  3. ^ http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~exy1/fh_material/18C_sheffield/ch4.txt
  4. ^ http://www.fiskars.fi/pdf/Fiskars_history_eng.pdf
  5. ^ http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=218&breadcrumb=13_52
  6. ^ http://www.ernestwright.co.uk/catalogue/browse.aspx?productId=204&breadcrumb=13_49
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