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Sharjah

Coordinates: 25°21′27″N 55°23′27″E / 25.35750°N 55.39083°E / 25.35750; 55.39083
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This article is about the city. For the emirate, see Emirate of Sharjah.

Sharjah
الشارقة
City
Sharjah
Clockwise from top:
Al Khan Lagoon, Heritage District, Al-Noor Mosque, Blue Souk, Al-Qasba Canal
Sharjah is located in United Arab Emirates
Sharjah
Sharjah
Location of Sharjah in the UAE
Coordinates: 25°21′27″N 55°23′27″E / 25.35750°N 55.39083°E / 25.35750; 55.39083
Country or UAE UAE
Emirate Sharjah
Government
 • TypeConstitutional monarchy
 • SheikhSultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
Area
 • Metro
235.5 km2 (90.9 sq mi)
Population
 (2015)
 • City1,400,000
Souq Al Markazi at night
Khorfakkan

Sharjah (/ˈʃɑːrdʒə/; Arabic: الشارقة aš-Šāriqah; Gulf Arabic: aš-šārja[1]) is the third largest and third most populous city in the United Arab Emirates, forming part of the Dubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area. It is located along the southern coast of the Persian Gulf on the Arabian Peninsula.

Sharjah is the capital of the emirate of Sharjah. Sharjah shares legal, political, military and economic functions with the other emirates of the UAE within a federal framework, although each emirate has jurisdiction over some functions such as civil law enforcement and provision and upkeep of local facilities. Sharjah has been ruled by the Al Qasimi dynasty since the 18th century.

The city is a centre for culture and industry, and alone contributes 7.4% of the GDP of the United Arab Emirates.[2] The city covers an approximate area of 235 km² and has a population of over 800,000 (2008). The sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited in the emirate of Sharjah without possession of an alcohol licence and alcohol is not served in Sharjah hotels, restaurants or other outlets due to the Muslim majority in the area. This has helped Sharjah increase the number of Islamic tourists who visit the country.[3] Sharjah has been officially named as a WHO healthy city.[4] The 2016 edition of QS Best Student Cities ranked Sharjah as the 68th best city in the world to be a university student.[5] Sharjah is regarded as the cultural capital of the UAE,[6] and was the Islamic culture capital in 2014.[7]

Overview

Sharjah is the third largest city in the United Arab Emirates after Dubai and Abu Dhabi. [8]The palace of the ruler of the Emirate of Sharjah, His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi is located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of the city.

The city of Sharjah overlooks the Persian Gulf and has a population of over 800,000 (2008). It contains the main administrative and commercial centres together with an array of cultural and traditional projects, including several museums covering areas such as archaeology, natural history, science, arts, heritage, Islamic art and culture. Distinctive landmarks include two major covered souks, reflecting Islamic design, and a number of recreational areas and public parks such as Al Montazah Fun Park and Al Buheirah Corniche. The city is also notable for its numerous elegant mosques.

Location

Sharjah is situated on the Persian Gulf coast of the United Arab Emirates, the emirates borders with Dubai in south, Ajman and Um Al Quwain in north, Ras Al Khaimah in east.It is the only emirates that overlooks the coastline on the Persian Gulf from the west and the gulf of Oman (Indian Ocean) from the East, with the Sharjah coastal towns of Kalba and Khor Fakkan.

Etymology

Sultan Al Omaimi, a UAE poet and researcher in folk literature, says that some historians speculate that Sharjah was the name of an idol worshipped in the pre-Islamic era which was known as Abed Al Shareq.[citation needed]

Other researchers link the word Sharqah to the fact that the city is located to the Sharq, or east, of Dubai and Abu Dhabi. Hence the Arabic classical form of Sharjah is Al Shareqah. It is the colloquial form that is Al Sharjah.

Eye of the Emirates, a 60-metre (200 ft) tall Ferris wheel at Al Qasba[9]

History

Sharjah was one of the wealthiest towns in this region with a settlement in existence for over 5000 years. In the early 18th century, the Qawasim clan (Huwayla tribe) established itself in Sharjah, c.1727 declaring Sharjah independent. On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Sultan I signed the General Maritime Treaty with Britain, accepting a protectorate to keep the Ottoman Turks out. Like four of its neighbours, Ajman, Dubai, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain, its position on the route to India made it important enough to be recognised as a salute state (be it of the lowest class: 3 guns).

Sharjah heritage district.

On 2 December 1971, Sharjah, together with Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Umm Al Qawain and Fujairah joined in the Act of Union to form the United Arab Emirates. The seventh emirate, Ras Al Khaimah, joined the UAE on 10 February 1972, following giant non-Arab neighbour Iran's annexation of the RAK-owned Tunbs islands.

Like the other former Trucial States, Sharjah's name is known by many stamp collectors because of the large numbers of stamps that were issued by the Sharjah Post Office shortly before the formation of the United Arab Emirates.[10] Many of these items feature subjects unrelated to the emirates whose names they bear, and therefore many popular catalogues do not list them.[11]

Important landmarks

Panoramic view of Sharjah.

Khorfakkan

Is a town located along the Gulf of Oman on the east coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The town, the second largest on the east coast after Fujairah, is set on the picturesque bay of Khorfakkan, which means "Creek of Two Jaws". Khorfakkan belongs to the Emirate of Sharjah but is geographically surrounded by the emirate of Fujairah. It is the site of Khorfakkan Container Terminal, the only natural deep-sea port in the region and one of the major container ports in the Emirates.

Rolla Square

Named after the large rolla (banyan tree) that once stood in the square[12] and that inspired the sculpture currently at the centre of the park, Rolla Square is a popular location for workers to stroll during the weekends.

Al Hisn Sharjah

Sharjah Fort was demolished in the 1970s but rebuilt and is today a museum.

'Smile You're In Sharjah' Roundabout

Located between the Blue Souq and Fish Market, near the Union Bank Tower, the floral call to cheer up etched on the roundabout has lent its name to the roundabout itself.[13]

Gold Souq

The Souq Al Markazi, or Gold Souq, is a popular tourist destination and comprises a gold souq, clothing souq and, on its first floors, antiques and jewellery shops. and also it contains electronics and many more.

Mahattah Fort

The fort was built to house travellers on the Imperial Airways Eastern Empire route and was the site of Sharjah Airport until 1977. It is now an aviation museum.

Heritage District

The Heart Of Sharjah houses several galleries, and museums including the charming heritage museum which gives a great insight into the cultural traditions of the past. The area is also home to the traditional Souk Al Arsa, a covered souk with an array of items to sell including antiques and the office of the Sharjah Centre for Cultural Communication where you can get info on Sharjah attractions.

Sharjah Heritage Museum

The Sharjah Heritage Museum is situated near to the Bait Al Naboodah is just opposite Soouq al-Arsah. This is a beautiful architecturally designed interesting two storey family house. It is built around a shaded courtyard and is dedicated to a family life reconstruction many years ago. There are many rooms which has displays of traditional furniture along with household items too. Moreover, there are also provision of children’s costumes, games and even jewellery.

Sharjah National Park

Sharjah National park covers an area of nearly 270 thousand square feet of area.

Sharjah Aquarium

Located in Al Layyeh, Sharjah aquarium has over 250 species to see right from the delicate seahorses to smallest clown fish, reef sharks, rays and moray eels. Visitors can submerge themselves to the colorful, diverse and rich undersea world which is home to a variety of marine life which is native to the sea.

Al Noor Island

Al Noor Island is located in the Khalid Lagoon and covers an area of 45,470 square metres. The destination project features art and light installations, including the 'OVO' and 'Torus' displays.

Arabian Wildlife Center

The Arabian Wildlife Center opened in 1999 and is home to more than 100 species of animals. Situated at a convenient location, this center is quite close to the Sharjah International Airport. Despite the hot and dry conditions in most of Arabia, there are a number of mammal species who have adapted to these conditions.

Al Majaz Waterfront

Al Majaz Waterfront is an expansion and beautification of the existing park in order to enhance it into a family-friendly leisure area, a waterfront landmark of Sharjah Featuring an audio-video dancing fountain, miniature golf and a range of restaurants.

Rain Room

In 2018, the experiential art installation Rain Room was given a permanent home in Sharjah. Sharjah Art Foundation constructed a purpose-built visitor centre located in the city's residential area of Al Majarrah to house the permanent installation of Rain Room, with up to six visitors at a time taking fifteen minutes to explore the experience.

Climate

Sharjah has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), with warm winters and extremely hot and humid summers. Rainfall is generally light and erratic, and occurs almost entirely from November to May. About two-thirds of the year's rain falls in the months of February and March.

Climate data for Sharjah
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.5
(90.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		42.1
(107.8) 		43.2
(109.8) 		46.4
(115.5) 		49.2
(120.6) 		47.8
(118.0) 		48.2
(118.8) 		46.0
(114.8) 		41.4
(106.5) 		37.2
(99.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		49.2
(120.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.2
(75.6) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.8
(83.8) 		34.0
(93.2) 		38.5
(101.3) 		40.8
(105.4) 		42.2
(108.0) 		41.7
(107.1) 		39.8
(103.6) 		36.0
(96.8) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.2
(79.2) 		34.0
(93.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		21.5
(70.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		29.7
(85.5) 		32.1
(89.8) 		34.2
(93.6) 		33.8
(92.8) 		31.2
(88.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		23.1
(73.6) 		19.4
(66.9) 		26.2
(79.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 12.1
(53.8) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.3
(59.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.7
(81.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		13.5
(56.3) 		19.6
(67.2)
Record low °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1) 		2.5
(36.5) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		21.7
(71.1) 		22.2
(72.0) 		18.5
(65.3) 		13.3
(55.9) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.0
(41.0) 		2.5
(36.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9.5
(0.37) 		34.8
(1.37) 		33.0
(1.30) 		7.5
(0.30) 		1.4
(0.06) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.00) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		5.1
(0.20) 		15.5
(0.61) 		106.9
(4.21)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 1.5 3.3 4.0 1.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.0 12.7
Average relative humidity (%) 69.0 68.0 64.0 56.0 51.0 56.0 54.0 57.0 62.0 64.0 64.0 69.0 61.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 244.9 226.8 257.3 294.0 350.3 348.0 331.7 325.5 306.0 300.7 276.0 244.9 3,506.1
Source: NOAA (1977–1991)[14]

Transportation

View inside Sharjah airport.

The city has reasonably well developed transport infrastructure. Like many major cities, Sharjah has a problem with vehicular traffic congestion during rush hours especially the roads leading to and from the Emirate of Dubai.

The role of the Sharjah Public Transport Corporation (SPTC) is to reinforce public transportation, setting its policies and find strategic solutions for smooth traffic, providing modern and professional transport services to the passengers, driving Sharjah Emirate or on the InterCity routes, between all emirates in UAE.

Development of transportation services in Sharjah is critical and long term task. Planning by SPTC since 2008 Sharjah Metro[15][16] will be third in UAE (after Dubai and Abu Dhabi metros) and planning since 2015 Sharjah Tram[17] will be second (after Dubai Tram).

Air

The Sharjah International Airport is the aviation hub of the city. Sharjah Airport is the third largest Middle East airfreight hub in cargo tonnage, according to official 2015 statistics from Airports Council International. Sharjah International Airport is home base of the low-cost carrier Air Arabia. It has daily flights connecting Lebanon, Jordan, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Ukraine, India, Egypt, Syria, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, etc.

Road

There are two major series of highways in Sharjah, which are "E" and "S". E represents roads connecting other emirates and S for roads within the emirates.

The major roads in the emirate of Sharjah includes

  • E 88 - Al Dhaid Road connecting the Emirate of Fujairah.
  • E 102 - Sharjah - Kalbah Road - Connecting Fujairha and Kalba.
  • E 311 - Sheik Mohammad Bin Zayed Road - connecting Dubai, Ajman and RAK.
  • E 11 - Al Ithihad Road - Connecting Dubai.
  • E 611 - Emirates Road - connecting Dubai, Ajman and RAK
  • S 12 - Maliha Road.

Taxi Taxis in Sharjah are clean, well maintained and reasonable.[citation needed] Sharjah Public Transportation Corporation is organizing and supervising the operations of taxis in Sharjah Emirate. Sharjah taxi service is provided through franchise companies. They cover all parts of the Emirate and cities, including shopping centres, residential areas and airport.Following are the major taxi operators in the emirates.

  • Sharjah Taxi: Area of operation - Sharjah City and Eastern Regions.
  • Emirates Cab: Area of operation - Sharjah city.
  • City Taxi : Area of operation - Sharjah City and Eastern Regions.
  • Union Taxi: Area of operation - Sharjah city.
  • Advantage Taxi : Area of operation - Sharjah City and Central Regions.

Sharjah Transport Corporation also provides Sharing Transportation with the purpose of serving certain routes in Sharjah City on a fixed rate for each route without using the meter. Sharjah Sharing Taxi routes are carefully selected to support people with low income and are covering areas with frequent needs for quick transfer within same location, to ease the traffic situation in Sharjah.

Intercity Transport Sharjah Public Transport Corporation operates passenger bus services nationwide, between Sharjah City, Ras Al Khaimah, Khor Fakkan, Kalba, Fujairah, Masafi, Ajman, Umm Al Quwain, Hamriyah Free Zone, Dhaid, Al Madam, Dibba Al Hisn, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain and Dubai.

Utility services

Utility services in the emirate is provided by SEWA (Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority).They provide electricity, water and LPG connection to about 2 Million consumers in the emirates.

Telephone services in the emirate both fixed lines and mobile services are provided by Govt owned Etislat and Du communication Ltd.

Culture

File:University of Sharjah City Gate.jpg
One of the four gates that lead into University City.

The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well. Five times every day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country. Since 2006, the weekend has been Friday-Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday-Sunday.[18]

The Ruler of Sharjah ordered the establishment of several cultural institutions. The projects covered conservation of cultural heritage, active interaction with other cultures, construction of museums and the other cultural, scientific and artistic centres in the Emirate and the setting up of a television satellite channel that reflects and projects the value of culture.

In 1998, Sharjah was awarded the ‘Cultural Capital of the Arab World’ title by UNESCO representing the United Arab Emirates. Sharjah has kept the spirit of its history alive by indicatively incorporating tradition into every aspect of contemporary development.[19]

Sharjah International Book Fair is a cultural event held every year in Sharjah. It started in the year 1982 and now it attracts publishers, readers and speakers from all over the world.

Economy

Sharjah is the headquarters of Air Arabia, the first low cost airline in the Middle East, which operates to the Middle East, Asia and Europe. The headquarters is in the Sharjah Freight Center,[20] on the property of Sharjah International Airport.[21]

Sharjah Airport International Free Zone, popularly known as SAIF Zone, is one of the prominent free-trade zones in UAE. More than 6000 companies operates from SAIF Zone. The cost of setting up business in Sharjah is less than in any other emirates of UAE, and the focus of industrialisation has in recent years turned Sharjah into a commercial centre. Thanks to the facility of 100% foreign ownership, repatriation of capital and profits and exemption from income and corporate taxes, SAIF Zone has attracted investors from more than 90 countries.

Hamriyah Free Zone: Established in 1995, it offers competitive and unique opportunities to establish business in a tax-free environment, full company ownership, exemption from all commercial levies and repatriation of capital and profits. The Free Zone provides access to a 14 meter deep water port and a 7 meter deep inner harbor.

Demographics

According to 2015 census conducted by department of statistics and community development in Sharjah, the total population of the emirate is 1.40 Million. Expatriates constitute 87% of the total population. As per the census the total number of emirati polpulation is only 175,432. The population density of the emirates is 341 person per km2.

Like the rest of UAE, Arabic is the official and national language of the emirate. English is used as a second language, Tagalog and South Asian languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Malayalam are spoken widely by the residents of emirates. Islam is the predominant religion in the emirate of Sharjah.

Education

File:University of Sharjah Main Campus.jpg
University of Sharjah main campus admission building.

There are several public and private schools in addition to universities in Sharjah, including the University of Sharjah, American University of Sharjah, Skyline College Sharjah, Westford School of Management, Exeed School of Business and Finance Sharjah Men's College, and Sharjah Women's College. Some of these universities are located in one area called the University City. Private schools in the city include the Sharjah Indian School, Sharjah English School, Emirates National school, American Community School Sharjah, Indian School Sharjah, the International School of Choueifat, Sharjah, Sharjah High School, DPS Delhi Private School, Gulf Asian English School, Our Own English High School, And American school of creative science.

Healthcare

Health care in Sharjah can be divided in to two different sectors, Public and Private. Public hospitals in the emirates are administered by Government of Sharjah through Ministry of health.

The emirate also has 9 public medical centres to provide primary health care services.

List of Public Hospitals in Sharjah:

  • Al Qasimi Hospital.
  • Al Kuwaiti Hospital

List of Private Hospitals in Sharjah:

Sports

One Day International at Sharjah in 1998 (Australia v India)

The Sharjah Cricket Stadium has hosted almost 218 cricket One Day Internationals, more than any other ground, and 4 Test matches. Football clubs include Al Sharjah and Al-Shaab in the First League, and Al Hemriah, Al Khaleej and Dibba in the 2nd league.

Football clubs based in Sharjah

Also, the organisers of Sharjah Grand Prix host the Formula One World Powerboating Championships every year at Al Buhaira Corniche, Sharjah. In 2005, it was held under the patronage of Shaikh Sultan Bin Mohammad Bin Sultan Al Qasimi, Crown Prince and Deputy Ruler of Sharjah.

Twin towns – sister cities

Sharjah is twinned with:

  • The Buhairah Corniche has numerous upscale hotels. The Sharjah Commerce Tourism Development Authority is also located along the corniche.
    The Buhairah Corniche has numerous upscale hotels. The Sharjah Commerce Tourism Development Authority is also located along the corniche.
  • Off-road vehicles in deserts of Sharjah.
    Off-road vehicles in deserts of Sharjah.
  • Al-Qasba Canal.
    Al-Qasba Canal.
  • Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization, located in Al Nabba.
    Sharjah Museum of Islamic Civilization, located in Al Nabba.
  • The interior of Sahara Center, one of the biggest malls in Sharjah.
    The interior of Sahara Center, one of the biggest malls in Sharjah.
  • Panoramic view of the Al Khan Lagoon looking south by night.
    Panoramic view of the Al Khan Lagoon looking south by night.
  • Night view of the boats docked to the east shoreline of Al Khan Lagoon.
    Night view of the boats docked to the east shoreline of Al Khan Lagoon.
  • Eye of the Emirates and the Al Qasba Canal by night.
    Eye of the Emirates and the Al Qasba Canal by night.
  • Panoramic view of the Expo Centre Sharjah by night.
    Panoramic view of the Expo Centre Sharjah by night.
  • Night view of the New Sharjah Chamber of Commerce.
    Night view of the New Sharjah Chamber of Commerce.

See also

References

  1. ^ Qafisheh, Hamdi A. (1997). NTC's Gulf Arabic-English dictionary. NTC Publishing Group. p. 351. ISBN 978-0-8442-4606-2.
  2. ^ "About Sharjah". This is sharjah. Archived from the original on 2 March 2015. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Sharjah's tourism focus is all about Islamic culture". The National. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  4. ^ WHO names Sharjah ‘Healthy City’ (27 April 2016). "Sharjah officially named WHO Healthy City". Sharjah Update. Retrieved 2 May 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ "QS Best Student Cities 2016". topuniversities.com. 30 November 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  6. ^ Reporter, Jumana Khamis, Staff (23 November 2013). "Sharjah, the cultural capital of the UAE". gulfnews.com. Retrieved 12 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ "2014 is Sharjah's Islamic Culture Capital year, and it will be a busy one for Sheikh Sultan - The National". thenational.ae. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  8. ^ "Sharjah, the third largest and most populous city in the United Arab Emirates. | FV Travels". fvtravels.com. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  9. ^ "Al Qasba". alqasba.ae. Archived from the original on 30 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ "Sharjah & Dependencies Stamps and Postal Stationery Site". Ohmygosh.on.ca. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  11. ^ Carlton, R. Scott. The International Encyclopædic Dictionary of Philately. Krause: Iola, 1997, page 173.
  12. ^ Al Qasimi, Sultan (2011). My Early Life. UK: Bloomsbury. p. 21. ISBN 9781408814208.
  13. ^ Sharjah Art Foundation. "Sharjah Art Foundation - Smile, You're in Sharjah, 2009". Sharjahart.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "Climate Normals for Charjew". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  15. ^ Zain, Asma Ali. "Sharjah eyes its own metro". www.khaleejtimes.com.
  16. ^ Reporter, Ashfaq Ahmed, Staff (13 March 2009). "Sharjah mulls Metro system to beat traffic".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Deulgaonkar, Parag (3 September 2015). "Tram in Sharjah: Where is it being built... click to know". Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  18. ^ Jonathan Sheikh-Miller. "UAE Weekend Switchover". AMEinfo. Archived from the original on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  19. ^ "Sharjah, the Cultural Capital of the Arab World Centro Sharjah". www.rotanatimes.com. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  20. ^ "Contact Info". Air Arabia. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  21. ^ "Low cost & regionals: Arabian pioneers". Flightglobal.com. 23 April 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  22. ^ "Hamriyah Free Zone". Business-Dubai.com. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
  23. ^ "Sultan attends signing of Sharjah-Granada sister city agreementUAE – The Official Web Site – News". Uaeinteract.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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