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Sky deity

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Jupiter, the sky father of Roman religion and mythology

The sky often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky.

The daylit sky deities are typically distinct from the night-time sky (or "heaven of the stars") deities. Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250).

Daytime-gods and Nighttime-gods may also be deities of an "upper world" (or "celestial world"), opposed to a "netherworld" (or "chthonic realm") ruled by other gods (for example, Sky-gods Zeus and Hera rule the celestial realm in ancient Greece, while the chthonic realm is ruled by Hades and Persephone), or of an upper world and netherworld respectively.

Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of patriarch within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorised as "Sky father" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "Sky father" god with an "Earth mother" goddess (pairings of a Sky mother with an Earth father are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the "queen" ("of heaven", for example).

Gods may rule the sky as a pair (for example, ancient Semitic [supreme] god El and the sky goddess Asherah whom he was most likely paired with).[1]

List of sky deities

The following is a list of sky deities in various polytheistic traditions, by ethno-linguistic or geographic grouping.

Proto-Indo-European

Ancient Near East

Further information: Religions of the Ancient Near East

Egyptian

  • Amun, god of creation and the wind
  • Anhur, originally a foreign war god who became associated with the air god, Shu
  • Hathor, goddess of the sky, love, beauty and music
  • Horus, god of the sun, sky, kings and war
  • Mehet-Weret, goddess of the sky
  • Nut, goddess of the sky
  • Shu, god of the wind and air

Sumerian

  • An, goddess of the sky
  • Anshar, god of the sky
  • Anu, king of the gods, associated with the sky, heaven and constellations
  • Beelshamen, god of the sky
  • Enlil, god of breath, wind, loft, and breadth

Semitic

Further information: Ancient Semitic religion

Hurrian

  • Hepit, goddess of the sky
  • Teshub, god of the sky and storms

European

Baltic

  • Debesu tēvs, the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god of the Latvian pantheon.

Celtic

  • Latobius, sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares
  • Taranis, sky and thunder god, equated and syncretized with Jupiter
  • Brigid, goddess of weather, hearth, water, poetry and crafts equated with the Greek goddesses Athena and Hestia
  • Nuada, god of the sky, wind, and war

Germanic

Greek

  • Aether, primeval god of the upper air
  • Iris, goddess of the rainbow and divine messenger
  • Nephele, cloud nymph
  • Uranus, primeval god of the sky
  • Zeus, king of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and the god of the sky, weather, thunderstorms, law, order and fate

Roman

  • Caelus, personification of the sky, equivalent to the Greek Uranus
  • Jupiter, king of heaven and god of the sky and weather, equivalent to the Greek Zeus
  • Tempestas, goddess of storms or sudden weather

Slavic

  • Stribog, god of the winds, sky and air
  • Triglav, a triple god whose three heads represent sky, earth and underworld

Thracian

Etruscan

  • Ani, god of the sky
  • Tinia, god of the sky

Ural-Altaic

Finnic

  • Ilmarinen, godlike smith-hero and creator of sky. Associated with Ukko by some researchers.[2]
  • Ilmatar, virgin spirit of the air.[3]
  • Ukko, supreme god of sky, weather, thunder, crops (harvest) and other natural things.[4]
  • Perkele, associated with Ukko by some researchers. A name for Devil in Finnish.[5][6]

Sami

  • Horagalles, Sami god of the sky, thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, lakes, human life, health and well-being.[7]
  • Mano, Sami goddess of the moon.

Turco-Mongol

Udmurt

  • Inmar, god of the heavens

Indian

Indra

East Asian

Chinese

  • Yu Huang Dadi - Jade Emperor (Centre)
  • Ziwei Dadi - Polestar Emperor (North)
  • Changsheng Dadi - Longevity Emperor (South)
  • Qinghua Dadi - Azure-Illustrious Emperor (East)
  • Taiji Tianhuang Dadi - Ultimate Heaven Emperor(West)
  • Shang Di, the Celestial Emperor.
  • Zhinü, the weaver of the clouds

Twenty Four Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝)

  • Six Tiandi of the North
    • 1. Bìfàn Xuánwú Tiandi
    • 2. Bìkōng Zhēnjì Tiandi
    • 3. Bìluó Yuánshǐ Tiandi
    • 4. Bìgě Chéngkāi Tiandi
    • 5. Bìyàn Zhūjǐng Tiandi
    • 6. Bìhóng Xūkuàng Tiandi
  • Six Tiandi of the South
    • 7. Bìzhēn Dòngyáng Tiandi
    • 8. Bìyáo Jiànggōng Tiandi
    • 9. Bìxiá Míngsù Tiandi
    • 10. Bìwú Yàodòng Tiandi
    • 11. Bìyùn Shǐtú Tiandi
    • 12. Bìhào Zhēngxū Tiandi
  • Six Tiandi of the West
    • 13. Bìshén Zhàozhì Tiandi
    • 14. Bìchōng Zǐyào Tiandi
    • 15. Bìgě Fànkōng Tiandi
    • 16. Bìdòng Xiáyáng Tiandi
    • 17. Bìhuá Kāilì Tiandi
    • 18. Bìfàn Míngyáo Tiandi
  • Six Tiandi of the North
    • 19. Bìguāng Hánhuá Tiandi
    • 20. Bìyè Zhùyán Tiandi
    • 21. Bìdān Huáqì Tiandi
    • 22. Bìkuò Címíng Tiandi
    • 23. Bìlà Gēyīn Tiandi
    • 24. Bìxū Níngyáng Tiandi

Twenty Eight Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝)

  • Seven Tiandi of the East
    • 1. Tàimíng Hùzhēn Tiandi
    • 2. Juéfàn Tàilíng Tiandi
    • 3. Húyuè Cuìxiù Tiandi
    • 4. Zǐdān Míngchǔ Tiandi
    • 5. Dòngxiá Yùzhēn Tiandi
    • 6. Kōngxuán Lìshǔ Tiandi
    • 7. Qiáotōng Zhūpǔ Tiandi
  • Seven Tiandi of the South
    • 8. Yányú Zhēngshǐ Tiandi
    • 9. Jīngwéi Xiāomíng Tiandi
    • 10. Qìngfú Zīshàn Tiandi
    • 11. Suíwén Xīdù Tiandi
    • 12. Chángjī Lèwán Tiandi
    • 13. Qíhuá Bùróng Tiandi
    • 14. Gāolíng Dàiwú Tiandi
  • Seven Tiandi of the West
    • 15. Zhōuyú Píngwú Tiandi
    • 16. Jǐngyán Tàizhēn Tiandi
    • 17. Lǜjǐng Shǔchén Tiandi
    • 18. Niúluó Pǔshì Tiandi
    • 19. Dìngliáng Huìzōng Tiandi
    • 20. Zhàolíng Sūjì Tiandi
    • 21. Jiǔwēi Dònghuáng Tiandi
  • Seven Tiandi of the North
    • 22. Dìshū Guāngjìng Tiandi
    • 23. Zǐyí Jìhuā Tiandi
    • 24. Zhìdìng Yǔnlǐ Tiandi
    • 25. Guāngfàn Jiùzhì Tiandi
    • 26. Hǔ口 Zhēngbù Tiandi
    • 27. Bàyān Wúyuán Tiandi
    • 28. Dàomíng Húnxìng Tiandi

Thirty Two Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝)

  • Eight Tiandi of the East
    • 1. Tàihuáng Huángzēng Tiandi
    • 2. Tàimíng Yùwán Tiandi
    • 3. Qīngmíng Hétóng Tiandi
    • 4. Xuántāi Píngyù Tiandi
    • 5. Yuánmíng Wénjǔ Tiandi
    • 6. Qīyào Móyí Tiandi
    • 7. Xūwú Yuèhéng Tiandi
    • 8. Tàijí Méngyì Tiandi
  • Eight Tiandi of the South
    • 9. Chìmíng Héyáng Tiandi
    • 10. Xuánmíng Gōnghuá Tiandi
    • 11. Yàomíng Zōngpiāo Tiandi
    • 12. Zhúlà Huángjiā Tiandi
    • 13. Xūmíng Tángyào Tiandi
    • 14. Guànmíng Duānjìng Tiandi
    • 15. Xuánmíng Gōngqìng Tiandi
    • 16. Tàihuàn Jíyáo Tiandi
  • Eight Tiandi of the West
    • 17. Yuánzǎi Kǒngshēng Tiandi
    • 18. Tàiān Huángyá Tiandi
    • 19. Xiǎndìng Jífēng Tiandi
    • 20. Shǐhuáng Xiàománg Tiandi
    • 21. Tàihuáng Wēngchóng Tiandi
    • 22. Wúsī Jiāngyóu Tiandi
    • 23. Shǎngshé Ruǎnlè Tiandi
    • 24. Wújí Tánshì Tiandi
  • Eight Tiandi of the North
    • 25. Hàotíng Xiāodù Tiandi
    • 26. Yuāntōng Yuándòng Tiandi
    • 27. Hànchǒng Miàochéng Tiandi
    • 28. Xiùlè Jīnshǎng Tiandi
    • 29. Wúshàng Chángróng Tiandi
    • 30. Yùlóng Téngshèng Tiandi
    • 31. Lóngbiàn Fàndù Tiandi
    • 32.Píngyù Jiǎyì Tiandi

Sixty Four Sky Emperors (Tiandi 天帝)

  • Sixteen Tiandi of the East
    • 1. Wǎnkōng Míngfàn Tiandi
    • 2. Zǐyuán Bàwú Tiandi
    • 3. Yānjǐng Yùxū Tiandi
    • 4. Chōngzhēng Dòngjí Tiandi
    • 5. Míngbiàn Yuánhuáng Tiandi
    • 6. Lǐchóng Yuānxū Tiandi
    • 7. Jiàozhēn Quánzhòng Tiandi
    • 8. Qīngwēi Huángyǔ Tiandi
    • 9. Jiùmíng wàngshì Tiandi
    • 10. Yuèfǔ Wènshí Tiandi
    • 11. Qìlíng Zhāopǔ Tiandi
    • 12. Xuánxū Guāngfàn Tiandi
    • 13. Shǎngjí Sìzhǒng Tiandi
    • 14. Yìhuā Zhēngzhèn Tiandi
    • 15. Gūshì Bāfàn Tiandi
    • 16. Jiǔyán Yùdìng Tiandi
  • Sixteen Tiandi of the South
    • 17. Dānmó Yìhuā Tiandi
    • 18. Dòujiàn Xūyú Tiandi
    • 19. Dìguāng Wújì Tiandi
    • 20. Zhūlíng Yàoguāng Tiandi
    • 21. Zǐjǐng Duànbái Tiandi
    • 22. Jiàngxiān Táiyuán Tiandi
    • 23. Shuǎngzhì Xièshēn Tiandi
    • 24. Yùjiāng Sīchán Tiandi
    • 25. Gūhóu Lìzhēn Tiandi
    • 26. Gǔxuán Dàoyòng Tiandi
    • 27. Lǐbù Míngwēi Tiandi
    • 28. Shénlú Chāngyìng Tiandi
    • 29. Dùzhēng Kèzōng Tiandi
    • 30. Dàhuǒ Chìyī Tiandi
    • 31. Qīngdì Dòngyáo Tiandi
    • 32. Xuánchéng Bǎihuā Tiandi
  • Sixteen Tiandi of the West
    • 33. Jīnlí Guāngqǐ Tiandi
    • 34. Jíhuáng Xuányùn Tiandi
    • 35. Zhōuyán Jìngpíng Tiandi
    • 36. Bǎosòng Róngzī Tiandi
    • 37. Qìngzhēn Měiyuán Tiandi
    • 38. Zhàiwú Shénsì Tiandi
    • 39. Gāojiàng Zhìhuá Tiandi
    • 40. Dàoqī Yánjì Tiandi
    • 41. Tónglì Dàochú Tiandi
    • 42. Dǐngshén Huàwēi Tiandi
    • 43. Tàiān Shùnjí Tiandi
    • 44. Qióngxī Yàoxiān Tiandi
    • 45. Zǐdū Yuèguǎng Tiandi
    • 46. Cuīkāng Jiéshí Tiandi
    • 47. Jìngbì Làmáng Tiandi
    • 48. Pǔhǎi Dòngjī Tiandi
  • Sixteen Tiandi of the North
    • 49. Yúsì Tǒngzhēn Tiandi
    • 50. Hǔjiā Pīfāng Tiandi
    • 51. Qiúyuān Làyú Tiandi
    • 52. Jīnbái Zhēngjì Tiandi
    • 53. Huánglì Kǒngxiū Tiandi
    • 54. Yáoshū Jīnglíng Tiandi
    • 55. Shényín Xiāodū Tiandi
    • 56. Qìngzhāo Yuèfú Tiandi
    • 57. Chēnmíng Chúkǔ Tiandi
    • 58. Fēngxìn Kǎofú Tiandi
    • 59. Zhèngrù Bàobù Tiandi
    • 60. Gěnglěi Lìquán Tiandi
    • 61. Guǐchǔ Shǐlè Tiandi
    • 62. Língfù Hǎilún Tiandi
    • 63. Shǎngjí Xiāotán Tiandi
    • 64. Bìcháng Dòngyuán Tiandi

Japanese

  • Izanagi, creator of the world and sky father
  • Marici, goddess of the heavens

Southeast Asian

Americas

Inuit

Taíno mythology

  • Yaya, supreme God/Spirit in Taíno mythology.

Uto-Aztecan

Incan

Mayan

Iroquoian

Sub-Saharan Africa

Oceania

Australian

Māori

  • Ao, god of light and the sky
  • Rangi, sky father
  • Tane-rore, personification of shimmering air
  • Tāwhirimātea, god of weather, including thunder and lightning, wind, clouds and storms
  • Uenuku, god of rainbows

Pacific Islands

See also

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References

  1. ^ El was identified with the storm deity Yahweh in early Hebrew religion, ultimately giving rise to Hebrew monotheism by the 7th century BCE; according to the Hebrew Bible it was 7th-century Judean king Josiah who removed the statue of Asherah from the temple of Yahweh in Jerusalem. See also The Hebrew Goddess.
  2. ^ Salo, Unto (2005). Ukko, the Finnish God of Thunder: Separating Pagan Roots from Christian Accretions. Mankind Quarterly.
  3. ^ The Kalevala: Epic of the Finnish People. Compiled by Elias Lönnrot. Translated by Eino Friberg (4th ed.). Otava Publishing Company. 1998. ISBN 951-1-10137-4.
  4. ^ Salo, Unto (1990). Agricola's Ukko in the light of archeology. A chronological and interpretative study of ancient Finnish religion: Old Norse and Finnish religions and cultic place-names. Turku. ISBN 951-649-695-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ "Miten suomalaiset kiroilivat ennen kristinuskoa?". Retrieved 2015-12-27.
  6. ^ Siikala, Anna-Leena (2012). Itämerensuomalaisten mytologia. SKS.
  7. ^ Krohn, Kaarle (1906). Lappische Beiträge zur germanischen Mythologie. Finnisch-Ugrische Forschungen 6.
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