Valery Chalidze

Valery Nikolayevich Chalidze
Валерий Николаевич Чалидзе
Born	1938 Moscow, USSR
Nationality	Russian
Alma mater	Moscow State University, Tbilisi State University
Known for	human rights activism with participation in dissident movement in the Soviet Union
Scientific career
Fields	physics

Valery Nikolayevich Chalidze (Russian: Вале́рий Никола́евич Чали́дзе; Georgian: ვალერი ჭალიძე, born 1938) is a Georgian-American author and publisher, and a former Soviet dissident and human rights activist.

Chalidze was born in Moscow. He was educated as a physicist at the universities of Moscow and Tbilisi. In the mid-1960s, he joined the Soviet human rights movement and published a samizdat periodical Social Issues (Obshchestvennye problemy).

The Moscow Human Rights Committee

On 4 November 1970 Chalidze, along with Andrei Sakharov and Andrei Tverdokhlebov, became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Human Rights Committee. On 21 December 1970 Newsweek, the US weekly magazine, published Chalidze’s replies to questions from its Moscow correspondent about the Committee’s aims and the prospects for its activities.

The Committee was among the first non-governmental organizations in the history of the Soviet Union (cf. "Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR", set up in May 1969), and eventually became affiliated with the United Nations. Its purpose was to offer free legal advice to persons whose human rights had been violated by the Soviet authorities, and also to advise those authorities on their legal obligations in regard to human rights under international and Soviet law.

Life and activities in USA

In 1972, Chalidze was invited to deliver a lecture in the United States. Once there he was deprived by the USSR authorities of his Soviet citizenship and prevented from returning to the Soviet Union.

Soon he established Khronika Press in New York City, to publish Russian-language books and important human-rights periodicals such as the Chronicle of Current Events, which detailed with scrupulous accuracy human rights violations in the USSR. In 1979, he founded Chalidze Publications in New York City, which published primarily Russian-language non-fiction books of cultural importance that were otherwise unavailable to Soviet readers due to censorship. Chalidze Publications issued: original memoirs of historically important figures, including Nikita Khrushchev; memoirs of Soviet dissidents whose work was banned in their home country; Russian translations of classic Western works of political philosophy; and original analyses of social problems.

After marrying Lisa Leah Barnhardt, he and his wife moved in 1983 to Benson, Vermont which became the new home of Chalidze Publications and Khronika Press. Chalidze published several journals, among them the Moscow-compiled Chronicle of Current Events (Khronika tekushchikh sobytij), and edited others such as Internal Contradictions (Vnutrennie protivorechija).

Chalidze Publications would publish close to one hundred books in Russian and in English before it ceased to exist.

Trotsky, Stalin, Hamilton and Madison

Among the works issued by Chalidze Publications were hitherto unpublished material retrieved from the Trotsky archive at Harvard University, as well as the memoirs of Trotsky, and Chalidze's own works – on the Trotskyite opposition of the 1920s and 1930s and on the post-Stalin Soviet dissident movement.

In his book Conqueror of Communism (New York, 1981), Chalidze depicted Joseph Stalin as a counterrevolutionary leader who destroyed socialism in Russia. Stalin, he argued, "restored the Russian empire although in a more despotic form" using Marxist ideology to mask his real aim.

From 1985 to 1990 Chalidze received a MacArthur Fellowship in recognition of his work in international human rights.

Chalidze Publications also organized and published the first-ever Russian translation of The Federalist Papers (1788), at the request of the U.S. Administration. It was an official presidential gift from George H.W. Bush to Gorbachev at one of their three summit meetings in 1990. The translator of Amerikanskie Federalisty was Gregory Freidin of Stanford, advised by Leon Lipson of Yale Law School; Chalidze and Lisa Barnhardt Chalidze edited the work. It was quoted by both Gorbachev and Yeltsin in their historic debates in the Russian parliament after August 1991 during the final months of the Soviet Union.

Works

• Important aspects of human rights in the Soviet Union; a report to the Human Rights Committee. New York: American Jewish Committee. 1971. OCLC 317422393.
• "The right of a convicted citizen to leave his country". Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review. 8 (1): 1–13. January 1973.
• "Appeal for Mars data". Science. 184 (4132): 9. 5 April 1974. Bibcode:1974Sci...184Q...9C. doi:10.1126/science.184.4132.9.
• Chalidze, Valeriĭ (1975). In defense of Andrei Tverdokhlebov. New York: Khronika Press.
• To defend these rights: human rights and the Soviet Union. New York: Random House. 1975. ISBN 0394487257.
• Chalidze, Valery (1976). Литературные дела КГБ: дела Суперфина, Эткинда, Хейфеца, Марамзина: в приложении — документы о советской цензуре [The literary cases of the KGB: the cases of Superfin, Etkind, Heifetz, Maramzin: there are documents about Soviet censorship in the application] (in Russian). New York: Хроника.
• Criminal Russia: essays on crime in the Soviet Union. New York: Random House. 1977. ISBN 0394405986.
• "How important is Soviet dissent?". Commentary. 63 (6): 57. 1 June 1977.
• Lipson, Leon; Chalidze, Valeriĭ (1977). Papers on Soviet law. Institute on Socialist Law.
• Alexeyeva, Lyudmila; Grigorenko, Pyotr; Amalrik, Andrei; Kaminskaya, Dina; Simes, Konstantin; Williams, Nikolai; Litvinov, Pavel; Litvinova, Maya; Sadomskaya, Natalya; Chalidze, Valery; Shragin, Boris; Stain, Yuri (2013) [1978]. "В защиту Анатолия Марченко" [In defense of Anatoly Marchenko]. Kontinent (in Russian). 152.
• The observance of the covenant on civil and political rights by the Soviet Union. Institute on Socialist Law. 1980. ASIN B0006XTRQ4.
• "The humanitarian provisions of the Helsinki Accord: a critique of their significance". Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law (13): 429–450. 1980.
• The Soviet human rights movement: a memoir. New York: Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights, American Jewish Committee. 1984. ISBN 0874950643.
• Alexeeva, Ludmilla; Chalidze, Valery (1985). Mass rioting in the USSR. Silver Spring. Foundation for Soviet Studies.
• O rechevom kode mozga (On the linguistic brain code, 1985)
• Mozgovoi kod i paleolingvistika (Brain code and paleolinguistics) English and Russian text (1986)
• Natsional’nye problemy i perestrojka (Nationality problems and perestroika, 1988)
• "Perestroika, socialism, and the Constitution". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 506 (1): 98–108. November 1989. doi:10.1177/0002716289506001009.
• Hierarchical instinct and human evolution: a socio-biological approach. Chalidze Pub. 1992. ISBN 1565411684.

External links

• Valeri Chalidze Under Pressure from KGB. Radio Free Europe Research, July 31, 1971. Open Society Archives.

Further reading

• De Boer, S. P.; Driessen, Evert; Verhaar, Hendrik (1982). "Čalidze, Valerij Nikolaevič". Biographical dictionary of dissidents in the Soviet Union: 1956–1975. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 80–82. ISBN 9024725380.