Women in Uzbekistan
_(5670562210).jpg) Women in Uzbekistan | |
| General Statistics | |
|---|---|
| Maternal mortality (per 100,000) | 28 |
| Women in parliament | 22.1% (2012) |
| Women over 25 with secondary education | 65.9% (2010) |
| Women in labour force | 51% (2014)[1] |
| Gender Inequality Index | |
| Value | NR |
| Rank | NR |
| Global Gender Gap Index | |
| Value | NR |
| Rank | NR |
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| Women in society |
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The social and legal situation of women in Uzbekistan has been influenced by local traditions, religion, the Soviet rule, and changing social norms since independence.[2]
Maternal healthcare and availability of contraceptives
The availability of contraceptives and maternal healthcare is mixed. 62.3% of women were using free contraceptives in 2003.[3][4] However, the UN estimates that about 13.7% of women in Uzbekistan who would like to prevent, or delay, their next pregnancy are unable to do so because of limited access to contraceptives.[5] In 2000, there were approximately 20,900 midwives in the country.[6]
Forced sterilization
There are reports that forced sterilization of women is practiced in Uzbekistan.[7][8][9] A BBC World Service "Assignment" report on 12 April 2012 uncovered evidence that women are being sterilised, often without their knowledge, in an effort by the government to control the population.[10]
Suicide
Self-immolation [setting one’s self on fire] is a common form of suicide among women in Uzbekistan.[11] In 2001 it was estimated that approximately 500 women a year kill themselves because of abusive situations.[12]
Trafficking
The UN has recognized some efforts of the government to curtail human trafficking.[13] For example, telephone hotlines are available for trafficking victims,[14] and trafficking carries a jail sentence of five to eight years.[3][4]
However, trafficking still persists, as Uzbekistan is both a supplier and consumer of trafficked women.[15][4]”Trafficking occurs as an extension of the ‘shuttle’ trade. The women are sent as tourists with promises of employment as nannies, tutors or baby-sitters, but they often end up working in the sex industry.”[12]
Women’s economic opportunities
While the Uzbek state has programs in place to help increase economic opportunities for women, there are persistent problems. For example, the labor market is sex-segregated, and women are usually paid lower wages.[16] "Unskilled personnel in the non-production sector are comprised virtually entirely of women.”[3][4] Women also cannot be used for night time or overtime work.[3] As of 2003 there was no known law against sexual harassment.[17]
Mothers with disabled children or many children can retire at 50—up to five years earlier than the stipulated retirement age (55).[3]
Women’s legal rights and government representation
As of 2004 Uzbekistan’s election law requires political parties to nominate at least 30 per cent female candidates for the parliament. However, underrepresentation of women is endemic at all levels of government.[4]
Uzbekistan has universal suffrage;[3] however, "according to data from surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Centre, 64% of urban and 50% of rural women consider that men have greater opportunities for implementing their rights in the political sphere".[3]
Forced marriage and bride kidnapping
Forced marriage through bride kidnapping occurs in parts of the country, especially Karakalpakstan. [18] Bride kidnappings are believed to be tied to economic instability. Whereas weddings can be prohibitively expensive, kidnappings avoid both the cost of the ceremony and any bride price.[19] Some scholars report that less desirable males with inferior educations or drug or alcohol problems are more likely to kidnap their brides.[20]
References
- ^ http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.ACTI.FE.ZS/countries
- ^ https://web.archive.org/20131021231253/http://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/uploads/uzbekreport.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". Un.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ a b c d e "The United Nations Human Rights Treaties". Bayefsky.com. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ "United Nations Statistics Division". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ https://web.archive.org/20110521075829/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "BBC News - Uzbekistan's policy of secretly sterilising women". BBC News. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Crossing Continents, Forced Sterilisation in Uzbekistan". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Birth Control by Decree in Uzbekistan". Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "BBC World Service - Assignment , Forcible Sterilisation In Uzbekistan". BBC. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
- ^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting | Giving Voice, Driving Change". Iwpr.net. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ a b "IWRAW Home Page". Iwraw.igc.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ UN, CEDAW: (Concluding Observations, 2006) 5
- ^ UNFPA, State of the World Population 2006:( A Passage to Hope; Women and International Migration, 2006) 49
- ^ https://web.archive.org/20110430013855/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm. Archived from the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2011.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ CEDAW: Concluding Observations, 2006, Uzbekistan
- ^ "Not A Minute More : Ending Violence Against Women" (PDF). Cities-localgovernments.org. Retrieved 2015-05-22.
- ^ Alena Aminova, "Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts", Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004
- ^ See Aminova; Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia, Central Asia Online, 18 January 2010
- ^ Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia", Central Asia Online, 18 January 2010
