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Yevanic language

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Yevanic
Romaniyot, Judæo-Greek, Template:Hebrew
Native toOriginally Greece, recently Israel, Turkey, United States
Native speakers
"A few semi-speakers left in 1987 [in Israel], and may be none now [as of 1996 or earlier]. There may be a handful of elderly speakers still in Turkey. There are less than 50 speakers (2011)."[1]
Hebrew alphabet
Language codes
ISO 639-3yej
Glottologyeva1238
ELPYevanic
Linguasphere56-AAA-am

Yevanic, also known as Judæo-Greek or Romaniyot,[2] is a Greek dialect formerly used by the Romaniotes and by the Karaite Jews of Constantinople (In this case the language is called Karaitika or Karæo-Greek[3]).[4] The Romaniotes are a group of Greek Jews whose presence in the Levant is documented since the Byzantine period. Its linguistic lineage stems from the Jewish Koine spoken primarily by Hellenistic Jews throughout the region, and includes Hebrew and Aramaic elements. It was mutually intelligible with the Greek dialects of the Christian population. The Romaniotes used the Hebrew alphabet to write Greek and Yevanic texts.

Origin of name

The term Yevanic is an artificial creation from the Biblical word Yāwān referring to the Greeks and the lands that the Greeks inhabited. The term is an overextension of the Greek word Ἰωνία (Ionia in English) from the (then) easternmost Greeks to all Greeks.

Geographical Distribution

A small number of Romaniote Jews in the USA, Israel, Greece and Turkey have small knowledge of the Judaeo-Greek language. The language is highly endagered and could die completely out. There are no preservation programes to promote or to revive the language.[5]

Current status

There are no longer any native speakers of Yevanic, or have less than 50 speakers, for the following reasons:

  • The assimilation of the tiny Romaniote communities by the more numerous Ladino-speaking Sephardi Jews;
  • The emigration of many of the Romaniotes to the United States and Israel;
  • The murder of many of the Romaniotes during the Holocaust;
  • The adoption of the majority languages through assimilation.

The Jews have a place of note in the history of Modern Greek. They were unaffected by Atticism and employed the current colloquial vernacular which they transcribed in Hebrew letters. The Romaniots were Jews settled in the Eastern Roman Empire long before its division from its Western counterpart, and they were linguistically assimilated long before leaving the Levant after Hadrian's decree against them and their religion. As a consequence, they spoke Greek, the language of the overwhelming majority of the populace in the beginning of the Byzantine era and that of the Greek élite thereafter, until the fall of the Ottoman Empire. There was no reason for Ladino assimilation[citation needed] since the communities were either geographically apart or had different synagogues, and because their liturgies differed greatly. Rather, Ladino speakers were linguistically assimilated in Greek speaking areas and Ladino use dwindled to elderly jargon by the 50s[when?]. The term ‘Yavanitic Language’ is but a coined one.[citation needed]

Literature

There is a small amount of literature in Yevanic dating from the early part of the modern period, the most extensive document being a translation of the Pentateuch. A polyglot edition of the Bible published in Constantinople in 1547 has the Hebrew text in the middle of the page, with a Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) translation on one side and a Yevanic translation on the other.[6] In its context, this exceptional cultivation of the vernacular has its analogue in the choice of Hellenistic Greek by the translators of the Septuagint and in the New Testament.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Yevanic at Ethnologue (13th ed., 1996).
  2. ^ Spolsky, B., S. B. Benor. 2006. "Jewish Languages." In Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 120-124. http://legacy.huc.edu/faculty/faculty/benor/Spolsky%20and%20Benor%20jewish_languages%20offprint.pdf.
  3. ^ Wexler, P. Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages, p. 17. 2006
  4. ^ Dalven, R. Judeo-Greek. In: Encyclopedia Judaica. 1971:426
  5. ^ Vlachou, Evangelia, Papadopoulou, Chrysoula, Kotzoglou, Georgios. Before the flame goes out: documentation of the Yevanic dialect. 2014. Sponsored by the Latsis Foundation.
  6. ^ Natalio Fernandez Marcos, The Septuagint in Context: Introduction to the Greek Versions of the Bible (2000) p 180. The Greek text is published in D. C. Hesseling, Les cinq livres de la Loi (1897).
  7. ^ Lockwood, W. B. 1972. "A Panorama of Indo-European Languages." Hutchinson. London.

Further reading

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