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Carnivore diet

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For actual carnivore diets, see Carnivore. For actual low or zero carbohydrate diet, see Low-carbohydrate diet. For the diet of lions, see Lion § Hunting and diet.
Steak is heavily consumed by many on the carnivore diet.

The carnivore diet (also called a zero carb diet) is a high-protein fad diet in which only animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy are consumed.[1][2][3][4][5] The carnivore diet is associated with pseudoscientific health claims.[2] The diet lacks dietary fiber, can lead to deficiencies of vitamins, and can increase the risk of chronic diseases.[3][4][6][7] The lion diet is a highly restrictive form of the carnivore diet in which only beef is eaten.

History

The idea of an exclusive meat diet can be traced to the German writer Bernard Moncriff, author of The Philosophy of the Stomach: Or, An Exclusively Animal Diet in 1856, who spent a year living on only beef and milk.[8] In the 1870s, Italian physician Arnaldo Cantani prescribed his diabetic patients an exclusive animal-based diet.[9][10] In the 1880s, James H. Salisbury advocated a meat diet consisting of 2 to 4 pounds of lean beef and 3 to 5 pints of hot water daily for 4 to 12 weeks. It became known as the meat and hot water diet, or Salisbury diet.

In 2018, the carnivore diet was promoted on social media by former orthopaedic surgeon Shawn Baker, who wrote the book The Carnivore Diet.[11] Jordan Peterson and his daughter Mikhaila Peterson were also vocal adherents of this diet.[3][12][13] Peterson and his daughter follow a strict type of carnivore diet termed the lion diet, in which only beef, salt, and water are consumed.[13][14][15] The 'lion diet', which became a viral fad on TikTok,[16][17] is described by experts as "being potentially very unhealthy, is difficult to follow and unsustainable in the long term".[18]

In April 2023, skeptic and neurologist Steven Novella described the carnivore diet as the latest fad diet to have achieved popularity.[2] Because of its high cost Novella described the diet as one for "select elites", adding what he said was a further unsavory aspect to its harmful and pseudoscientific basis.[2] The carnivore diet advertised by meat influencers on social media platforms has been described as a fringe movement.[19]

Diet

People following a carnivore diet consume high-protein animal-based products, such as beef, pork, poultry, and seafood.[1][3][5] Some may eat dairy products and eggs.[5] All fruits, legumes, vegetables, grains, nuts and seeds are strictly excluded.[5]

The carnivore diet is often confused with Inuit cuisine. Primary differences include a high proportion of organs in the Inuit diet, high seafood content, and consumption of raw meat, all of which are not typical for the fad carnivore diet.[20] Inuit cuisine is also not exclusively composed of animal products, as the Inuit would consume plant products they acquired from gathering.[21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Health concerns

There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits.[3][14][15] Dietitians dismiss the carnivore diet as an extreme fad diet,[3][4] which has attracted criticism from dietitians and physicians as being potentially dangerous to health (see Meat § Health).[12][14][15]

It also raises levels of LDL cholesterol, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.[4] While carnivore diets exclude fruits and vegetables which supply micronutrients, they are also low in dietary fiber, possibly causing constipation.[4][7][5] A carnivore diet high in red meat increases the risks of colon cancer and gout.[7][28][29] The high protein intake of a carnivore diet can lead to impaired kidney function.[30]

Environmental impact

Criticism also derives from concerns about greenhouse gas emissions associated with large-scale livestock farming required to produce meats commercially, and the potential for such emissions to worsen climate change (see environmental impact of meat production).[12][14][15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Kurutz, Steven (April 30, 2024). "Meet the Men Who Eat Meat (and Only Meat)". The New York Times. Retrieved May 6, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d Novella S (19 April 2023). "Skeptical of the Carnivore Diet". Science-Based Medicine.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Popular Diet Trends: Today's Fad Diets By Carrie Dennett, MPH, RDN, CD". Today’s Dietitian. Retrieved 2020-02-04.
  4. ^ a b c d e Rachel Hosie (2018-08-13). "New 'carnivore diet' condemned by health and nutrition experts". The Independent. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  5. ^ a b c d e Emer Delaney (20 October 2020). "What is the carnivore diet?". BBC Goodfood, Immediate Media Company Limited. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  6. ^ R.D, Abby Langer (7 August 2018). "I'm a Registered Dietitian and I Really Don't Want You to Eat a Carnivore Diet". SELF. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  7. ^ a b c Jonathan Jarry (15 November 2018). "The Carnivore Diet: A Beefy Leap of Faith". Office for Science and Society, McGill University. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  8. ^ McLaughlin, Terence. (1979). If You Like It, Don't Eat It: Dietary Fads and Fancies. New York: Universe Books. p. 62. ISBN 0-87663-332-7
  9. ^ L'Esperance, Francis A; James, William A. (1981). Diabetic Retinopathy: Clinical Evaluation and Management. Mosby. p. 118. ISBN 978-0801629488
  10. ^ Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew. (2018). Proteins, Pathologies and Politics Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-1350056862
  11. ^ "What Is The Carnivore Diet?". Forbes Health. 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  12. ^ a b c Olivia Solon (11 May 2018). "They mock vegans and eat 4lb of steak a day: meet 'carnivore dieters'". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
  13. ^ a b Adam Gabbatt (11 September 2018). "My carnivore diet: what I learned from eating only beef, salt and water". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  14. ^ a b c d Sutton, Malcolm (2019-12-05). "The beefed-up diet 'changing lives' but health experts not so sure". ABC News - Australia. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  15. ^ a b c d James Hamblin (28 August 2018). "The Jordan Peterson All-Meat Diet". The Atlantic. ISSN 1072-7825. Retrieved 2020-02-02.
  16. ^ Abdou, Anouare. "What Is the Lion Diet and Is It Ever a Good Idea?". AskMen. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  17. ^ Trepany, Charles. "Carnivore, lion diets called life-changing online. But is eating only meat really good for you?". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
  18. ^ Scanlan, Rebekah (2022-12-20). "Experts slam controversial 'cure-all' TikTok trend, The Lion Diet". news.com.au.
  19. ^ Rowan, Claudia (2023). "'You feel better than you've ever felt': the rise of the carnivore diet". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on March 17, 2024.
  20. ^ Tegan Taylor (21 October 2020). "Carnivore diets can tick boxes when it comes to nutrients, but that doesn't mean they're optimal". ABC News.
  21. ^ Searles, Edmund. "Food and the Making of Modern Inuit Identities." Food & Foodways: History & Culture of Human Nourishment 10 (2002): 55–78.
  22. ^ Kuhnlein, Harriet (1991) [1991]. "Chapter 4. Descriptions and Uses of Plant Foods by Indigenous Peoples". Traditional Plant Foods of Canadian Indigenous Peoples: Nutrition, Botany and Use (Food and Nutrition in History and Anthropology) (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 26–29. ISBN 978-2-88124-465-0. Retrieved 19 November 2007.
  23. ^ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. "Arctic Wildlife". Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007. Not included are the myriad of other species of plants and animals that Inuit use, such as geese, ducks, rabbits, ptarmigan, swans, halibut, clams, mussels, cod, berries and seaweed.
  24. ^ Bennett, John; Rowley, Susan (2004). "Chapter 5. Gathering". Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-7735-2340-1. ...shorelines, Inuit gathered seaweed and shellfish. For some, these foods were a treat;...
  25. ^ "kuanniq". Asuilaak Living Dictionary. Retrieved 16 February 2007.[permanent dead link]
  26. ^ Bennett, John; Rowley, Susan (2004). "Chapter 5. Gathering". Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 78–85. ISBN 978-0-7735-2340-1.
  27. ^ Bennett, John, and Susan Rowley, eds. Uqalurait: An Oral History of Nunavut. Canada: McGill-Queen's Univ. Press, 2004.
  28. ^ Farvid MS, Sidahmed E, Spence ND, Mante Angua K, Rosner BA, Barnett JB (2021). "Consumption of red meat and processed meat and cancer incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies". Eur J Epidemiol. 36 (9): 937–951. doi:10.1007/s10654-021-00741-9. PMID 34455534. S2CID 237343954.
  29. ^ Li R, Yu K, Li C (2018). "Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review" (PDF). Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 27 (6): 1344–1356. doi:10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022. PMID 30485934.
  30. ^ LeWine, Howard E. (2024). "What is the carnivore diet?". Harvard Health Publishing. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024.
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