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Matrifocal family

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A matrifocal family structure is one where mothers head families, and fathers play a less important role in the home and in bringing up children.

Definition

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In 1956, the concept of the matrifocal family was introduced to the study of Caribbean societies by Raymond T. Smith. He linked the emergence of matrifocal families with how households are formed in the region: "The household group tends to be matri-focal in the sense that a woman in the status of 'mother' is usually the de facto leader of the group, and conversely the husband-father, although de jure head of the household group (if present), is usually marginal to the complex of internal relationships of the group. By 'marginal' we mean that he associates relatively infrequently with the other members of the group, and is on the fringe of the effective ties which bind the group together".[1]

Smith emphasises that a matrifocal family is not simply woman-centred, but rather mother-centred. Women in their role as mothers become key to organising the family group. Men tend to be marginal to this organisation and to the household, though they may have a more central role in other networks. Where matrifocal families are common, marriage is less common.[2]

In later work, Smith tends to emphasise the household less, and to see matrifocality more in terms of how the family network forms with mothers as key nodes in the network. Throughout, Smith argues that matrifocal kinship should be seen as a subsystem in a larger stratified society and its cultural values.[3] He increasingly emphasises how the Afro-Caribbean matrifocal family is best understood within of a class-race hierarchy where marriage is connected to perceived status and prestige.[4]

"A family or domestic group is matrifocal when it is centred on a woman and her children. In this case the father(s) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place. The children's mother is not necessarily the wife of one of the children's fathers."[5] In general, according to Laura Hobson Herlihy citing P. Mohammed, women have "high status" if they are "the main wage earners", they "control ... the household economy", and males tend to be absent.[6] Men's absences are often of long durations.[7]

One of Raymond Smith's contemporary critics, M. G. Smith, notes that while households may appear matrifocal taken by themselves, the linkages between households may be patrifocal. That is, a man in his role as father may be providing, particularly economic support to a mother in one or more households whether he lives in that household or not. Both for men and for women having children with more than one partner is a common feature of this kind of system.[8]

Alternative terms for 'matrifocal' or 'matrifocality' include matricentric, matripotestal, and women-centered kinship networks.[9]

The matrifocal is distinguished from the concepts: matrilocal, the matrilineal, matrilateral and matriarchy. The last because matrifocality does not imply that women have power in the larger community.

Characteristics and distribution

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According to anthropologist Maurice Godelier, matrifocality is "typical of Afro-Caribbean groups" and some African-American communities.[10] These include families in which a father has a wife and one or more mistresses; in a few cases, a mother may have more than one lover.[10] Matrifocality was also found, according to Rasmussen per Herlihy, among the Tuareg people in northern Africa;[11] according to Herlihy citing other authors, in some Mediterranean communities;[7] and, according to Herlihy quoting Scott, in urban Brazil.[12]

In their study of family life in Bethnal Green, London, during the 1950s, Young and Willmott found both matrifocal and matrilineal elements at work: mothers were a focus for distributing economic resources through the family network. They were also active in passing down the rights to tenancies in matrilineal succession to their daughters.[13]

Herlihy found matrifocality among the Miskitu people, in the village of Kuri, on the Caribbean coast of northeastern Honduras in the late 1990s.[14] According to Herlihy, the "main power"[9] of Kuri women lies "in their ability to craft everyday social identities and kinship relations .... Their power lies beyond the scope of the Honduran state, which recognizes male surnames and males as legitimate heads of households."[9] Herlihy found in Kuri a trend toward matriliny[15] and a correlation with matrilineality,[16] while some patriarchal norms also existed.[16]

Herlihy found that the "women knew more than most men about village histories, genealogies, and local folklore"[15] and that "men typically did not know local kinship relations, the proper terms of reference, or reciprocity obligations in their wife's family"[15] and concluded that Miskitu women "increasingly assume responsibility for the social reproduction of identities and ultimately for preserving worldwide cultural and linguistic diversity".[17] The Nair community in Kerala and the Bunt community in Tulunadu in South India are prime examples of matrifocality.[citation needed] This can be attributed to the fact that if males were largely warriors by profession, a community was bound to lose male members at youth, leading to a situation where the females assumed the role of running the family.[citation needed].

History

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In the 14th century, in Jiangnan, South China, under Mongol rule by the Yuan dynasty, Kong Qi kept a diary of his view of some families as practicing gynarchy, not defined as it is in major dictionaries[18][19][20][21] but defined by Paul J. Smith as "the creation of short-term family structures dominated by women"[22] and not as matrilineal or matriarchal.[22] The gynarchy possibly could be passed down through generations.[23] According to Paul J. Smith, it was to this kind of gynarchy that "Kong ascribed...the general collapse of society"[22] and Kong believed that men in Jiangnan tended to "forfeit...authority to women".[24]

Matrifocality arose, Godelier said, in some Afro-Caribbean and African American cultures as a consequence of enslavement of thousands.[10] Slaves were forbidden to marry and their children belonged to the slavemasters.[10] Women in slave families "often" sought impregnation by White masters so the children would have lighter skin color and be more successful in life,[10] lessening the role of Black husbands. Some societies, particularly Western European, allow women to enter the paid labor force or receive government aid and thus be able to afford to raise children alone,[10] while some other societies "oppose ... [women] living on their own."[10]

In some factions of feminist belief, more common in the 1970s than in the 1990s–2000s, and criticized within feminism and within archaeology, anthropology and theology as lacking a scholarly basis, there was a "matrifocal, if not matriarchal, Golden Age" before patriarchy.[25]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Smith (1956), p. 223
  2. ^ Smith (1956)[page needed]
  3. ^ Smith (1956), p. 253
  4. ^ Smith (1996)
  5. ^ Godelier (2011), p. 568 (Glossary, entry matrifocal)
  6. ^ Three quotations: Mohammed (1986), cited in Herlihy (2007), p. 134
  7. ^ a b Herlihy (2007), p. 137
  8. ^ Smith (1962)
  9. ^ a b c Herlihy (2007), p. 134
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Godelier (2011), p. 457
  11. ^ Rasmussen (1996), cited in Herlihy (2007), p. 137
  12. ^ Scott (1995), cited in Herlihy (2007), p. 141
  13. ^ Young & Willmott (1957)
  14. ^ Herlihy (2007), pp. 133–134 & passim
  15. ^ a b c Herlihy (2007), p. 141
  16. ^ a b Herlihy (2007), p. 145.
  17. ^ Herlihy (2007), p. 146
  18. ^ The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, [4th] ed. 1993, ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
  19. ^ Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged. G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966.
  20. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 3d ed. 1992, ISBN 0-395-44895-6.
  21. ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. New York: Random House, 2d ed. 2001, ISBN 0-375-42566-7.
  22. ^ a b c Smith (1998), p. 45 and see pp. 1 (abstract), 2–3, 46, 63, 65, 69–70, 72–73 & 81[page range too broad]
  23. ^ Smith (1998), pp. 76–77
  24. ^ Smith (1998), p. 78
  25. ^ Rountree (2001), pp. 5–9 & passim & quotation at p. 6

Bibliography

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  • Godelier, Maurice (2011) [2004]. The Metamorphoses of Kinship. Translated by Nora Scott. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-746-7.
  • Herlihy, Laura Hobson (2007). "Matrifocality and women's power on the Miskito Coast". Ethnology. 46 (2): 133–150. hdl:1808/11801.
  • Mohammed, P. (1986). "The Caribbean family revisited". In Patricia Mohammed; Caroline Shepherd (eds.). Gender in Caribbean Development: Papers Presented at the Inaugural Seminar of the University of the West Indies, Women and Development Studies Project. Kingston, Jamaica: Canoe Press University of the West Indies. pp. 164–175. ISBN 978-976-8125-55-2.
  • Rasmussen, S. (1996). "Tent as cultural symbol and field site: social and symbolic space, "topos", and authority in a Tuareg community". Anthropological Quarterly. 69 (1): 14–26. doi:10.2307/3317136. JSTOR 3317136.
  • Rountree, Kathryn (2001). "The past is a foreigners' country: goddess feminists, archaeologists, and the appropriation of prehistory". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 16 (1): 5–27. doi:10.1080/13537900123321. S2CID 144309885.
  • Scott, P. (1995). "Matrifocal males: gender, perception, and experience of the domestic domain in Brazil". In Mary Jo Maynes; Ann Waltner; Birgitte Soland; Ulrike Strasser (eds.). Gender, Kinship, Power: A Comparative and Interdisciplinary History. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91298-3.
  • Smith, Michael G. (1962). West Indian Family Structure. Washington, DC: Washington University Press.
  • Smith, Raymond T. (1956). The Negro Family in British Guiana: Family Structure and Social Status in the Villages. London: Routledge.
  • Smith, Raymond T. (1996). The Matrifocal Family: Power, Pluralism and Politics. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91215-6.
  • Smith, Paul J. (1998). "Fear of gynarchy in an age of chaos: Kong Qi's reflections on life in South China under Mongol rule". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 41 (1): 1–95. doi:10.1163/1568520982601412. JSTOR 3632774.
  • Young, Michael; Willmott, Peter (1957). Family and Kinship in East London. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
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