Meloxicam
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Routes of administration | Oral |
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Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | 89% |
Protein binding | 99.4% |
Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP2C9 and 3A4-mediated) |
Elimination half-life | 15 to 20 hours |
Excretion | Urine and faeces equally |
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DrugBank | |
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CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.113.257 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C14H13N3O4S2 |
Molar mass | 351.403 g/mol g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
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Meloxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug of the oxicam class, used to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, primary dysmenorrhea, fever; and as an analgesic, especially where there is an inflammatory component. It has been developed by Boehringer-Ingelheim. It is closely related to piroxicam.
In Europe it is marketed under the brand names Movalis, Melox, and Recoxa. In the Philippines it is generally marketed as the brand name Moxen. In the UK, U.S., Middle East, Thailand and Australia it is generally marketed under the brand name Mobic, in Germany as Mobec, and in Canada as Mobicox. In Latin America, the drug is marketed as Tenaron, Ilacox or Melocam. A veterinary formulation of the drug is marketed in the U.S. and in France as Metacam by the Vetmedica division of Boehringer-Ingelheim.
Mechanism of action
Meloxicam inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme responsible for converting arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2—the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandins, which are mediators of inflammation. Meloxicam has been shown, especially at its low therapeutic dose, selectively to inhibit COX-2 over COX-1.
A primary advantage of the oxicam family of drugs is their long half-life which permits once-day dosing.
Adverse effects
Meloxicam use can result in gastrointestinal toxicity and bleeding, tinnitus, headache, rash, very dark or black stool (sign of intestinal bleeding). The risk of adverse side effects is lower than with piroxicam, diclofenac, or naproxen. Although meloxicam does inhibit thromboxane A, it does not appear to do so at levels that would interfere with platelet function.
In rare situations, it could cause serious liver disease. If there is a sensation of fatigue and/or liver pain, intake must be ceased.
Approval status
Meloxicam is licensed in Europe for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, for short term use in osteoarthritis and for ankylosing spondylitis. As of 2004 it has been approved for use in treating osteoarthritis in the United States of America and is marketed in the under the name of Metacam by Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica.
Veterinary use
Under the brand name Metacam, meloxicam is also used in the veterinary field, most commonly in dogs and cattle, but also in other animals such as cats and exotics; in the U.S. is indicated for management of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in dogs (FDA.gov), and in Europe, where the product has been available since the early 1990s, it is also prescribed and licensed for other anti-inflammatory benefits including relief from both acute and chronic pain in dogs and cats. Side effects in animals are similar to those found in humans; the principal side effect is gastrointestinal irritation (vomiting, diarrhea and ulceration). Rarer but important side effects include liver and kidney toxicity.
For many years, both injectable and oral (liquid and tablet) formulations of meloxicam have been licensed for use in dogs, and injectable ones for use in cats. In June 2007, a new oral version of Metacam was licensed in Europe for the long-term relief of pain in cats. As of June 2008, Meloxicam is registered for long term use in cats in Australia, New Zealand, and throughout Europe. 'Metacam oral suspension 1.5 is not approved or recommended (according to the manufacture insert) for use in cats in the U.S.
Generic form of Metacam
Metacam is marketed in a generic form in Canada under the trade name Petcam.
References
- Drugs.com meloxicam profile
- Manufacturer's Official Product Website
- Manufacturer's United States Division website
- FDA Metacam
- ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.