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This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude from small to large.

Below 1 W

Factor (watts)	SI prefix	Value (watts)	Value (decibel-milliwatts)	Item
10⁻²⁷	ronto- (rW)	1.64×10⁻²⁷	−238 dBm	phys: approximate power of gravitational radiation emitted by a 1000 kg satellite in geosynchronous orbit around the Earth.
10⁻²⁴	yocto- (yW)	1×10⁻²⁴	−210 dBm
10⁻²¹	zepto- (zW)	1×10⁻²¹	−180 dBm	biomed: approximate lowest recorded power consumption of a deep-subsurface marine microbe^[1]
10⁻²⁰		1×10⁻²⁰	−170 dBm	tech: approximate power of Galileo space probe's radio signal (when at Jupiter) as received on earth by a 70-meter DSN antenna.
10⁻¹⁸	atto- (aW)	1×10⁻¹⁸	−150 dBm	phys: approximate power scale at which operation of nanoelectromechanical systems are overwhelmed by thermal fluctuations.^[2]
10⁻¹⁶		1×10⁻¹⁶	−130 dBm	tech: the GPS signal strength measured at the surface of the Earth.^{[clarification needed]}^[3]
10⁻¹⁶		2×10⁻¹⁶	−127 dBm	biomed: approximate theoretical minimum luminosity detectable by the human eye under perfect conditions
10⁻¹⁵	femto- (fW)	2.5×10⁻¹⁵	−116 dBm	tech: minimum discernible signal at the antenna terminal of a good FM radio receiver
10⁻¹⁴		1×10⁻¹⁴	−110 dBm	tech: approximate lower limit of power reception on digital spread-spectrum cell phones
10⁻¹²	pico- (pW)	1×10⁻¹²	−90 dBm	biomed: average power consumption of a human cell
10⁻¹¹		1.84×10⁻¹¹	−77 dBm	phys: power lost in the form of synchrotron radiation by a proton revolving in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV^[4]
10⁻¹⁰		1.5×10⁻¹⁰	−68 dBm	biomed: power entering a human eye from a 100-watt lamp 1 km away
10⁻⁹	nano- (nW)	2–15×10⁻⁹	−57 dBm to −48 dBm	tech: power consumption of 8-bit PIC microcontroller chips when in "sleep" mode
10⁻⁶	micro- (μW)	1×10⁻⁶	−30 dBm	tech: approximate consumption of a quartz or mechanical wristwatch
10⁻⁶	micro- (μW)	3×10⁻⁶	−25 dBm	astro: cosmic microwave background radiation per square meter
10⁻⁵		5×10⁻⁵	−13 dBm	biomed: sound power incident on a human eardrum at the threshold intensity for pain (500 mW/m²).
10⁻³	milli- (mW)	5×10⁻³	7 dBm	tech: laser in a CD-ROM drive
10⁻³	milli- (mW)	5–10×10⁻³	7 dBm to 10 dBm	tech: laser in a DVD player
10⁻²	centi- (cW)	7×10⁻²	18 dBm	tech: antenna power in a typical consumer wireless router
10⁻¹	deci- (dW)	5×10⁻¹	27 dBm	tech: maximum allowed carrier output power of an FRS radio

1 to 10² W

Factor (watts)	SI prefix	Value (watts)	Item
10⁰	W	1	tech: cellphone camera light^[5]
		1.508	astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at Neptune's aphelion^[6]
		2	tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a MURS radio
		4	tech: the power consumption of an incandescent night light
		4	tech: maximum allowed carrier power output of a 10-meter CB radio
		7	tech: the power consumption of a typical Light-emitting diode (LED) light bulb
		8	tech: human-powered equipment using a hand crank.^[7]
10¹	deca- (daW)	1.4 × 10¹	tech: the power consumption of a typical household compact fluorescent light bulb
		2–4 × 10¹	biomed: approximate power consumption of the human brain^[8]
		3–4 × 10¹	tech: the power consumption of a typical household fluorescent tube light
		6 × 10¹	tech: the power consumption of a typical household incandescent light bulb
10²	hecto- (hW)	1 × 10²	biomed: approximate basal metabolic rate of an adult human body^[9]
		1.2 × 10²	tech: electric power output of 1 m² solar panel in full sunlight (approx. 12% efficiency), at sea level
		1.3 × 10²	tech: peak power consumption of a Pentium 4 CPU
		2 × 10²	tech: stationary bicycle average power output^[10]^[11]
		2.9 × 10²	units: approximately 1000 BTU/hour
		3 × 10²	tech: PC GPU Nvidia GeForce RTX 4080 peak power consumption^[12]
		4 × 10²	tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United Kingdom
		5 × 10²	biomed: power output (useful work plus heat) of a person working hard physically
		7.457 × 10²	units: 1 horsepower^[13]
		7.5 × 10²	astro: approximately the amount of sunlight falling on a square metre of the Earth's surface at noon on a clear day in March for northern temperate latitudes
		9.09 × 10²	biomed: peak output power of a healthy human (non-athlete) during a 30-second cycle sprint at 30.1 degree Celsius.^[14]

10³ to 10⁸ W

10³	kilo- (kW)	1–3 × 10³ W	tech: heat output of a domestic electric kettle
		1.1 × 10³ W	tech: power of a microwave oven
		1.366 × 10³ W	astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at the Earth's orbit
		1.5 × 10³ W	tech: legal limit of power output of an amateur radio station in the United States
		up to 2 × 10³ W	biomed: approximate short-time power output of sprinting professional cyclists and weightlifters doing snatch lifts
		2.4 × 10³ W	geo: average power consumption per person worldwide in 2008 (21,283 kWh/year)
		3.3–6.6 × 10³ W	eco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of ocean^[15]
		3.6 × 10³ W	tech: synchrotron radiation power lost per ring in the Large Hadron Collider at 7000 GeV^[4]
10⁴		1–5 × 10⁴ W	tech: nominal power of clear channel AM^[16]
		1.00 × 10⁴ W	eco: average power consumption per person in the United States in 2008 (87,216 kWh/year)
		1.4 × 10⁴ W	tech: average power consumption of an electric car on EPA's Highway test schedule^[17]^[18]
		1.45 × 10⁴ W	astro: power per square metre received from the Sun at Mercury's orbit at perihelion
		1.6–3.2 × 10⁴ W	eco: average photosynthetic power output per square kilometer of land^[15]
		3 × 10⁴ W	tech: power generated by the four motors of GEN H-4 one-man helicopter
		4–20 × 10⁴ W	tech: approximate range of peak power output of typical automobiles (50-250 hp)
		5–10 × 10⁴ W	tech: highest allowed ERP for an FM band radio station in the United States^[19]
10⁵		1.67 × 10⁵ W	tech: power consumption of UNIVAC 1 computer
		2.5–8 × 10⁵ W	tech: approximate range of power output of 'supercars' (300 to 1000 hp)
		4.5 × 10⁵ W	tech: approximate maximum power output of a large 18-wheeler truck engine (600 hp)
10⁶	mega- (MW)	1.3 × 10⁶ W	tech: power output of P-51 Mustang fighter aircraft
		2.0 × 10⁶ W	tech: peak power output of GE's standard wind turbine
		2.4 × 10⁶ W	tech: peak power output of a Princess Coronation class steam locomotive (approx 3.3K EDHP on test) (1937)
		2.5 × 10⁶ W	biomed: peak power output of a blue whale
		3 × 10⁶ W	tech: mechanical power output of a diesel locomotive
		7 × 10⁶ W	tech: mechanical power output of a Top Fuel dragster
		8 × 10⁶ W	tech: peak power output of the MHI Vestas V164, the world's largest offshore wind turbine
10⁷		1 × 10⁷ W	tech: highest ERP allowed for an UHF television station
		1.03 × 10⁷ W	geo: electrical power output of Togo
		1.22 × 10⁷ W	tech: approx power available to a Eurostar 20-carriage train
		1.6 × 10⁷ W	tech: rate at which a typical gasoline pump transfers chemical energy to a vehicle
		2.6 × 10⁷ W	tech: peak power output of the reactor of a Los Angeles-class nuclear submarine
		7.5 × 10⁷ W	tech: maximum power output of one GE90 jet engine as installed on the Boeing 777
10⁸		1.4 × 10⁸ W	tech: average power consumption of a Boeing 747 passenger aircraft
		1.9 × 10⁸ W	tech: peak power output of a Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
		5 × 10⁸ W	tech: typical power output of a Fossil fuel power station
		9 × 10⁸ W	tech: electric power output of a CANDU nuclear reactor
		9.59 × 10⁸ W	geo: average electrical power consumption of Zimbabwe in 1998

The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW. Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as aircraft carriers and submarines), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as supercolliders and large lasers).

For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW. Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360 horsepower. Modern high-power diesel-electric locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.

10⁹ to 10¹⁴ W

10⁹	giga- (GW)	1.3 × 10⁹	tech: electric power output of Manitoba Hydro Limestone hydroelectric generating station
		2.074 × 10⁹	tech: peak power generation of Hoover Dam
		2.1 × 10⁹	tech: peak power generation of Aswan Dam
		3.4 × 10⁹	tech: estimated power consumption of the Bitcoin network in 2017^[20]
		4.116 × 10⁹	tech: installed capacity of Kendal Power Station, the world's largest coal-fired power plant.
10¹⁰		1.17 × 10¹⁰	tech: power produced by the Space Shuttle in liftoff configuration (9.875 GW from the SRBs; 1.9875 GW from the SSMEs.)^[21]
		1.26 × 10¹⁰	tech: electrical power generation of the Itaipu Dam
		1.27 × 10¹⁰	geo: average electrical power consumption of Norway in 1998
		2.25 × 10¹⁰	tech: peak electrical power generation of the Three Gorges Dam, the power plant with the world's largest generating capacity of any type.^[22]
		2.24 × 10¹⁰	tech: peak power of all German solar panels (at noon on a cloudless day), researched by the Fraunhofer ISE research institute in 2014^[23]
		5.027 × 10¹⁰	tech: peak electrical power consumption of California Independent System Operator users between 1998 and 2018, recorded at 14:44 Pacific Time, July 24, 2006.^[24]
		5.5 × 10¹⁰	tech: peak daily electrical power consumption of Great Britain in November 2008.^[25]
		7.31 × 10¹⁰	tech: total installed power capacity of Turkey on December 31, 2015.^[26]
10¹¹		1.016 × 10¹¹	tech: peak electrical power consumption of France (February 8, 2012 at 7:00 pm)
		1.66 × 10¹¹	tech: average power consumption of the first stage of the Saturn V rocket.^[27]^[28]
		4.33 × 10¹¹	tech: total installed wind turbine capacity at end of 2015.^[29]
		7 × 10¹¹	biomed: humankind basal metabolic rate as of 2013 (7 billion people).
10¹²	tera- (TW)	2 × 10¹²	astro: approximate power generated between the surfaces of Jupiter and its moon Io due to Jupiter's tremendous magnetic field.^[30]
10¹²	tera- (TW)	3.34 × 10¹²	geo: average total (gas, electricity, etc.) power consumption of the US in 2005^[31]
10¹³		1.91 × 10¹³	tech: average total power consumption of the human world in 2019.^[32]
		4.7 × 10¹³	geo: average total heat flow at Earth's surface which originates from its interior.^[33] Main sources are roughly equal amounts of radioactive decay and residual heat from Earth's formation.^[34]
		5–20 × 10¹³	weather: rate of heat energy release by a hurricane^{[citation needed]}
10¹⁴		1.4 × 10¹⁴	eco: global net primary production (= biomass production) via photosynthesis^[35]
		2.9 × 10¹⁴	tech: the power the Z machine reaches in 1 billionth of a second when it is fired^{[citation needed]}
		3 × 10¹⁴	weather: Hurricane Katrina's rate of release of latent heat energy into the air.^[36]
		3 × 10¹⁴	tech: power reached by the extremely high-power Hercules laser from the University of Michigan.^{[citation needed]}
		4.6 × 10¹⁴	geo: estimated rate of net global heating, evaluated as Earth's energy imbalance, from 2005 to 2019.^[37]^[38] The rate of ocean heat uptake approximately doubled over this period.^[39]

10¹⁵ to 10²⁶ W

10¹⁵	peta-	~2 × 1.00 × 10¹⁵ W	tech: Omega EP laser power at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics. There are two separate beams that are combined.
		1.4 × 10¹⁵ W	geo: estimated heat flux transported by the Gulf Stream.
		5 × 10¹⁵ W	geo: estimated net heat flux transported from Earth's equator and towards each pole. Value is a latitudinal maximum arising near 40° in each hemisphere.^[40]^[41]
		7 × 10¹⁵ W	tech: worlds most powerful laser in operation (claimed on February 7, 2019, by Extreme Light Infrastructure – Nuclear Physics (ELI-NP) at Magurele, Romania)^[42]
10¹⁶		1.03 × 10¹⁶ W	tech: world's most powerful laser pulses (claimed on October 24, 2017, by SULF of Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics).^[43]
10¹⁶		1–10 × 10¹⁶ W	tech: estimated total power output of a Type-I civilization on the Kardashev scale.^[44]
10¹⁷		1.73 × 10¹⁷ W	astro: total power received by Earth from the Sun^[45]
10¹⁷		2 × 10¹⁷ W	tech: planned peak power of Extreme Light Infrastructure laser^[46]
10¹⁸	exa- (EW)	In a keynote presentation, NIF & Photon Science Chief Technology Officer Chris Barty described the "Nexawatt" Laser, an exawatt (1,000-petawatt) laser concept based on NIF technologies, on April 13 at the SPIE Optics + Optoelectronics 2015 Conference in Prague. Barty also gave an invited talk on "Laser-Based Nuclear Photonics" at the SPIE meeting.^[47]
10²¹	zetta- (ZW)
10²³		4.08 × 10²³ W	astro: approximate luminosity of Wolf 359
10²⁴	yotta- (YW)	5.3 × 10²⁴ W	tech: estimated power of the Tsar Bomba hydrogen bomb detonation^[48]
10²⁵		1–10 × 10²⁵ W	tech: estimated total power output of a Type-II civilization on the Kardashev scale.^[44]
10²⁶		3.828 × 10²⁶ W	astro: luminosity of the Sun^[49]

Over 10²⁷ W

10³⁰	quetta- (QW)
10³¹		3.31 × 10³¹ W	astro: approximate luminosity of Beta Centauri
10³²		1.23 × 10³² W	astro: approximate luminosity of Deneb
10³³	Quetkilo- (QkW)	3.08 × 10³³ W	astro: approximate luminosity of R136a1
10³⁴		4 × 10³⁴ W	tech: approximate power used by a type III civilization in the Kardashev scale.^[44]
10³⁶	Quetmega- (QMW)	5.7 × 10³⁶ W	astro: approximate luminosity of the Milky Way galaxy^[50]^[51]
10³⁸		2.2 × 10³⁸ W	astro: approximate luminosity of the extremely luminous supernova ASASSN-15lh^[52]^[53]
10³⁹	Quetgiga- (QGW)	1 × 10³⁹ W	astro: average luminosity of a quasar
10³⁹	Quetgiga- (QGW)	1.57 × 10³⁹ W	astro: approximate luminosity of 3C273, the brightest quasar seen from Earth^[54]
10⁴⁰		5 × 10⁴⁰ W	astro: approximate peak luminosity of the energetic fast blue optical transient CSS161010^[55]
10⁴¹		1 × 10⁴¹ W	astro: approximate luminosity of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g., APM 08279+5255 and HS 1946+7658.^[56]
10⁴²	Quettera- (QTW)	1.7 × 10⁴² W	astro: approximate luminosity of the Laniakea Supercluster^[57]^[58]
10⁴²	Quettera- (QTW)	3 × 10⁴² W	astro: approximate luminosity of an average gamma-ray burst^[59]
10⁴³		2.2 × 10⁴³ W	astro: average stellar luminosity in one cubic gigalight-year of space
10⁴⁵	Quetpeta- (QPW)
10⁴⁶		1 × 10⁴⁶ W	astro: record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic luminosity ever achieved by a gamma-ray burst^[60]
10⁴⁷		7.519 × 10⁴⁷ W	phys: Hawking radiation luminosity of a Planck mass black hole^[61]
10⁴⁸	Quetexa- (QEW)	9.5 × 10⁴⁸ W	astro: luminosity of the entire Observable universe^[62] ≈ 24.6 billion trillion solar luminosity.
10⁴⁹		3.6 × 10⁴⁹ W	astro: peak gravitational wave radiative power of GW150914, the merger event of two distant stellar-mass black holes. It is attributed to the first observation of gravitational waves.^[63]
10⁵²		3.63 × 10⁵² W	phys: the unit of power as expressed under the Planck units^{[note 1]}, at which the definition of power under modern conceptualizations of physics breaks down. Equivalent to one Planck mass-energy per Planck time.

Notes

^ ${\frac {c^{5}}{G}}$

References

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^ "Nanoelectromechanical systems face the future". Physics World. February 1, 2001.
^ Warner, Jon S; Johnston, Roger G (December 2003). "GPS Spoofing Countermeasures". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (This article was originally published as Los Alamos research paper LAUR-03-6163)
^ ^a ^b CERN. Beam Parameters and Definitions". Table 2.2. Retrieved September 13, 2008
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^ [1] (PDF).
^ [2] Archived May 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – Nasa: Listening to shortwave radio signals from Jupiter
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^ Wunsch, Carl (November 1, 2005). "The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and Atmospheric Partition". Journal of Climate. 18 (21): 4374–4380. doi:10.1175/JCLI3539.1.
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^ Calculated: 1.5e+10 L_sol * 3.828e+26 W/L_sol = 5.7e+36 W
^ Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U. (January 15, 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..257D. doi:10.1126/science.aac9613. hdl:10533/231850. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26816375. S2CID 31444274.
^ "The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova | RealClearScience". www.realclearscience.com. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
^ Calculated as: Solar luminosity × 10^(0.4 × (Sun absolute magnitude - 3C 273 absolute magnitude)) = 3.828e+26 × 10^(0.4 × (4.83 - (- 26.73))) = 3.828e+26 × 4.1e+12 = 1.57e+39 W.
^ Coppejans, D. L.; Margutti, R.; Terreran, G.; Nayana, A. J.; Coughlin, E. R.; Laskar, T.; Alexander, K. D.; Bietenholz, M.; Caprioli, D.; Chandra, P.; Drout, M. (2020). "A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 895 (1): L23. arXiv:2003.10503. Bibcode:2020ApJ...895L..23C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7. S2CID 214623364.
^ Riechers, Dominik A.; Walter, Fabian; Carilli, Christopher L.; Lewis, Geraint F. (2009). "Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255". The Astrophysical Journal. 690 (1): 463–485. arXiv:0809.0754. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..463R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 13959993.
^ Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Helene; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (September 4, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516): 71–73. doi:10.1038/nature13674. ISSN 0028-0836.
^ Calculated. Estimated assuming Laniakea to be a sphere 160 Mpc in diameter, according to p.4 of cited paper: Observable universe luminosity × (Laniakea Supercluster diameter / Observable universe diameter)^3 = 9.466e+48 W × (160 Mpc / 28.5 Gpc)^3 = 1.675e+42 ≈ 1.7e+42 W.
^ Guetta, Dafne; Piran, Tsvi; Waxman, Eli (2005). "The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long‐Duration Gamma‐Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal. 619 (1): 412–419. arXiv:astro-ph/0311488. Bibcode:2005ApJ...619..412G. doi:10.1086/423125. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14741044.
^ Frederiks, D. D.; Hurley, K.; Svinkin, D. S.; Pal'shin, V. D.; Mangano, V.; et al. (2013). "The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A". The Astrophysical Journal. 779 (2): 151. arXiv:1311.5734. Bibcode:2013ApJ...779..151F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118398826.
^ Calculated: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=hawking+radiation+calculate&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22P%22%7D%2C+%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D+-%3E%22planck+mass%22
^ Calculated. Assuming isotropicity in composition and identical age since Big Bang within cosmological horizon, expressed as: Ordinary [baryonic] mass of observable universe / Ordinary mass of Milky Way × Luminosity of Milky Way. L_total = 1.5e+53 kg / 4.6e+10 M_sol * 1.5e+10 L_sol = 9.466e+48 W ≈ 9.5e+48 W.
^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved January 6, 2024.

[64] ${\frac {c^{5}}{G}}$

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[3] Warner, Jon S; Johnston, Roger G (December 2003). "GPS Spoofing Countermeasures". Archived from the original on February 7, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) (This article was originally published as Los Alamos research paper LAUR-03-6163)

[LHC-4] CERN. Beam Parameters and Definitions". Table 2.2. Retrieved September 13, 2008

[5] "EETimes - Driving LED lighting in mobile phones and PDAs". EETimes. June 12, 2008. Retrieved December 2, 2021.

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[7] tic.mil – harvesting energy with hand-crank generators to support dismounted soldier missions, 2004-12-xx

[8] Glenn Elert. "Power of a Human Brain - The Physics Factbook". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved September 13, 2018.

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[12] Hagedoorn, Hilbert (November 15, 2022). "GeForce RTX 4080 Founder edition review - Hardware setup | Power consumption". Guru3D.com. Guru3D. Retrieved March 3, 2023.

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[21] Glenn Elert (February 11, 2013). "Power of a Space Shuttle - The Physics Factbook". Hypertextbook.com. Retrieved September 13, 2018.

[22] "The 22.5GW Power Plant - What You Should Know About Three Gorges, China". web.archive.org. January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.

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[27] Annamalai, Kalyan; Ishwar Kanwar Puri (2006). Combustion Science and Engineering. CRC Press. p. 851. ISBN 978-0-8493-2071-2.

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[GWEC-29] [1] (PDF).

[30] [2] Archived May 29, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – Nasa: Listening to shortwave radio signals from Jupiter

[31] U.S energy consumption by source, 1949–2005, Energy Information Administration. Retrieved May 25, 2007

[EIA-32] "International Energy Statistics". U.S. Energy Information Administration.

[33] Davies, J. H.; Davies, D. R. (February 22, 2010). "Earth's surface heat flux". Solid Earth. 1 (1): 5–24. Bibcode:2010SolE....1....5D. doi:10.5194/se-1-5-2010. ISSN 1869-9529.

[34] Donald L. Turcotte; Gerald Schubert (March 25, 2002). Geodynamics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66624-4.

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[38] von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et al. (September 7, 2020). "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?". Earth System Science Data. 12 (3): 2013-2041. Bibcode:2020ESSD...12.2013V. doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020. hdl:20.500.11850/443809.

[39] Loeb, Norman G.; Johnson, Gregory C.; Thorsen, Tyler J.; Lyman, John M.; et al. (June 15, 2021). "Satellite and Ocean Data Reveal Marked Increase in Earth's Heating Rate". Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (13). Bibcode:2021GeoRL..4893047L. doi:10.1029/2021GL093047.

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[41] Wunsch, Carl (November 1, 2005). "The Total Meridional Heat Flux and Its Oceanic and Atmospheric Partition". Journal of Climate. 18 (21): 4374–4380. doi:10.1175/JCLI3539.1.

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[49] "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved January 6, 2024.

[50] "Galaxy Properties". web.archive.org. January 6, 2024. Retrieved January 6, 2024.

[51] Calculated: 1.5e+10 L_sol * 3.828e+26 W/L_sol = 5.7e+36 W

[52] Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U. (January 15, 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..257D. doi:10.1126/science.aac9613. hdl:10533/231850. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26816375. S2CID 31444274.

[53] "The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova | RealClearScience". www.realclearscience.com. Retrieved November 22, 2020.

[54] Calculated as: Solar luminosity × 10^(0.4 × (Sun absolute magnitude - 3C 273 absolute magnitude)) = 3.828e+26 × 10^(0.4 × (4.83 - (- 26.73))) = 3.828e+26 × 4.1e+12 = 1.57e+39 W.

[55] Coppejans, D. L.; Margutti, R.; Terreran, G.; Nayana, A. J.; Coughlin, E. R.; Laskar, T.; Alexander, K. D.; Bietenholz, M.; Caprioli, D.; Chandra, P.; Drout, M. (2020). "A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 895 (1): L23. arXiv:2003.10503. Bibcode:2020ApJ...895L..23C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7. S2CID 214623364.

[56] Riechers, Dominik A.; Walter, Fabian; Carilli, Christopher L.; Lewis, Geraint F. (2009). "Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255". The Astrophysical Journal. 690 (1): 463–485. arXiv:0809.0754. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..463R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 13959993.

[57] Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Helene; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (September 4, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516): 71–73. doi:10.1038/nature13674. ISSN 0028-0836.

[58] Calculated. Estimated assuming Laniakea to be a sphere 160 Mpc in diameter, according to p.4 of cited paper: Observable universe luminosity × (Laniakea Supercluster diameter / Observable universe diameter)^3 = 9.466e+48 W × (160 Mpc / 28.5 Gpc)^3 = 1.675e+42 ≈ 1.7e+42 W.

[59] Guetta, Dafne; Piran, Tsvi; Waxman, Eli (2005). "The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long‐Duration Gamma‐Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal. 619 (1): 412–419. arXiv:astro-ph/0311488. Bibcode:2005ApJ...619..412G. doi:10.1086/423125. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14741044.

[60] Frederiks, D. D.; Hurley, K.; Svinkin, D. S.; Pal'shin, V. D.; Mangano, V.; et al. (2013). "The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A". The Astrophysical Journal. 779 (2): 151. arXiv:1311.5734. Bibcode:2013ApJ...779..151F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118398826.

[61] Calculated: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=hawking+radiation+calculate&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22P%22%7D%2C+%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D+-%3E%22planck+mass%22

[62] Calculated. Assuming isotropicity in composition and identical age since Big Bang within cosmological horizon, expressed as: Ordinary [baryonic] mass of observable universe / Ordinary mass of Milky Way × Luminosity of Milky Way. L_total = 1.5e+53 kg / 4.6e+10 M_sol * 1.5e+10 L_sol = 9.466e+48 W ≈ 9.5e+48 W.

[63] "Wayback Machine" (PDF). web.archive.org. Retrieved January 6, 2024.

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[note 1]

@@ Line 347: / Line 347: @@
 {|class="wikitable"
 |-
-|rowspan=6|'''10<sup>9</sup>'''{{Anchor|109}}
+| rowspan="5" |'''10<sup>9</sup>'''{{Anchor|109}}
-|rowspan=6|'''[[giga-]] (GW)<!-- This section is linked from [[Brute force attack]] -->'''
+| rowspan="5" |'''[[giga-]] (GW)<!-- This section is linked from [[Brute force attack]] -->'''
 |<!-- 1.21 GW – ''scifi:'' electric power output required to operate [[flux capacitor]]
   Not considered appropriate for this page. Since not only the device, but also the physics is fictional, the power required is an arbitrary number and does not provide a helpful comparison with the other entries -->
@@ Line 365: / Line 365: @@
 |4.116 × 10<sup>9</sup>
 |''tech:'' installed capacity of [[Kendal Power Station]], the world's largest [[Fossil fuel power plant|coal-fired power plant]].
-|-
-|8.21 × 10<sup>9</sup>
-|''tech:'' capacity of the [[Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant]], the world's largest [[nuclear power plant]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.controleng.com/blog/820000282/post/1100035510.html |title=Control Engineering &#124; Blogs |publisher=Controleng.com |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Japan/Electricity.html |title=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref>
 |-
 |rowspan=8|10<sup>10</sup>
@@ Line 380: / Line 377: @@
 |''geo:'' average electrical power consumption of [[Norway]] in 1998
 |-
-|1.83 × 10<sup>10</sup>
+|2.25 × 10<sup>10</sup>
-|''tech:'' peak electrical power generation of the [[Three Gorges Dam]], the world's largest [[hydroelectric]] power plant of any type.
+|''tech:'' peak electrical power generation of the [[Three Gorges Dam]], the power plant with the world's largest generating capacity of any type.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=The 22.5GW Power Plant - What You Should Know About Three Gorges, China |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071052/https://blog.isa.org/the-22.5gw-power-plant-what-you-should-know-about-three-gorges-china |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
 |-
 |2.24 × 10<sup>10</sup>
@@ Line 512: / Line 509: @@
 |10<sup>26</sup>
 |
-|3.846 × 10<sup>26</sup> W
+|3.828 × 10<sup>26</sup> W
+|''astro:'' [[luminosity]] of the [[Sun]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106080532/https://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2015_English.pdf |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
-|''astro:'' [[luminosity]] of the [[Sun]]
 |}
@@ Line 526: / Line 523: @@
 |
 |3.31 × 10<sup>31</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of [[Beta Centauri]]
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of [[Beta Centauri]]
 |-
 |10<sup>32</sup>
 |
 |1.23 × 10<sup>32</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of [[Deneb]]
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of [[Deneb]]
 |-
 |'''10<sup>33</sup>'''{{Anchor|1033}}
 |Quetkilo- (QkW)
-|3.0768 × 10<sup>33</sup> W
+|3.08&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>33</sup>&nbsp;W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of [[R136a1]]
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of [[R136a1]]
 |-
 |10<sup>34</sup>
@@ Line 545: / Line 542: @@
 |'''10<sup>36</sup>'''{{Anchor|1036}}
 |Quetmega- (QMW)
-|5 × 10<sup>36</sup> W
+|5.7 × 10<sup>36</sup> W
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of the [[Milky Way]] galaxy<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Galaxy Properties |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106080354/https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/seminar/galaxies/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>Calculated: 1.5e+10 L_sol * 3.828e+26 W/L_sol = 5.7e+36 W</ref>
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of the [[Milky Way]] galaxy.<ref>
-{{cite journal|last1=van den Bergh|first1=Sidney|title=The local group of galaxies|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Review]]|volume=9|issue=3–4|year=1999|pages=273–318|issn=0935-4956|doi=10.1007/s001590050019|bibcode=1999A&ARv...9..273V|s2cid=119392899}}</ref>
 |-
 |10<sup>38</sup>
 |
 |2.2 × 10<sup>38</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of the extremely luminous supernova [[ASASSN-15lh]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Subo|last2=Shappee|first2=B. J.|last3=Prieto|first3=J. L.|last4=Jha|first4=S. W.|last5=Stanek|first5=K. Z.|last6=Holoien|first6=T. W.-S.|last7=Kochanek|first7=C. S.|last8=Thompson|first8=T. A.|last9=Morrell|first9=N.|last10=Thompson|first10=I. B.|last11=Basu|first11=U.|date=2016-01-15|title=ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aac9613|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6270|pages=257–260|doi=10.1126/science.aac9613|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26816375|arxiv=1507.03010|bibcode=2016Sci...351..257D|hdl=10533/231850|s2cid=31444274}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova {{!}} RealClearScience|url=https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2016/01/the_incomprehensible_power_of_a_supernova.html|access-date=2020-11-22|website=www.realclearscience.com}}</ref>
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of the extremely luminous supernova [[ASASSN-15lh]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dong|first1=Subo|last2=Shappee|first2=B. J.|last3=Prieto|first3=J. L.|last4=Jha|first4=S. W.|last5=Stanek|first5=K. Z.|last6=Holoien|first6=T. W.-S.|last7=Kochanek|first7=C. S.|last8=Thompson|first8=T. A.|last9=Morrell|first9=N.|last10=Thompson|first10=I. B.|last11=Basu|first11=U.|date=2016-01-15|title=ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aac9613|journal=Science|language=en|volume=351|issue=6270|pages=257–260|doi=10.1126/science.aac9613|issn=0036-8075|pmid=26816375|arxiv=1507.03010|bibcode=2016Sci...351..257D|hdl=10533/231850|s2cid=31444274}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova {{!}} RealClearScience|url=https://www.realclearscience.com/blog/2016/01/the_incomprehensible_power_of_a_supernova.html|access-date=2020-11-22|website=www.realclearscience.com}}</ref>
 |-
-|'''10<sup>39</sup>'''{{Anchor|1039}}
+| rowspan="2" |'''10<sup>39</sup>'''{{Anchor|1039}}
-|Quetgiga- (QGW)
+| rowspan="2" |Quetgiga- (QGW)
 |1 × 10<sup>39</sup> W
-|''astro:'' average [[luminosity]] of a [[quasar]]
+|''astro:'' average luminosity of a [[quasar]]
+|-
+|1.57&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>39</sup>&nbsp;W
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of [[3C 273|3C273]], the brightest quasar seen from Earth<ref>Calculated as: Solar luminosity × 10^(0.4 × (Sun absolute magnitude - 3C 273 absolute magnitude)) = 3.828e+26 × 10^(0.4 × (4.83 - (- 26.73))) = 3.828e+26 × 4.1e+12 = 1.57e+39 W.</ref>
 |-
 |10<sup>40</sup>
 |
 |5 × 10<sup>40</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate peak [[luminosity]] of the energetic fast blue optical transient [[CSS161010]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coppejans|first1=D. L.|last2=Margutti|first2=R.|last3=Terreran|first3=G.|last4=Nayana|first4=A. J.|last5=Coughlin|first5=E. R.|last6=Laskar|first6=T.|last7=Alexander|first7=K. D.|last8=Bietenholz|first8=M.|last9=Caprioli|first9=D.|last10=Chandra|first10=P.|last11=Drout|first11=M.|title=A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=895|issue=1|pages=L23|arxiv=2003.10503|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7|bibcode=2020ApJ...895L..23C|s2cid=214623364 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+|''astro:'' approximate peak luminosity of the energetic fast blue optical transient [[CSS161010]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Coppejans|first1=D. L.|last2=Margutti|first2=R.|last3=Terreran|first3=G.|last4=Nayana|first4=A. J.|last5=Coughlin|first5=E. R.|last6=Laskar|first6=T.|last7=Alexander|first7=K. D.|last8=Bietenholz|first8=M.|last9=Caprioli|first9=D.|last10=Chandra|first10=P.|last11=Drout|first11=M.|title=A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|year=2020|volume=895|issue=1|pages=L23|arxiv=2003.10503|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7|bibcode=2020ApJ...895L..23C|s2cid=214623364 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
 |-
 |10<sup>41</sup>
 |
 |1 × 10<sup>41</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g., [[APM 08279+5255]] and HS 1946+7658.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Riechers|first1=Dominik A.|last2=Walter|first2=Fabian|last3=Carilli|first3=Christopher L.|last4=Lewis|first4=Geraint F.|title=Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=690|issue=1|year=2009|pages=463–485|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463|arxiv = 0809.0754|bibcode = 2009ApJ...690..463R|s2cid=13959993}}</ref>
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of the most luminous quasars in our universe, e.g., [[APM 08279+5255]] and HS 1946+7658.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Riechers|first1=Dominik A.|last2=Walter|first2=Fabian|last3=Carilli|first3=Christopher L.|last4=Lewis|first4=Geraint F.|title=Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=690|issue=1|year=2009|pages=463–485|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463|arxiv = 0809.0754|bibcode = 2009ApJ...690..463R|s2cid=13959993}}</ref>
 |-
 |rowspan=2|'''10<sup>42</sup>'''{{Anchor|1042}}
 |rowspan=2|Quettera- (QTW)
-|1 × 10<sup>42</sup> W
+|1.7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10<sup>42</sup>&nbsp;W
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of the [[Laniakea Supercluster]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tully |first=R. Brent |last2=Courtois |first2=Helene |last3=Hoffman |first3=Yehuda |last4=Pomarède |first4=Daniel |date=2014-09-04 |title=The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0880 |journal=Nature |volume=513 |issue=7516 |pages=71–73 |doi=10.1038/nature13674 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>Calculated. Estimated assuming Laniakea to be a sphere 160 Mpc in diameter, according to p.4 of cited paper:
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of the [[Local Supercluster]]
+Observable universe luminosity × (Laniakea Supercluster diameter / Observable universe diameter)^3 = 9.466e+48 W × (160 Mpc / 28.5 Gpc)^3 = 1.675e+42 ≈ 1.7e+42 W.</ref>
 |-
 |3 × 10<sup>42</sup> W
-|''astro:'' approximate [[luminosity]] of an average [[gamma-ray burst]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guetta|first1=Dafne|last2=Piran|first2=Tsvi|last3=Waxman|first3=Eli|title=The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long‐Duration Gamma‐Ray Bursts|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=619|issue=1|year=2005|pages=412–419|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/423125|arxiv = astro-ph/0311488|bibcode = 2005ApJ...619..412G|s2cid=14741044}}</ref>
+|''astro:'' approximate luminosity of an average [[gamma-ray burst]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guetta|first1=Dafne|last2=Piran|first2=Tsvi|last3=Waxman|first3=Eli|title=The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long‐Duration Gamma‐Ray Bursts|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=619|issue=1|year=2005|pages=412–419|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/423125|arxiv = astro-ph/0311488|bibcode = 2005ApJ...619..412G|s2cid=14741044}}</ref>
+|-
+|10<sup>43</sup>
+|
+|2.2 × 10<sup>43</sup> W
+|''astro:'' average stellar luminosity in one cubic giga[[light-year]] of space
 |-
 |10<sup>45</sup>{{Anchor|1045}}
@@ Line 585: / Line 591: @@
 |
 |1 × 10<sup>46</sup> W
-|''astro:'' record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic [[luminosity]] ever achieved by a [[gamma-ray burst]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frederiks|first1=D. D.|last2=Hurley|first2=K.|last3=Svinkin|first3=D. S.|last4=Pal'shin|first4=V. D.|last5=Mangano|first5=V.|last6=Oates|first6=S.|last7=Aptekar|first7=R. L.|last8=Golenetskii|first8=S. V.|last9=Mazets|first9=E. P.|last10=Oleynik|first10=Ph. P.|last11=Tsvetkova|first11=A. E.|last12=Ulanov|first12=M. V.|last13=Kokomov|first13=A. A.|last14=Cline|first14=T. L.|last15=Burrows|first15=D. N.|last16=Krimm|first16=H. A.|last17=Pagani|first17=C.|last18=Sbarufatti|first18=B.|last19=Siegel|first19=M. H.|last20=Mitrofanov|first20=I. G.|last21=Golovin|first21=D.|last22=Litvak|first22=M. L.|last23=Sanin|first23=A. B.|last24=Boynton|first24=W.|last25=Fellows|first25=C.|last26=Harshman|first26=K.|last27=Enos|first27=H.|last28=Starr|first28=R.|last29=von Kienlin|first29=A.|last30=Rau|first30=A.|last31=Zhang|first31=X.|last32=Goldstein|first32=J.|title=The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=779|issue=2|year=2013|pages=151|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151|arxiv = 1311.5734|bibcode = 2013ApJ...779..151F|s2cid=118398826|display-authors=5}}</ref>
+|''astro:'' record for maximum beaming-corrected intrinsic luminosity ever achieved by a [[gamma-ray burst]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frederiks|first1=D. D.|last2=Hurley|first2=K.|last3=Svinkin|first3=D. S.|last4=Pal'shin|first4=V. D.|last5=Mangano|first5=V.|last6=Oates|first6=S.|last7=Aptekar|first7=R. L.|last8=Golenetskii|first8=S. V.|last9=Mazets|first9=E. P.|last10=Oleynik|first10=Ph. P.|last11=Tsvetkova|first11=A. E.|last12=Ulanov|first12=M. V.|last13=Kokomov|first13=A. A.|last14=Cline|first14=T. L.|last15=Burrows|first15=D. N.|last16=Krimm|first16=H. A.|last17=Pagani|first17=C.|last18=Sbarufatti|first18=B.|last19=Siegel|first19=M. H.|last20=Mitrofanov|first20=I. G.|last21=Golovin|first21=D.|last22=Litvak|first22=M. L.|last23=Sanin|first23=A. B.|last24=Boynton|first24=W.|last25=Fellows|first25=C.|last26=Harshman|first26=K.|last27=Enos|first27=H.|last28=Starr|first28=R.|last29=von Kienlin|first29=A.|last30=Rau|first30=A.|last31=Zhang|first31=X.|last32=Goldstein|first32=J.|title=The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=779|issue=2|year=2013|pages=151|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151|arxiv = 1311.5734|bibcode = 2013ApJ...779..151F|s2cid=118398826|display-authors=5}}</ref>
 |-
 |10<sup>47</sup>
 |
-|7.6 × 10<sup>47</sup> W
+|7.519 × 10<sup>47</sup> W
+|''phys:'' [[Hawking radiation]] luminosity of a [[Planck mass]] [[black hole]]<ref>Calculated: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=hawking+radiation+calculate&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22P%22%7D%2C+%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D+-%3E%22planck+mass%22</ref>
-|''phys:'' [[Hawking radiation]] [[luminosity]] of a [[Planck mass]] [[black hole]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=What is Special About the Planck Mass? |arxiv=0707.0058 |journal=Indian Institute of Astrophysics |first=C. |last=Sivaram |year=2007|bibcode=2007arXiv0707.0058S }}</ref>
 |-
 |10<sup>48</sup>{{Anchor|1048}}
 |Quetexa- (QEW)
+|9.5 × 10<sup>48</sup> W
-|
+|astro: luminosity of the entire [[Observable universe]]<ref>Calculated. Assuming isotropicity in composition and identical age since Big Bang within cosmological horizon, expressed as:
-|
+Ordinary [baryonic] mass of observable universe / Ordinary mass of Milky Way × Luminosity of Milky Way.
+L_total = 1.5e+53 kg / 4.6e+10 M_sol * 1.5e+10 L_sol = 9.466e+48 W ≈ 9.5e+48 W.</ref> ≈ 24.6 billion trillion solar luminosity.
 |-
 |10<sup>49</sup>
 |
 |3.6 × 10<sup>49</sup> W
+|''astro:'' peak gravitational wave radiative power of [[First observation of gravitational waves|GW150914]], the merger event of two distant stellar-mass black holes. It is attributed to the first observation of gravitational waves.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106071732/https://www.ligo.org/detections/GW150914/fact-sheet.pdf |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
-|''astro:'' approximate peak power of GW150914, the [[first observation of gravitational waves]]
 |-
 |10<sup>52</sup>
 |
 |3.63 × 10<sup>52</sup> W
-|''phys:'' the coherent unit of power in the [[Planck units]]<ref group="note"><math>\frac{c^5}{G}</math></ref>
+|''phys:'' the unit of power as expressed under the [[Planck units]]<ref group="note"><math>\frac{c^5}{G}</math></ref>, at which the definition of power under modern conceptualizations of physics breaks down. Equivalent to one Planck mass-energy per Planck time.
 |}

v t e Orders of magnitude
Quantity	Acceleration Angular momentum Area Bit rate Charge Computing Current Data Density Energy / Energy density Entropy Force Frequency Illuminance Length Luminance Magnetic field Mass Molarity Numbers Power Pressure Probability Radiation Sound pressure Specific heat capacity Speed Temperature Torque Time Voltage Volume
See also	Back-of-the-envelope calculation Best-selling electronic devices Fermi problem Powers of 10 and decades 10th 100th 1000000th Metric (SI) prefix Macroscopic scale Microscopic scale
Related	Astronomical system of units Earth's location in the Universe Cosmic View (1957 book) To the Moon and Beyond (1964 film) Cosmic Zoom (1968 film) Powers of Ten (1968 and 1977 films) Cosmic Voyage (1996 documentary) The Scale of the Universe (2010) Cosmic Eye (2012)
Category

Revision as of 08:50, 6 January 2024

Below 1 W

1 to 102 W

103 to 108 W

109 to 1014 W

1015 to 1026 W

Over 1027 W

See also