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'''Subhaplogroup L3f''' - East Africa
'''Subhaplogroup L3f''' - East Africa


'''Subhaplogroup L3f3''' - Chad Basin, Central Africa<ref name="Černý2009">Černý et al., (2009). [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/63/abstract Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup]. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9:63, 2.</ref>
'''Subhaplogroup L3f3''' - Chad Basin, Central Africa<ref name="Černý2009">{{cite journal | last1 = Černý | first1 = ''et al.'' | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 2009 | title = Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup | url = http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/9/63/abstract | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 63| page = 2 }}</ref>


'''Subhaplogroup L3x''' - East Africa. Ethiopian [[Oromo people|Oromo]]s<ref name="Kivisild">{{cite journal|title=Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears|journal=The American Society of Human Genetics|date= Nov 2004|first=Toomas|last=Kivisild|coauthors=Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, Alexandra Rosa, Antonio Brehm, Erwan Pennarun, Jüri Parik, Tarekegn Geberhiwot, Esien Usanga, and Richard Villems|volume=75|issue=5|pages=752–770|pmid=15457403|pmc=1182106|doi=10.1086/425161|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182106/|format=|accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>, [[Somalis]]<ref name="Watson,">{{cite journal|title=Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=06 Sept 1997|first=Elizabeth|last=Watson|coauthors=Peter Forster, Martin Richards, and Hans-Jurgen Bandelt|volume=61|issue=3|pages=691–704|pmid=9326335|pmc=1715955|doi=10.1086/515503|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326335|format=|accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> and Egyptians<ref group="Note">GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.</ref><ref name="Stevanovitch2004">{{cite journal|last=Stevanovitch|first=A|coauthors=A. Gilles, E. Bouzaid, R. Kefi, F. Paris, R. P. Gayraud, J. L. Spadoni, F. El-Chenawi, E. Béraud-Colomb|title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=68|issue=1|pages=23-39|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|date=04 Jun 2004|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x/abstract|pmid=14748828|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x|format=Online|accessdate=}}</ref>
'''Subhaplogroup L3x''' - East Africa. Ethiopian [[Oromo people|Oromo]]s<ref name="Kivisild">{{cite journal|title=Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears|journal=The American Society of Human Genetics|date= Nov 2004|first=Toomas|last=Kivisild|coauthors=Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, Alexandra Rosa, Antonio Brehm, Erwan Pennarun, Jüri Parik, Tarekegn Geberhiwot, Esien Usanga, and Richard Villems|volume=75|issue=5|pages=752–770|pmid=15457403|pmc=1182106|doi=10.1086/425161|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1182106/|format=|accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref>, [[Somalis]]<ref name="Watson,">{{cite journal|title=Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|date=06 Sept 1997|first=Elizabeth|last=Watson|coauthors=Peter Forster, Martin Richards, and Hans-Jurgen Bandelt|volume=61|issue=3|pages=691–704|pmid=9326335|pmc=1715955|doi=10.1086/515503|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9326335|format=|accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> and Egyptians<ref group="Note">GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.</ref><ref name="Stevanovitch2004">{{cite journal|last=Stevanovitch|first=A|coauthors=A. Gilles, E. Bouzaid, R. Kefi, F. Paris, R. P. Gayraud, J. L. Spadoni, F. El-Chenawi, E. Béraud-Colomb|title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=68|issue=1|pages=23-39|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, NJ|date=04 Jun 2004|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x/abstract|pmid=14748828|doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x|format=Online|accessdate=}}</ref>

Revision as of 22:50, 9 December 2010

Haplogroup L3
File:Migration map4.png
Possible time of origin84,000 to 104,000 YBP [1]
Possible place of originEast Africa[2]
AncestorL3'4
DescendantsL3a, L3b'f, L3c'd'j, L3e'i'k'x, L3h, M, N
Defining mutations769, 1018, 16311[3]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup L3 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

L3 is believed to have arisen in Eastern Africa between 84,000 to 104,000 years ago.[1]

Distribution

It is most common in East Africa, in contrast to others parts of Africa where the haplogroups L1 and L2 represent two thirds of mtDNAs.[4]

L3 is sub-divided into several clades, one of which spawned the macro-haplogroups M and N from which the vast majority of non-Africans are descended.

One of these lineages, defined by loss of the DdeI site at np 10394, represents only a few percent of the African mtDNAs but appears to be the progenitor of roughly half of all European, Asian and Native American mtDNAs."[5]

According to Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), "L3 is more related to Eurasian haplogroups than to the most divergent African clusters L1 and L2".[6] L3 is the haplogroup from which all modern humans outside of Africa derive.[7]

African Subgroups distribution

Subhaplogroup L3a - East Africa. Ethiopians[8].

Subhaplogroup L3b - West Africa

Subhaplogroup L3d - West Africa Fulbe

Subhaplogroup L3d1- Central Africa- Among the Fulani, Cushitic and Oromo Ethiopians, 3% Mozambique and 5% in Yemen Pereira et al. (2001) and Salas et al. (2002).

Subhaplogroup L3e - Wide spread in Africa. It is the most common of the L3 sub-haplogroups, accounting for just over one-third of all L3-type sequences and is the most common sub-haplogroup within the Bantu-speaking populations of east Africa.[9] L3e is suggested to be associated with a central African/Sudanese origin about 45,000 years ago and is also the most common mtdna haplogroup L3 subclade amongst African Americans, Afro-Brazilians and Caribbeans.[10]

Subhaplogroup L3e1 - Central Africa origin and is found in Algeria, Cameroon, Angola[11], Mozambique, Sudanese and Kikuyu from Kenya as well as in Yemen.

Subhaplogroup L3e5 - Originated in the Chad Basin but found in Burkina Faso, Nigeria, south Tunisia, South Morocco and Egypt[12]

Subhaplogroup L3f - East Africa

Subhaplogroup L3f3 - Chad Basin, Central Africa[13]

Subhaplogroup L3x - East Africa. Ethiopian Oromos[14], Somalis[15] and Egyptians[Note 1][16]

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup L3 subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.


Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

  • L1-6
    • L2-6
      • L2'3'4'6
        • L3'4'6
          • L3'4
            • L3
              • L3a
              • L3b'f
                • L3b
                  • L3b1
                    • L3b1a
                      • L3b1a1
                      • L3b1a2
                    • L3b1b
                      • L3b1b1
                  • L3b2
                • L3f
                  • L3f1
                    • L3f1a
                    • L3f1b
                      • L3f1b1
                      • L3f1b2
                        • L3f1b2a
                      • 150
                        • L3f1b3
                        • L3f1b4
                          • L3f1b4a
                            • L3f1b4a1
                  • L3f2
                    • L3f2b
                  • L3f3
              • L3c'd'j
                • L3c
                • L3d
                  • L3d1-5
                    • L3d1
                      • L3d1a
                        • L3d1a1
                          • L3d1a1a
                      • L3d1b
                        • L3d1b1
                      • L3d1c
                      • L3d1d
                    • 199
                      • L3d2
                      • L3d5
                    • L3d3
                      • L3d3a
                    • L3d4
                    • L3d5
                • L3j
              • L3e'i'k'x
                • L3e
                  • L3e1
                    • L3e1a
                      • L3e1a1
                        • L3e1a1a
                      • 152
                        • L3e1a2
                        • L3e1a3
                    • L3e1b
                    • L3e1c
                    • L3e1d
                    • L3e1e
                  • L3e2
                    • L3e2a
                      • L3e2a1
                        • L3e2a1a
                        • L3e2a1b
                          • L3e2a1b1
                    • L3e2b
                      • L3e2b1
                        • L32b1a
                      • L3e2b2
                      • L3e2b3
                  • L3e3'4'5
                    • L3e3'4
                      • L3e3
                        • L3e3a
                        • L3e3b
                          • L3e3b1
                        • L3e4
                    • L3e5
                • L3i
                  • L3i1
                    • L3i1a
                    • L3i1b
                  • L3i2
                • L3k
                • L3x
                  • L3x1
                  • L3x2
                    • L3x2a
                      • L3x2a1
                        • L3x2a1a
                    • L3x2b
              • L3h
                • L3h1
                  • L3h1a
                    • L3h1a1
                    • L3h1a2
                      • L3h1a2a
                      • L3h1a2b
                  • L3h1b
                    • L3h1b1
                      • L3h1b1a
                        • L3h1b1a1
                    • L3h1b2
                • L3h2
              • M
              • N

References

  1. ^ a b Tishkoff et al., Whole-mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages, Mol. Biol. Evol, 24(3):757-68. 2007
  2. ^ Salas et al. (2002), The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape, Am J Hum Genet. 2002 November; 71(5): 1082–1111
  3. ^ a b van Oven, Mannis (13 Oct 2008). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. Retrieved 2009-05-20. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Wallace DC et al. (2000), Origin of haplogroup M in Ethiopia, Am J Hum Genet 67(Suppl):217
  5. ^ Wallace et al., Mitochondrial DNA variation in human evolution and disease, Gene, 1999 Sep 30;238(1):211-30
  6. ^ Maca-Meyer et al. (2001), Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions, BMC Genetics 2001, 2:13
  7. ^ https://www.cambridgedna.com/genealogy-dna-ancient-migrations-slideshow.php?view=step3
  8. ^ Behar et al. (2008), The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity
  9. ^ Anderson, S. 2006, Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of African mitochondrial DNA variation.
  10. ^ Bandelt, H.J (nov 2001). "Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial haplogroup L3e: a snapshot of African prehistory and Atlantic slave trade". Annals of Human Genetics. 65 (6): 549–563. doi:PMID+11851985+10.1017. PMID 11851985. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check |doi= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ Plaza, Stéphanie (2004 Oct). "Insights into the western Bantu dispersal: mtDNA lineage analysis in Angola" (online). Human Genetics. 115 (5): 439–447. doi:10.1007/s00439-004-1164-0. PMID 15340834. Retrieved 11-10-10. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= and |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ K. Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004 June. "Mitochondrial DNA Heterogeneity in Tunisian Berbers" Annals of Human Genetics 68:3, 230
  13. ^ Černý; et al. (2009). "Migration of Chadic speaking pastoralists within Africa based on population structure of Chad Basin and phylogeography of mitochondrial L3f haplogroup". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9 (63): 2. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first1= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Kivisild, Toomas (Nov 2004). "Ethiopian Mitochondrial DNA Heritage: Tracking Gene Flow Across and Around the Gate of Tears". The American Society of Human Genetics. 75 (5): 752–770. doi:10.1086/425161. PMC 1182106. PMID 15457403. Retrieved 2010-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Watson, Elizabeth (06 Sept 1997). "Mitochondrial Footprints of Human Expansions in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (3): 691–704. doi:10.1086/515503. PMC 1715955. PMID 9326335. Retrieved 2010-09-01. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Stevanovitch, A (04 Jun 2004). "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt" (Online). Annals of Human Genetics. 68 (1). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons: 23–39. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x. PMID 14748828. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Notes

  1. ^ GUR46 on table 1. is a mtDNA haplogroup L3x2a.

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

External links


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