Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates
 | This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. (July 2018) |
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The diplomatic foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates are conducted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.
The United Arab Emirates has broad diplomatic and commercial relations with most countries of the world. It plays a significant role in OPEC, and is one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The United Arab Emirates is a member of the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies, as well as the World Bank, IMF, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Also, it is an observer in the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie. Most countries have diplomatic missions in the capital Abu Dhabi with most consulates being in United Arab Emirates's largest and most populous city, Dubai.
Multilateral relations
UAE has joined the United Nations and the Arab League and has established diplomatic relations with more than 60 countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, Pakistan, Russia, India, Nepal, United States, and most Western European countries. It has played a moderate role within the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), the United Nations, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
The UAE believes that the Arab League needs to be restructured to become a viable institution, and would like to increase the strength and interoperability of the GCC defense forces.
The UAE is a member of the following international organizations: UN and several of its specialized agencies (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO); World Bank, IMF, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), OPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
In October 2010, the UAE was granted observer status at the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie[1]
As a result of the foreign policy of the UAE, the Emirati passport became the largest individual climber in Henley & Partners Passport Index in 2018 over the past decade, increasing its global rank by 28 places.[2] According to the Henley Passport Index, as of 28 March 2019, Emirati citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 165 countries and territories, ranking the Emirati passport 21st in the world in terms of travel freedom.[3]
Africa
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Algeria |
6 July 1973 | See Algeria–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Central African Republic |
22 May 2009 |
|
 Egypt |
10 January 1972, severed diplomatic relations from 25 April 1979, Restored 11 November 1987 | See Egypt–United Arab Emirates relations
Since the establishment of UAE in 1971, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates relations were always at a good level and developing at an unprecedented rate. The bond of friendship between the leaders of both countries has reflected on the growing political, economic and cultural ties between them, as a result, UAE ranks first among Arab and foreign countries investing in Egypt.[4] UAE and Egypt maintain a close economic ties and maintain trade between the two countries with imports and exports between the two sides. |
 Eritrea |
28 June 1993[5] | |
 Ivory Coast |
30 May 1994 | |
 Kenya |
5 June 1982 | See Kenya–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Liberia |
6 May 2009 |
|
 Libya |
24 May 1972 |
The UAE maintains a forward operating base at the Al-Khadim Airport, near Marj.[7][8] |
 Mali |
18 August 1981 | |
 Sierra Leone |
21 October 1982 |
|
 Senegal |
23 July 1973 |
The United Arab Emirates established an embassy in Dakar in March 2018, which was unveiled by Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan.[9] The Abu Dhabi Fund for Development loaned Senegal $13 million to invest in rural solar energy.[9] |
 Somalia |
29 November 1972 | See Somalia–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Somaliland |
See Somaliland–United Arab Emirates relations | |
 Tanzania |
24 November 1974 | See Tanzania–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Tunisia |
14 June 1972 | See Tunisia–United Arab Emirates relations |
Americas
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Argentina |
27 February 1974 |
|
 Barbados |
8 January 1996 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 January 1996.[12] |
 Belize |
10 December 1991[13] |
|
 Brazil |
10 June 1974 | |
 Canada |
2 February 1974 | See Canada–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Chile |
23 June 1978 |
|
 Colombia |
1 January 1976 |
|
 Mexico |
12 September 1975 | See Mexico–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Peru |
17 June 1986 | |
 United States |
20 March 1972 | See United Arab Emirates–United States relations
The UAE's strategic relationship with the United States dates back to the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Subsequent to joining the military effort, the two countries signed an agreement in late 1992 permitting the United States to use some UAE bases temporarily and to pre-position supplies on UAE territory.[21] Since 25 July 1994, a formal Defense Cooperation Agreement has been in place.[22] Ten years later, despite publicly opposing the US led war in Iraq, the UAE permitted a minimal amount of US forces to support the operation from the Al Dhafra air base, Jebel Ali, and naval facilities at Fujairah. Enhancing security relations, has been a US arms sale in March 2000 to the Emirates, valued at $8 billion and included over $2 billion worth of weapons, munitions, and services.[23] A nuclear deal was signed between the US and the UAE meant to supply nuclear technology, expertise and fuel. Despite international opposition to neighboring Iran's nuclear developments, the US is confident of the UAE's compliance with the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards to refrain from enriching uranium and extracting plutonium.[24] It firmly believes this agreement "has the potential to usher in an era of responsible nuclear-energy development throughout the Middle East.”[25] Commercially, the UAE is also the States' largest export market in the Middle East constituting $11.6 billion in exports annually. In March 2005, the US opened negotiations on a free trade agreement and despite intermittent depreciation of currencies in the Persian Gulf area, the UAE dirham remains pegged to the dollar.[26] The two countries have also maintained close ties through an exchange of cultural and educational partnerships which include the Guggenheim Museum, and a number of American Universities opening campuses in the Emirates.[27]
|
 Uruguay |
1 April 1980 |
|
Asia
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan |
6 April 1973 | See Afghanistan–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Armenia |
25 June 1998 |
|
 Azerbaijan
|
1 September 1992 |
|
 Bahrain |
25 August 1992 | See Bahrain–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Bangladesh |
9 March 1974 |
The diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates are strong. The UAE is 2nd largest remittance country for Bangladesh after Saudi Arabia. The UAE also funds a lot of projects in Bangladesh. |
 China |
1 November 1984 | See China–United Arab Emirates relations
Over the years, the relations between the UAE and China intensified, causing increasing issues with an important western ally, the US. From the Chinese technology to crude oil and to COVID-19 vaccine, the Emirates began to expand its reliance on China.[30] In 2021, the US raised multiple warnings for the Emirates to move back in its growing relations with China. The Biden administration pushed the Emirates to abandon Huawei's telecommunication network, which was a potential threat to a crucial deal of F-35 fighter jet and other military equipment between the UAE and US.[31] The US also warned the Emirates of a military facility that was secretly being built by China at a port near Abu Dhabi. The US intelligence warnings and multiple trips by the American officials to the UAE let to a halt in the construction of the facility.[32]
|
 Georgia |
20 October 1992 |
Diplomatic relations between Georgia and the UAE were initiated on 20 October 1992.[37] The countries are represented in each other through embassies.[37] |
 India |
23 February 1972 | See India–United Arab Emirates relations
UAE enjoys close economic and cultural relations with India. Close maritime contact between India and the Arabian Peninsula date back to 3rd and 2nd millennium BC.[38] and textile and spice trade between the two countries flourished during most of 1st millennium AD.[39] The discovery of oil allowed the UAE to increase and diversify its trade relations with India. UAE and India are each other's main trading partners. The trade totals over $75 billion (AED275.25 billion).[40] During the first half of 2010, non-oil trade between India and the UAE stood at US$20.4 billion.[41] UAE is home to more than 1.75 million Indian expatriates, making Indians the second largest ethnic group in the nation.[42]
|
 Indonesia |
1976 | See Indonesia–United Arab Emirates relations
The diplomatic relations between Indonesia and United Arab Emirates are friendly and cordial since they were established in 1976. Both Muslim majority countries, they each recognize the other's important role its respective region. Indonesia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi, while the United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are partners in multilateral organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Indonesia uses the UAE as the main gate to enter the Persian Gulf and Middle East market, Indonesia's export to UAE is the largest in the Middle East. Indonesian Government has established the trade and investment representative office to promote its products in United Arab Emirates and the entire Middle East region. |
 Iran |
28 October 1972 | See Iran–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Iraq |
30 April 1972 | See Iraq–United Arab Emirates relations
The 1990 Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait were a shock to the UAE.[21] For the UAE, the crisis over Kuwait demonstrated a lack of Arab unity on a critical Arab issue.[21] The UAE joined the Arab states that opposed the Iraqi invasion and supported the use of force to compel Iraq's withdrawal of troops from Kuwait.[21] Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the UAE opposed the US-led invasion. In June 2008, the Iraqi government announced that the United Arab Emirates would send an ambassador to Baghdad within a few days. This would become the first Arab ambassador in Iraq since the kidnapping and murder of the Egyptian Ambassador Ihab el-Sherif in July 2005. This announcement was made during a surprise visit by the United Arab Emirates' Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Baghdad on 5 June 2008. This marked the first time a high-ranking official from a Gulf state visited Iraq since March 2003.[44][45] On 31 July 2007 following Iraq victory of the Asian Cup, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, vice-president and prime minister of the UAE awarded the Iraq national football team 20 million Dhs, ($5.2 million) for capturing the Asian Cup for the first time in the country's history.[46] |
 Israel |
15 September 2020[47] | See Israel–United Arab Emirates relations
The Abraham Agreement has opened a new window of opportunity for normalization between Israel and the UAE. However, some analysts, such as Salem Al Ketbi, reject "zero-sum arguments" and suggest that relations with Israel and Iran do not preclude each other.[48] |
 Japan |
4 May 1972 |
Diplomatic relations between UAE and Japan were established as early as UAE's independence in December 1971.[49] The two countries had always enjoyed friendly ties and trade between each other, exports from UAE to Japan include crude oil and natural gas and imports from Japan to UAE include cars and electronics items.[49] |
 Jordan
|
1972 | Jordan was the first country to recognize UAE after forming the union in 1971. The first commander in Chief in the UAE military was Jordanian, and the first commander in Zayed Military college was Jordanian as well. Making Jordan effectively one of a key partners of forming the UAE.[50]
The relationship between UAE and Jordan dates to the 1950s, before UAE gain independence and form the union. Jordan at the time used to aid UAE with educational, military, and health care missions, when UAE was still a barren desert.[51] |
 Kuwait |
8 March 1972 | See Kuwait–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Maldives |
15 March 1978 | |
 Malaysia |
11 September 1974 | See Malaysia–United Arab Emirates relations
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.[52] The countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.[53] In 2005 Malaysia's export to the UAE stood at Dh7 billion. Main export items were gold and jewellery, wood products (furniture and parts), palm oil, petroleum products and electrical appliances. In 2007, trade between Malaysia and UAE was worth MYR 14.56 billion making UAE, Malaysia's largest trading partner in West Asia as well as Malaysia being the 10th largest exporter to UAE.[54] In 2009, Malaysian ambassador Datuk Yahaya Abdul Jabar said total trade between Malaysia and UAE from January to November stood at RM19.5 billion. Malaysia's main exports to the UAE are jewellery, consumer electronics and palm oil.[55] |
 North Korea |
19 September 2007[56] (relations suspended on 12 October 2017)[57] | |
 Oman |
April 1973 | See Oman–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Pakistan |
13 January 1972 | See Pakistan–United Arab Emirates relations
Pakistan and the UAE are very close allies with extremely close relations based on cultural affinities and shared faith. These relations date back to the UAE's formation in 1971, and have since developed into wide-ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan.[58] Sheikh Zayed International Airport in Rahim Yar Khan, in the Punjab province of Pakistan is an example of UAE's economic assistance as the late president and the founder of the UAE Sheikh Zayed donated the airport to the government of Pakistan. UAE has emerged as one of Pakistan's major economic and trading partners. A large number of Pakistani expatriates, numbering nearly 1.2 million are gainfully employed in UAE.[citation needed] |
 Qatar |
January 1976, diplomatic relations were severed 5 June 2017 | See Qatar–United Arab Emirates relations
The UAE alongside multiple Middle Eastern and African countries cut diplomatic ties with Qatar in June 2017 due to allegations of Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism, resulting in the Qatar diplomatic crisis. Ties were restored in January 2021.[59] |
 Saudi Arabia |
21 August 1974 | See Saudi Arabia–United Arab Emirates relations |
 South Korea |
18 June 1980[60] | |
 Sri Lanka |
19 July 1979 | See Sri Lanka-United Arab Emirates relations |
 Thailand |
12 December 1975 |
|
 Turkey |
21 March 1973 | See Turkey–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
|
Northern Cyprus has a Representative Office in Abu Dhabi.[61] | |
 Vietnam |
1 August 1993 | See United Arab Emirates–Vietnam relations
|
Europe
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Albania |
3 June 1992 | |
 Austria |
| |
 Denmark |
18 January 1975 | See Denmark–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Estonia |
28 March 2006 | See Estonia–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Finland |
21 February 1975 |
|
 France |
5 January 1972 | See France–United Arab Emirates relations
The UAE's relationship with France has been strategically important as it negotiated a defence cooperation agreement and remains one of the country's primary providers of military material.[62] France and the UAE have signed a defence cooperation agreement in order to diversity its procurement from solely the US.[62] Culturally, as the Sorbonne and Louvre are both establishing extensions in the UAE,[63] a plan is in the works to recreate a miniature Lyon city in Dubai complete with public squares, restaurants and museums.[64] On 25 May 2009, the French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited the UAE, Abu Dhabi where he along with UAE's president Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan formally opened a French military base in the United Arab Emirates. This would become France's first permanent base in the Persian Gulf, hosting up to 500 French troops.[65] In addition to the inauguration of Peace Camp, Nicolas Sarkozy visited the site of a Louvre Museum branch which France is opening in the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, said that the co-operation with France is a top priority for the UAE's foreign policy.[66] |
 Germany |
17 May 1972 | See Germany–United Arab Emirates relations
German exports amount to 5.84 billion Euros.[67] German companies significantly contribute to the UAE's ongoing infrastructure projects and play a leading role in the country's alternative energy developments.[68] Consequently, German Business Park, an area designed to house several of the already seven hundred present companies and their logistical needs, is in the midst of construction.[69] |
 Greece |
November 1973 | See Greece–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Ireland |
8 October 1974 |
|
 Kosovo |
14 October 2008[70][71] | See Kosovo–United Arab Emirates relations |
 Netherlands |
24 May 1972 |
|
 North Macedonia |
27 May 1996 | |
 Poland |
4 September 1989 | See Poland–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Russia |
13 November 1985 | See Russia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Serbia |
21 March 2007 (before 15 November 1986) | See Serbia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Spain |
10 November 1972 | See Spain–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 Ukraine |
15 October 1992 | |
 United Kingdom |
6 December 1971 | See United Arab Emirates–United Kingdom relations
|
Oceania
| Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
|---|---|---|
 Australia |
16 March 1975 | See Australia–United Arab Emirates relations
|
 New Zealand |
20 May 1985 |
|
 Solomon Islands |
29 April 2010 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 2010.[78] |
 Tuvalu |
29 March 2010 |
The UAE and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 29 March 2010.[79] |
Territorial disputes
- Location and status of boundary with Saudi Arabia is not final, de facto boundary reflects 1974 agreement; no defined boundary with most of Oman, but Administrative Line in far north;
- UAE claims two islands through the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah in the Persian Gulf that are currently controlled by Iran: Lesser Tunb (called Tunb as Sughra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Kuchak in Persian by Iran) and Greater Tunb (called Tunb al Kubra in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Tonb-e Bozorg in Persian by Iran);
- UAE claims an island through the Emirate of Sharjah in the Persian Gulf that is currently administered by Iran (called Abu Musa in Arabic by UAE and Jazireh-ye Abu Musa in Persian by Iran) - over which Iran has taken steps to exert unilateral control since 1992, including access restrictions and a military build-up on the island.
See also
- List of diplomatic missions in the United Arab Emirates
- List of diplomatic missions of the United Arab Emirates
- Visa requirements for United Arab Emirati citizens
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External links
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