List of female United States Cabinet Secretaries
The United States Cabinet has had 25 female officers. No woman held a Cabinet position before the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which prohibits states and the federal government from denying any citizen the right to vote because of that citizen's sex.[1] Frances Perkins was the first woman to serve in the Cabinet; she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 1933 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.[2][3] In 1953, Oveta Culp Hobby became the second woman to serve in the Cabinet,[4] when she was named head of the then newly formed Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in 1953.[5] This department was subdivided into the departments of Education and Health and Human Services in 1979.[5] Patricia Roberts Harris, who was Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare before the department split and had earlier served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1977, became the first female Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979. Harris was also the first African American woman to serve in the Cabinet.[6]
Former North Carolina Senator Elizabeth Dole is the first woman to have served in two different Cabinet positions in two different administrations. She was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as Secretary of Transportation in 1983, and was the Secretary of Labor during the tenure of George H. W. Bush—Reagan's successor.[7] Czechoslovakia-born Madeleine Albright became the first foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of State in 1997.[a][8] Her appointment also made her the highest-ranking female Cabinet member at that time.[b][8] Condoleezza Rice was appointed Secretary of State in 2005, and thus became the highest-ranking woman in the United States presidential line of succession in history.[9] In 2006, Nancy Pelosi replaced Rice as the highest-ranking woman in line when she was elected Speaker of the House.[10][11] President George W. Bush appointed six women to Cabinet-level positions, the most of any Presidency.
In 2009, President Barack Obama named four women to the Cabinet—former Arizona governor Janet Napolitano as Secretary of Homeland Security, former First Lady and New York Senator Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State, former California Representative Hilda Solis as Secretary of Labor, and former Kansas governor Kathleen Sebelius as Secretary of Health and Human Services.[12][13][14][15] Clinton became the first First Lady to serve in the Cabinet and the third female Secretary of State.[13] Napolitano became the first female Secretary of Homeland Security.[12]
The Department of Labor has had the most female Secretaries with seven.[16] The departments of Health and Human Services and State follow with three, and the departments of Commerce, Education, Housing and Urban Development and Transportation have each had two.[16] The defunct Department of Health, Education, and Welfare has also had two female Secretaries.[16] The three existing departments of Defense, Treasury, and Veteran Affairs have not had women Secretaries.[17][18][19]
Contents |
[edit] Female Secretaries
[edit] Current departments
Numerical order represents the seniority of the Secretaries in the United States presidential line of succession.
* denotes the first female secretary of that particular department.
[edit] Defunct departments
The departments are listed in order of their establishment (earliest first).
* denotes the first female secretary of that particular department.
| Secretary | # | Position | Year appointed |
Party | Administration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| —[f] | 1 | Postmaster General | —[f] | —[f] | —[f] | — |
| —[g] | 2 | Secretary of the Navy | —[g] | —[g] | —[g] | — |
| —[h] | 3 | Secretary of War | —[h] | —[h] | —[h] | — |
| —[i] | 4 | Secretary of Commerce and Labor | —[i] | —[i] | —[i] | — |
| Oveta Culp Hobby* | 5 | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare | 1953 | Republican | Dwight D. Eisenhower | [4] |
| Patricia Roberts Harris | 5 | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare | 1979 | Democratic | Jimmy Carter | [6] |
[edit] See also
- List of African American United States Cabinet Secretaries
- List of foreign-born United States Cabinet Secretaries
[edit] Notes
- a Elaine Chao became the second foreign-born woman to serve in the Cabinet when she was appointed Secretary of Labor in 2001.[30]
- b The Secretary of State, as the most senior Cabinet position, is the first Cabinet member in the line of succession and the fourth overall.[11] Albright was ineligible to serve in the line of succession due to her foreign birth.[11][38]
- c The Department of the Treasury was established in 1789; no woman has served yet.[17]
- d The Department of Defense was established in 1947; no woman has served yet.[18]
- e The Department of Veterans Affairs was established in 1989; no woman has served yet.[19]
- f The Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, by the 1970 Postal Reorganization Act. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[39]
- g The Secretary of the Navy ceased to be a member of the Cabinet when the Department of the Navy was absorbed into the Department of Defense in 1947. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post. Susan Livingstone was the first woman to serve in that post from 2001 to 2003 when it is a position beneath the Secretary of Defense.[40][41]
- h The position of Secretary of War became defunct when the Department of War became the Department of Defense in 1947. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[40]
- i The position of Secretary of Commerce and Labor became defunct when the Department of Commerce and Labor was subdivided into two separate entities in 1913. No woman had ever served while it was a Cabinet post.[42]
[edit] References
- ^ "The Constitution of the United States: Amendments 11–27". National Archives and Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Frances Perkins, The First Woman In Cabinet, Is Dead". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). May 15, 1965. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0916FF3D5F147A93C7A8178ED85F418685F9. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Villard, Oswald G. (December 8, 2008). "Roosevelt to Appoint First-Ever Female Cabinet Member". The Nation. http://www.thenation.com/article/roosevelt-appoint-first-ever-female-cabinet-member. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Barron, James (August 17, 1995). "Oveta Culp Hobby, Founder of the WACs And First Secretary of Health, Dies at 90". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE3D71531F934A2575BC0A963958260. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Historical Highlights". United States Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.hhs.gov/about/hhshist.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c d "Patricia Roberts Harris". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255927/Patricia-Roberts-Harris. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Dole, Elizabeth Hanford, (1936 – )". United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=d000601. Retrieved January 13, 2009.
- ^ a b "Albright: Lift 'foreign' presidents bar". BBC News (British Broadcasting Corporation). September 19, 2000. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/931993.stm. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ a b "Condoleezza Rice". White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/rice-bio.html. Retrieved November 14, 2008.
- ^ "Pelosi, Nancy, (1940 – )". United States Congress. http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=P000197. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c "U.S. Code: Title 3, 19. Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act". Cornell University Law School. http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/3/19.html. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
- ^ a b c Hulse, Carl (January 20, 2009). "Obama Is Sworn In as the 44th President". The New York Times (The New York Times Company): p. 2. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/21/us/politics/20web-inaug2.html?pagewanted=2. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ a b c Stout, David (January 21, 2009). "Clinton Is Approved, but Vote on Holder Is Delayed". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/us/politics/22holder.html?hp. Retrieved January 21, 2009.
- ^ a b "Senate Confirms Solis as Labor Secretary". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). February 25, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/25/us/politics/25solis.html. Retrieved February 25, 2009.
- ^ a b Pear, Robert (April 28, 2009). "Senate Confirms Sebelius as Health Secretary". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/28/senate-confirms-sebelius-to-hhs-secretary/. Retrieved April 28, 2009.
- ^ a b c "Women Appointed to Presidential Cabinets" (PDF). Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey. http://www.cawp.rutgers.edu/fast_facts/levels_of_office/documents/prescabinet.pdf. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ a b "History of the Treasury: Secretaries of the Treasury". United States Department of the Treasury. http://www.treasury.gov/about/history/Pages/edu_history_secretary_index.aspx. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ a b "Histories of the Secretaries of Defense". United States Department of Defense. http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/. Retrieved November 8, 2008.
- ^ a b "Fact Sheet: Facts About the Department of Veterans Affairs". United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Archived from the original on April 30, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080430091112/http://www1.va.gov/opa/fact/vafacts.asp. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison (December 6, 1996). "Albright to Head State Dept.; Republican in Top Defense Job". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E0DD143FF935A35751C1A960958260. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Berke, Richard L. (February 12, 1993). "Clinton Picks Miami Woman, Veteran State Prosecutor, to be his Attorney General". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C02E0DD143FF935A35751C1A960958260. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Alvarez, Lizette (January 31, 2001). "Senate Confirms Nominees For E.P.A. and Interior Posts". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE7D61F3FF932A05752C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ "Press Release: Secretary-General Appoints Ann M. Veneman, United States Secretary of Agriculture, as Executive Director of United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)". United Nations. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2005/sga905.doc.htm. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Charlton, Linda (December 21, 1976). "Juanita Morris Kreps". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A1EFA3F5E1B7493C3AB1789D95F428785F9. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Bradsher, Keith (December 27, 1991). "Bush Picks Nominee For Commerce Post". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE6DF1638F934A15751C1A967958260. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ^ "The Honorable Barbara Hackman Franklin" (PDF). United States Securities and Exchange Commission. May 2006. http://www.sec.gov/spotlight/soxcomp/bios/2006/biobhfranklin.pdf. Retrieved November 18, 2008.
- ^ "Panel Backs McLaughlin". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). December 10, 1987. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDD1F39F933A25751C1A961948260. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Neil (December 15, 1990). "Woman in the News: Judith Lynn Morley Martin; For Labor, a Bush Loyalist". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE3D7153BF936A25751C1A966958260. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Gray, Jerry (May 1, 1997). "After Impasse, Senate Confirms Clinton's Choice for Labor Post". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E2D71131F932A35756C0A961958260. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ a b "About Secretary of Labor Elaine L. Chao". United States Department of Labor. http://www.dol.gov/_sec/media/announcements/bio-chao.pdf. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ "Margaret Heckler Takes Oath as U.S. Secretary of Health". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). March 10, 1983. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20E15FC3F5D0C738DDDAA0894DB484D81. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Toner, Robin (January 16, 2001). "Before Leaving Health Agency, Shalala Offers a Little Advice on a Big Job". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/16/politics/16SHAL.html?ex=1231736400&en=35173d6de7845025&ei=5070. Retrieved February 22, 2011.
- ^ Madden, Richard L. (March 11, 1975). "Ford Praises Mrs. Hills as Oath is Administered". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20616F63F551B7493C3A81788D85F418785F9. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Hauser, Christine (September 5, 2006). "Bush Nominates New Transportation Secretary". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/05/washington/05cnd-peters.html. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- ^ Ifill, Gwen (December 21, 1992). "Clinton to Select Woman as Energy Secretary, His Aides Say". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED6113FF932A15751C1A964958260. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ "Secretary of Education Is Confirmed by 81 to 2". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). December 1, 1979. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40D12FD3F5C12728DDDA80894DA415B898BF1D3. Retrieved November 9, 2008.
- ^ Schemo, Diana Jean (November 18, 2004). "Bush Nominates a Close Adviser for Top Education Post". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405EED6133FF93BA25752C1A9629C8B63. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
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