Jump to content

Netscape

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Netscape Now)
This article is about the company. For the web browser, see Netscape (web browser).
Not to be confused with Netspace or Medscape.
Netscape
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryInternet, software, & telecommunication
FoundedApril 4, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-04-04)
FounderMark Andreessen and Jim Clark
DefunctMarch 1, 2008 (2008-03-01)
Headquarters
United States
Key people
James L. Barksdale (CEO)
ProductsInternet suite
Web browser
Internet service provider
Web portal
Number of employees
2,500 (1999)[1]
ParentAOL
Websiteisp.netscape.com

Netscape Communications Corporation (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation) was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California, and then Dulles, Virginia.[2] Its Netscape web browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors in the first browser war, with its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s[3] to less than one percent in 2006.[4] An early Netscape employee, Brendan Eich, created the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages. A founding engineer of Netscape, Lou Montulli, created HTTP cookies. The company also developed SSL which was used for securing online communications before its successor TLS took over.[5]

Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when the company was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US$10 billion.[6][7] In February 1998, approximately one year prior to its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the source code for its browser and created the Mozilla Organization to coordinate future development of its product.[8] The Mozilla Organization rewrote the entire browser's source code based on the Gecko rendering engine,[9] and all future Netscape releases were based on this rewritten code. When AOL scaled back its involvement with Mozilla Organization in the early 2000s, the Organization proceeded to establish the Mozilla Foundation in July 2003 to ensure its continued independence with financial and other assistance from AOL.[10] The Gecko engine is used to power the Mozilla Foundation's Firefox browser.

In addition to browsers, Netscape developed a suite of award-winning server software, known as SuiteSpot, to power enterprise Internet and Intranet websites, forums, and email; e-commerce software; and a consumer web portal named Netcenter. Netscape's browser development continued until December 2007, when AOL announced that the company would stop supporting it by early 2008.[11][12] As of 2024, AOL continues to use the Netscape brand to market a discount Internet service provider, which itself continues to provide a Chromium-based web browser called Netscape, developed by UK security firm SentryBay.[13][14][15][16][better source needed]

History

[edit]

Early years

[edit]

Netscape Communications wants you to forget all the highway metaphors you've ever heard about the Internet. Instead, think about an encyclopedia—one with unlimited, graphically rich pages, connections to E-mail and files, and access to Internet newsgroups and online shopping.

—Netscape Navigator, Macworld (May 1995)[17]

Netscape was the first company to attempt to capitalize on the emerging World Wide Web.[18][19] It was founded under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation on April 4, 1994, the brainchild of Jim Clark who had recruited Marc Andreessen as co-founder and Kleiner Perkins as investors. The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about a product that was similar to Nintendo.[20] Clark recruited other early team members from SGI and NCSA Mosaic. Jim Barksdale came on board as CEO in January 1995.[19] Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen originally created a 20-page concept pitch for an online gaming network to Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 console, but a deal was never reached. Marc Andreessen explains, "If they had shipped a year earlier, we probably would have done that instead of Netscape."[21]

The company's first product was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13, 1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market.[20] It became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic.[20] This browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator, and the company took the "Netscape" name (coined by employee Greg Sands,[19] although it was also a trademark of Cisco Systems[22]) on November 14, 1994,[23] to avoid trademark ownership problems with NCSA, where the initial Netscape employees had previously created the NCSA Mosaic web browser. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code.[24] The internal codename for the company's browser was Mozilla, which stood for "Mosaic killer", as the company's goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the world's number one web browser.[25] A cartoon Godzilla-like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus,[26] which went well with the theme of crushing the competition. The Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscape's website in the company's early years. However, the need to project a more "professional" image (especially towards corporate clients) led to this being removed.

Initial public offering (IPO)

[edit]
The original green and purple Mozilla mascot, a Godzilla-like lizard which represented the company's goal of producing the browser that would be the "Mosaic killer"

On August 9, 1995, Netscape made an extremely successful IPO, only sixteen months after the company was formed. The stock was set to be offered at US$14 per share, but a last-minute decision doubled the initial offering to US$28 per share. The stock's value soared to US$75 during the first day of trading, nearly a record for first-day gain. The stock closed at US$58.25, which gave Netscape a market value of US$2.9 billion. While it was somewhat unusual for a company to go public prior to becoming profitable, Netscape's revenues had, in fact, doubled every quarter in 1995.[27] The success of this IPO subsequently inspired the use of the term "Netscape moment" to describe a high-visibility IPO that signals the dawn of a new industry.[28][29] During this period, Netscape also pursued a publicity strategy (crafted by Rosanne Siino, then head of public relations) packaging Andreessen as the company's "rock star."[30] The events of this period ultimately landed Andreessen, barefoot, on the cover of Time magazine.[31] The IPO also helped kickstart widespread investment in internet companies that created the dot-com bubble.[32]

It is alleged that several Microsoft executives visited the Netscape campus in June 1995 to propose dividing the market (an allegation denied by Microsoft and, if true, would have breached antitrust laws), which would have allowed Microsoft to produce web browser software for Windows while leaving all other operating systems to Netscape.[33] Netscape refused the proposition. Microsoft released version 1.0 of Internet Explorer as a part of the Windows 95 Plus Pack add-on. According to former Spyglass developer Eric Sink, Internet Explorer was based not on NCSA Mosaic as commonly believed, but on a version of Mosaic developed at Spyglass[34] (which itself was based upon NCSA Mosaic).

This period of time would become known as the browser wars. Netscape Navigator was not free to the general public until January 1998,[35] while Internet Explorer and Internet Information Server have always been free or came bundled with an operating system and/or other applications. Meanwhile, Netscape faced increasing criticism for "featuritis" – putting a higher priority on adding new features than on making their products work properly. Netscape experienced its first bad quarter at the end of 1997 and underwent a large round of layoffs in January 1998. Former Netscape executives Mike Homer and Peter Currie have described this period as "hectic and crazy" and that the company was undone by factors both internal and external.[36] In January 1998, Netscape started the open source Mozilla project.[37] Netscape publicly released the source code of Netscape Communicator 5.0 under the Netscape Public License, which was similar to the GNU General Public License but allowed Netscape to continue to publish proprietary work containing the publicly released code.

The United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust case against Microsoft in May 1998. Netscape was not a plaintiff in the case, though its executives were subpoenaed and it contributed much material to the case, including the entire contents of the 'Bad Attitude' internal discussion forum.[38]

Acquisition by America Online

[edit]

On November 24, 1998, America Online (AOL) announced it would acquire Netscape Communications in a tax-free stock-swap valued at US$4.2 billion.[39][40] By the time the deal closed on March 17, 1999, it was valued at US$10 billion.[6][7] This merger was ridiculed by many who believed that the two corporate cultures could not possibly mesh; one of its most prominent critics was longtime Netscape developer Jamie Zawinski.[41]

Disbanding

[edit]

During Netscape's acquisition by AOL, joint development and marketing of Netscape software products would occur through the Sun-Netscape Alliance. In the newly branded iPlanet, the software included "messaging and calendar, collaboration, web, application, directory, and certificate servers", as well as "production-ready applications for e-commerce, including commerce exchange, procurement, selling, and billing."[42] In March 2002, when the alliance was ended, "iPlanet became a division of Sun... Sun retained the intellectual property rights for all products and the engineering"[43]

On July 15, 2003, Time Warner (formerly AOL Time Warner) disbanded Netscape. Most of the programmers were laid-off, and the Netscape logo was removed from the building.[44] However, the Netscape 7.2 web browser (developed in-house rather than with Netscape staff, with some work outsourced to Sun's Beijing development center[45]) was released by AOL on August 18, 2004.[46]

After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in January 2010, Oracle continued to sell iPlanet branded applications, which originated from Netscape.[47]

Final release of the browser

[edit]
Netscape logo 2005–2007, still used in some portals

The Netscape brand name continued to be used extensively. The company once again had its own programming staff devoted to the development and support for the series of web browsers.[48] Additionally, Netscape also maintained the Propeller web portal, which was a popular social-news site, similar to Digg, which was given a new look in June 2006. AOL marketed a discount ISP service under the Netscape brand name.

A new version of the Netscape browser, Netscape Navigator 9, based on Firefox 2, was released in October 2007. It featured a green and grey interface. In November 2007, IE had 77.4% of the browser market, Firefox 16.0%, and Netscape 0.6%, according to Net Applications, an Internet metrics firm.[49] On December 28, 2007, AOL announced that it would drop support for the Netscape web browser and would no longer develop new releases on February 1, 2008.[11] The date was later extended to March 1[12] to allow a major security update and to add a tool to assist users in migrating to other browsers. These additional features were included in the final version of Netscape Navigator 9 (version 9.0.0.6), released on February 20, 2008.

Software

[edit]
Main article: Netscape (web browser)

Classic releases

[edit]

Netscape Navigator (versions 0.9–4.08)

[edit]
Main article: Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator was Netscape's web browser from versions 1.0–4.8. The first beta versions were released in 1994 and were called Mosaic and later Mosaic Netscape. Then, a legal challenge from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (makers of NCSA Mosaic), which many of Netscape's founders used to develop, led to the name Netscape Navigator. The company's name also changed from Mosaic Communications Corporation to Netscape Communications Corporation.

The browser was easily the most advanced available[citation needed] and so was an instant success, becoming a market leader while still in beta.[20] Netscape's feature-count and market share continued to grow rapidly after version 1.0 was released. Version 2.0 added a full email reader called Netscape Mail, thus transforming Netscape from a single-purpose web browser to an Internet suite. The email client's main distinguishing feature was its ability to display HTML email. During this period, the entire suite was called Netscape Navigator.

Version 3.0 of Netscape (the first beta was codenamed "Atlas") was the first to face any serious competition in the form of Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0.[50] But Netscape remained the most popular browser at that time.

Netscape also released a Gold version of Navigator 3.0 that incorporated WYSIWYG editing with drag and drop between web editor and email components.[51]

Netscape Communicator (versions 4.0–4.8)

[edit]
Netscape Communicator 4.61 for OS/2 Warp
Main article: Netscape Communicator

Netscape 4 addressed the problem of Netscape Navigator being used as both the name of the suite and the browser contained within it by renaming the suite to Netscape Communicator. After five preview releases in 1996–1997, Netscape released the final version of Netscape Communicator in June 1997. This version, more or less based on Netscape Navigator 3 Code, updated and added new features. The new suite was successful, despite increasing competition from Internet Explorer (IE) 4.0 and problems with the outdated browser core. IE was slow and unstable on the Mac platform until version 4.5.[52] Despite this, Apple entered into an agreement with Microsoft to make IE the default browser on new Mac OS installations, a further blow to Netscape's prestige.[53][54][55] The Communicator suite was made up of Netscape Navigator, Netscape Mail & Newsgroups, Netscape Address Book and Netscape Composer (an HTML editor).[56]

On January 22, 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation announced that all future versions of its software would be available free of charge and developed by an open source community, Mozilla.[57] Netscape Communicator 5.0 was announced (codenamed "Gromit"). However, its release was greatly delayed, and meanwhile, there were newer versions of Internet Explorer, starting with version 4. These had more features than the old Netscape version, including better support of HTML 4, CSS, DOM, and ECMAScript; eventually, the more advanced Internet Explorer 5.0 became the market leader.

In October 1998, Netscape Communicator 4.5 was released. It featured various functionality improvements, especially in the Mail and Newsgroups component, but did not update the browser core, whose functionality was essentially identical to that of version 4.08. One month later, Netscape Communications Corporation was bought by AOL. In November, work on Netscape 5.0 was canceled in favor of developing a completely new program from scratch.

Mozilla-based releases

[edit]

Netscape 6 (versions 6.0–6.2.3)

[edit]
Main article: Netscape 6

In 1998, an informal group called the Mozilla Organization was formed and largely funded by Netscape (the vast majority of programmers working on the code were paid by Netscape) to coordinate the development of Netscape 5 (codenamed "Gromit"), which would be based on the Communicator source code. However, the aging Communicator code proved difficult to work with and the decision was taken to scrap Netscape 5 and re-write the source code. The re-written source code was in the form of the Mozilla web browser, on which, with a few additions, Netscape 6 was based.

Netscape 7 (versions 7.0–7.2)

[edit]
Main article: Netscape 7

Netscape 7.0 (based on Mozilla 1.0.1) was released in August 2002 as a direct continuation of Netscape 6 with very similar components. It picked up a few users, but was still very much a minority browser. It did, however, come with the popular Radio@Netscape Internet radio client. AOL had decided to deactivate Mozilla's popup-blocker functionality in Netscape 7.0, which created an outrage in the community. AOL reversed the decision and allowed Netscape to reinstate the popup-blocker for Netscape 7.01. Netscape also introduced a new AOL-free-version (without the usual AOL add-ons) of the browser suite. Netscape 7.1 (codenamed "Buffy" and based on Mozilla 1.4) was released in June 2003.

In 2003, AOL closed down its Netscape division and laid-off or reassigned all of Netscape's employees.[58] Mozilla.org continued, however, as the independent Mozilla Foundation, taking on many of Netscape's ex-employees. AOL continued to develop Netscape in-house (with help from Sun's Beijing development center[45]), but, due to there being no staff committed to it, improvements were minimal. One year later, in August 2004, the last version based on Mozilla was released: Netscape 7.2, based on Mozilla 1.7.2.

After an official poll posted on Netscape's community support board in late 2006, speculation arose of the Netscape 7 series of suites being fully supported and updated by Netscape's in-house development team.[59][60][61]

Mozilla Firefox-based releases

[edit]

Netscape Browser (version 8.0–8.1.3)

[edit]

Between 2005 and 2007, Netscape's releases became known as Netscape Browser. AOL chose to base Netscape Browser on the relatively successful Mozilla Firefox, a re-written version of Mozilla produced by the Mozilla Foundation. This release is not a full Internet suite as before, but is solely a web browser.

Other controversial decisions include the browser only being released for Microsoft Windows and featuring both the Gecko rendering engine of previous releases and the Trident engine used in Internet Explorer, and switching between them based on a "compatibility list" that came with the browser. This effectively exposed users to the security vulnerabilities in both and resulted in a completely different user experience based on which site they were on. Examples are handling of right-to-left or bi-directional text, user interface widgets, bugs and web standards violations in Trident, etc. On top of this, Netscape Browser 8 even broke Internet Explorer's ability to open XML files by damaging a Windows Registry key, and would do so every time it was opened, even if the user fixed it manually.[62]

AOL's acquisition of Netscape Communications in November 1998[63] made it less of a surprise when the company laid off the Netscape team and outsourced development to Mercurial Communications.[when?] Netscape Browser 8.1.3 was released on April 2, 2007, and included general bug fixes identified in versions 8.0–8.1.2[64][65]

Netscape Navigator (version 9.0)

[edit]
Netscape Navigator 9.0

Netscape Navigator 9's features were said to include newsfeed support and become more integrated with the Propeller Internet portal,[66] alongside more enhanced methods of discussion, submission and voting on web pages.[67] It also sees the browser return to multi-platform support across Windows, Linux and Mac OS X.[68] Like Netscape version 8.x, the new release was based upon the popular Mozilla Firefox (version 2.0), and supposedly had full support of all Firefox add-ons and plugins, some of which Netscape was already providing.[69] A beta of the program was first released on June 5, 2007.[70] The final version was released on October 15, 2007. It was the first time the browser was produced in-house with its own programming staff since 2004.[71]

End of development and support

[edit]

AOL officially announced[11][12] that support for Netscape Navigator would end on March 1, 2008, and recommended that its users download either the Flock or Firefox browsers, both of which were based on the same technology.[72]

The decision met mixed reactions from communities, with many arguing that the termination of product support is significantly belated. Internet security site Security Watch stated that a trend of infrequent security updates for AOL's Netscape caused the browser to become a "security liability", specifically the 2005–2007 versions, Netscape Browser 8.[73] Asa Dotzler, one of Firefox's original bug testers, greeted the news with "good riddance" in his blog post, but praised the various members of the Netscape team over the years for enabling the creation of Mozilla in 1998.[74] Others protested and petitioned AOL to continue providing vital security fixes to unknowing or loyal users of its software, as well as protection of a well-known brand.[75][76][77]

Mozilla Thunderbird-based releases

[edit]

Netscape Messenger 9

[edit]
Main article: Netscape Messenger 9

On June 11, 2007, Netscape announced Netscape Mercury, a standalone email and news client that was to accompany Navigator 9. Mercury was based on Mozilla Thunderbird.[78] The product was later renamed Netscape Messenger 9, and an alpha version was released. In December 2007, AOL announced it was canceling Netscape's development of Messenger 9 as well as Navigator 9.

Product list

[edit]

Initial product line

[edit]

Netscape's initial product line consisted of:

  • Netscape Navigator web browser for Windows, Macintosh, OS/2, Unix, and Linux
  • Netsite Communications web server, with a web-based configuration interface[79]
  • Netsite Commerce web server, the Communications server with SSL (https) added
  • Netscape Proxy Server
  • Netscape Merchant System, an e-commerce platform that supported multiple languages & currencies

Later Netscape products

[edit]

Netscape's later products included:

  • Netscape Personal Edition (the browser along with PPP software and an account creation wizard to sign up with an ISP)
  • Netscape Communicator (a suite which included Navigator along with tools for mail, news, calendar, VoIP, and composing web pages, and was bundled with AOL Instant Messenger and RealAudio)
  • Netscape FastTrack and Enterprise web servers
  • Netscape Collabra Server, a NNTP news server acquired in a purchase of Collabra Software, Inc.
  • Netscape Directory Server, an LDAP server
  • Netscape Messaging Server, an IMAP and POP mail server
  • Netscape Certificate Server, for issuing SSL certificates
  • Netscape Calendar Server, for group scheduling
  • Netscape Compass Server, a search engine and spider
  • Netscape Application Server, for designing web applications
  • Netscape Publishing System, for running a commercial site with news articles and charging users per access
  • Netscape Xpert Servers
    • ECxpert – a server for EDI message exchange
    • SellerXpert – B to B Commerce Engine
    • BuyerXpert – eProcurement Engine
    • BillerXpert – Online Bill Paying Engine
    • TradingXpert – HTML EDI transaction frontend
    • CommerceXpert – Online Retail Store engine
  • Radio@Netscape and Radio@Netscape Plus

Propeller

[edit]
Main article: Propeller.com

Between June 2006 and September 2007, AOL operated Netscape's website as social news website similar to Digg. The format did not do well as traffic dropped 55.1 percent between November 2006 and August 2007.[80] In September 2007, AOL reverted Netscape's website to a traditional news portal, and rebranded the social news portal as "Propeller", moving the site to the domain "propeller.com." AOL shut down the Propeller website on October 1, 2010.[80]

[edit]

Netscape operated a search engine, Netscape Search, which now redirects to AOL Search (which itself now merely serves Bing (formerly Google) search results).[81] Another version of Netscape Search was incorporated into Propeller.

Other sites

[edit]

Netscape also operated a number of country-specific Netscape portals, including Netscape Canada among others. The portal of Netscape Germany was shut down in June 2008.[citation needed]

The Netscape Blog was written by Netscape employees discussing the latest on Netscape products and services. Netscape NewsQuake (formerly Netscape Reports) is Netscape's news and opinion blog, including video clips and discussions. As of January 2012, no new posts have been made on either of these blogs since August 2008.

Netscape technologies

[edit]

Netscape created the JavaScript web page scripting language. It also pioneered the development of push technology, which effectively allowed websites to send regular updates of information (weather, stock updates, package tracking, etc.) directly to a user's desktop (aka "webtop"); Netscape's implementation of this was named Netcaster.[82] However, businesses quickly recognized the use of push technology to deliver ads to users, which annoyed them, so Netcaster was short-lived.

Netscape was notable for its cross-platform efforts. Its client software continued to be made available for Windows (3.1, 95, 98, NT), Macintosh, Linux, OS/2, BeOS, and many versions of Unix including DEC, Sun Solaris, BSDI, IRIX, IBM AIX, and HP-UX. Its server software generally was only available for Unix and Windows NT, though some of its servers were made available on Linux, and a version of Netscape FastTrack Server was made available for Windows 95/98. Today, most of Netscape's server offerings live on as the Sun Java System, formerly under the Sun ONE branding. Although Netscape Browser 8 was Windows only, multi-platform support exists in the Netscape Navigator 9 series of browsers.[38]

Current services

[edit]

Netscape Internet Service

[edit]

Netscape ISP was a dial-up Internet service once offered at US$9.95 per month.[83] The company served web pages in a compressed format to increase effective speeds up to 1300 kbit/s (average 500 kbit/s). The Internet service provider was later run by Verizon under the Netscape brand. The low-cost ISP was officially launched on January 8, 2004.[84]

Netscape.com

[edit]

Netscape drove much traffic from various links included in the browser menus to its web properties. Some say it was very late to leverage this traffic[85] for what would become the start of the major online portal wars.[86]

Netscape's exclusive features, such as the Netscape Blog, Netscape NewsQuake, Netscape Navigator, My Netscape and Netscape Community pages, are less accessible from the AOL Netscape designed portal and in some countries not accessible at all without providing a full URL or completing an Internet search.[87] The new AOL Netscape site was originally previewed in August 2007 before moving the existing site in September 2007.[88]

Netscape.com now redirects to AOL's website, with no Netscape branding at all.[89] Meanwhile, Netscape.co.uk now redirects to AOL Search, also with no Netscape branding at all.[90]

DMOZ

[edit]
Main article: DMOZ

DMOZ (from directory.mozilla.org, its original domain name, also known as the Open Directory Project or ODP), was a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned[91] by Netscape that was constructed and maintained by a community of volunteer editors. It closed in 2017.[92]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "AOL meeting to address Netscape integration". CNET News. March 23, 1999. Archived from the original on June 8, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  2. ^ Swartz, Jon. "Company takes browser war to Netscape's lawn Archived November 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine." San Francisco Chronicle. Thursday October 2, 1997. Retrieved on December 29, 2009.
  3. ^ Lawler, III, Edward E.; Worely, Christopher G. (2011). "Identity as a Guidepost to Strategy". Management Reset: Organizing for Sustainable Effectiveness. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118008447.
  4. ^ Mook, Nate (July 10, 2006). "Firefox Usage Passes 15 Percent in US". BetaNews. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  5. ^ "History of SSL at IBM.com". Publib.boulder.ibm.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2020. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  6. ^ a b "America Online Inc. Completes Acquisition of Netscape Communications Corp." Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Business Wire. March 17, 1999. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  7. ^ a b "What's $10 Billion to AOL?" Archived November 7, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. Morningstar. April 5, 1999. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  8. ^ "Mozilla Stomps Ahead Under AOL". Wired.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  9. ^ "Netscape Launches Groundbreaking Netscape 6 Browser". netscape.com. December 13, 2001. Archived from the original on December 13, 2001. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  10. ^ "mozilla.org Announces Launch of the Mozilla Foundation to Lead Open Source Browser Efforts". Mozilla Foundation. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Tom Drapeau (December 28, 2007). "End of Support for Netscape web browsers". Netscape Blog. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  12. ^ a b c Tom Drapeau (January 28, 2008). "Netscape Browser Support extended to March 1st". Netscape Blog. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  13. ^ "Netscape ISP Homepage". isp.netscape.com. Retrieved November 16, 2024.
  14. ^ "FORM 10-K". Sec.gov. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  15. ^ Netscape ISP home page of 2014 with link to Netscape ISP Terms of Service update of 15 September 2014.
  16. ^ "Netscape ISP Homepage". isp.netscape.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2024. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  17. ^ Hawn, Mathew (May 1995). "Netscape Navigator. (Netscape Communications World Wide Web browser) (Software Review)(Evaluation)". Macworld. Archived from the original on April 9, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2011. Netscape Communications wants you to forget all the highway metaphors you've ever heard about the Internet. Instead, think about an encyclopedia—one with unlimited, graphically rich pages, connections to E-mail and files, and access to Internet newsgroups and online shopping.
  18. ^ "AOL will pull the plug on Netscape's tech support". Los Angeles Times. December 29, 2007. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  19. ^ a b c Adam Lashinsky (July 25, 2005). "Remembering Netscape: The Birth Of The Web". Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  20. ^ a b c d Zook, Matthew A. (2005). The Geography of the Internet Industry: Venture Capital, Dot-Coms, and Local Knowledge. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-631-23331-2.
  21. ^ "OPSWARE INC. / On the record: Marc Andreessen" Archived March 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. SFGate. December 7, 2003. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  22. ^ "Cisco tablet not an iPad knock-off: Chambers" Archived March 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Network World. June 30, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  23. ^ "Mosaic's Name Change". The San Francisco Chronicle. November 15, 1994. p. B3.
  24. ^ Clark, Jim; Owen Edwards (1999). Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-Up That Took on Microsoft. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312199340.
  25. ^ "Marc Andreessen Revealed (Bloomberg Game Changers)". YouTube.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  26. ^ "Portfolio of freelance illustrator and animator, Dave W. Titus, Dave Titus Illustrations. Mascots, characters, children's product illustration, packaging and game illustration, and creator of Mozilla". Portfolio.davetitus.com. July 22, 2010. Archived from the original on October 3, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  27. ^ David Sheff. "Going Public as Netscape Did, before making a dime in profits". Wired 8.08. Lycos. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
  28. ^ "Electric cars: A Netscape Moment?". Economist.com. February 4, 2010. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  29. ^ "Is commercial spaceflight's "Netscape moment" near?". The Space Review. July 30, 2012. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  30. ^ "Programmer's Bookshelf". Dr. Dobb's Journal. December 1, 1999. Archived from the original on May 19, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  31. ^ "Netscape's Marc Andreessen". Time Magazine. February 19, 1996. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2007.
  32. ^ Letzing, John (August 17, 2010). "Lycos, an Internet bubble-era star, is sold to Indian firm". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  33. ^ "Government alleges illegal campaign by Microsoft". Archived from the original on July 8, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
  34. ^ "Memoirs from the Browser Wars". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
  35. ^ Alex Lash (January 30, 1998). "Netscape cuts prices on retail products". CNET. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
  36. ^ Alan T. Saracevic (October 23, 2005). "Silicon Valley: It's where brains meet bucks". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 22, 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
  37. ^ Hamerly, Jim; Paquin, Tom (January 1999). O'Reilly (ed.). "Freeing the Source, The Story of Mozilla". Archived from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved April 27, 2021..
  38. ^ a b "Microsoft Subpoenas Bad Attitude". Wired. September 1, 1998. Archived from the original on June 19, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
  39. ^ "AOL buys Netscape for $4.2 billion". Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
  40. ^ Yoffie, David B. (April 1999). "Building a Company on Internet Time: Lessons from Netscape". California Management Review. 41 (3): 8–28. doi:10.2307/41165995. JSTOR 41165995. S2CID 153810278.
  41. ^ "netscape and aol". Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  42. ^ "Sun-Netscape Alliance Announces New iPlanet(TM) Brand and Marketing Campaign". Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  43. ^ "PCMag". Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  44. ^ "AOL Cuts Remaining Mozilla Hackers". MozillaZine. Archived from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  45. ^ a b "Sun Micro To Double Beijing Software Center" Archived November 16, 2004, at the Wayback Machine. HPCwire. August 8, 2003. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  46. ^ "Netscape Internet Software Updated". Archived from the original on June 23, 2006. Retrieved July 14, 2006.
  47. ^ Oracle Web Tier" Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Oracle. Retrieved July 7, 2012
  48. ^ UFAQ. org – "Announcing Netscape 9" by Jay Garcia Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 5, 2007
  49. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (December 28, 2007). "AOL Kills Netscape's Future, Leaves Firefox to Battle IE". Informationweek.com. CMP Media LLC. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  50. ^ "Whatever happened to Netscape?". Engadget. May 10, 2014. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  51. ^ "Netscape Navigator Gold 3.0 Now Available, Adding Momentum to Netscape Client Software". Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.
  52. ^ "BIG-IP version 4.5.12 Release Note". techdocs.f5.com. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  53. ^ "Microsoft and Apple Affirm Commitment To Build Next Generation Software for Macintosh". Stories. August 6, 1997. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  54. ^ "Microsoft entered into exclusionary agreements with other firms that restricted their ability to promote, support, and distribute non-Microsoft browsers". justice.gov.
  55. ^ Dormehl, Luke (August 9, 2016). "Today in Apple history: Mac's default browser company goes public". Cult of Mac. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  56. ^ "Millions more may use Explorer". CNET. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  57. ^ "January 22, 1998 — the Beginning of Mozilla | Mitchell's Blog". Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
  58. ^ "On This Day in 2003, Netscape Went Offline Forever". Mental Floss. July 15, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  59. ^ Netscape Community Announcement – Netscape 7.2 Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 8, 2007
  60. ^ Netscape Community poll – Should Netscape continue to update 7.2? Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 8, 2007
  61. ^ Mozillazine – Netscape 9 announced Archived November 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 8, 2007
  62. ^ "Netscape 8 and Internet Explorer's XML Rendering". May 25, 2005. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
  63. ^ PC World Article Nov 24, 1998 12am Archived June 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  64. ^ Netscape Community – Netscape 8.1.3 Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 8, 2007
  65. ^ Netscape Community – Netscape 8.1.3 released Archived January 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 2, 2007
  66. ^ Netscape 9.0 confirmed on Netscape's community support board Archived March 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 24, 2007
  67. ^ Netscape 9 – February 20 Announcement Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 20, 2007
  68. ^ Netscape 9.0 30- January 7 announcement Archived May 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on January 30, 2007
  69. ^ Netscape 9 – February 6, 2007 announcement Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 6, 2007
  70. ^ Netscape 9.0b1 released Archived January 9, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on June 5, 2007
  71. ^ Netscape announces cross-platform Netscape 9 to be developed in-house – Mozillazine Archived November 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on February 5, 2007
  72. ^ "AOL to End Support for Netscape Browser". Washington Post. PC World. December 28, 2007. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  73. ^ "Netscape Death is long overdue, Good for Security". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  74. ^ "it's about time. r.i.p. netscape browser". Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  75. ^ "Save Netscape Petition". Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  76. ^ "Netscape Community – Online Petition for the Support of NN". Retrieved January 2, 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  77. ^ "Save Netscape!". Archived from the original on February 15, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2008.
  78. ^ Netscape Mercury in progress Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on June 11, 2007
  79. ^ "Killer Products: Netsite". April 6, 2008. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  80. ^ a b "Propeller.com Spinning to a Stop - Search Engine Watch (#SEW)". Search Engine Watch. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  81. ^ "AOL Takes Over Majority of Microsoft's Ad Business, Swaps Google Search For Bing". Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
  82. ^ "Netscape pushes out Netcaster". ZDNET. Archived from the original on December 15, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
  83. ^ "GetNetscape Home Page". Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008.
  84. ^ "Netscape Launches Low-Cost Internet Access Service". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
  85. ^ Netscape late to leverage traffic - CNET News Archived October 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. News.cnet.com. Retrieved on 2013-09-08.
  86. ^ Smith, Tony (December 17, 1998). "theregister.co.uk". theregister.co.uk. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2019.
  87. ^ Netscape Community responses Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved on September 20, 2007
  88. ^ New Netscape Portal – Netscape Community Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on August 14, 2007
  89. ^ "Netscape.com". Archived from the original on January 9, 2004. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  90. ^ "Netscape.co.uk". Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
  91. ^ Sullivan, Danny (February 28, 2017). "RIP DMOZ: The Open Directory Project is closing". Search Engine Land. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  92. ^ "DMOZ has officially closed after nearly 19 years of humans trying to organize the web". March 17, 2017. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved August 22, 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Jim Clark, Netscape Time: The Making of the Billion-Dollar Start-Up That Took On Microsoft, St. Martin's Press, 1999.
  • Michael E. Cusumano and David B. Yoffie, Competing On Internet Time: Lessons From Netscape And Its Battle With Microsoft, The Free Press, 1998, 2000.
  • Fortune Magazine, "Remembering Netscape: The Birth Of The Web", July 25, 2005.
[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Netscape&oldid=1258078247"