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Politics of New Jersey

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United States presidential election results for New Jersey[1]
Year Republican / Whig Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 1,883,313 41.25% 2,608,400 57.14% 73,469 1.61%
2016 1,601,933 41.00% 2,148,278 54.99% 156,512 4.01%
2012 1,478,749 40.50% 2,126,610 58.25% 45,781 1.25%
2008 1,613,207 41.61% 2,215,422 57.14% 48,778 1.26%
2004 1,670,003 46.23% 1,911,430 52.92% 30,704 0.85%
2000 1,284,173 40.29% 1,788,850 56.13% 114,203 3.58%
1996 1,103,078 35.86% 1,652,329 53.72% 320,400 10.42%
1992 1,356,865 40.58% 1,436,206 42.95% 550,523 16.47%
1988 1,743,192 56.24% 1,320,352 42.60% 36,009 1.16%
1984 1,933,630 60.09% 1,261,323 39.20% 22,909 0.71%
1980 1,546,557 51.97% 1,147,364 38.56% 281,763 9.47%
1976 1,509,688 50.08% 1,444,653 47.92% 60,131 1.99%
1972 1,845,502 61.57% 1,102,211 36.77% 49,516 1.65%
1968 1,325,467 46.10% 1,264,206 43.97% 285,722 9.94%
1964 963,843 33.86% 1,867,671 65.61% 15,256 0.54%
1960 1,363,324 49.16% 1,385,415 49.96% 24,372 0.88%
1956 1,606,942 64.68% 850,337 34.23% 27,033 1.09%
1952 1,374,613 56.81% 1,015,902 41.99% 29,039 1.20%
1948 981,124 50.33% 895,455 45.93% 72,976 3.74%
1944 961,335 48.95% 987,874 50.31% 14,552 0.74%
1940 945,475 47.93% 1,016,808 51.55% 10,269 0.52%
1936 720,322 39.57% 1,083,850 59.54% 16,265 0.89%
1932 775,684 47.59% 806,630 49.48% 47,749 2.93%
1928 926,050 59.77% 616,517 39.79% 6,814 0.44%
1924 675,162 62.17% 297,743 27.41% 113,174 10.42%
1920 611,541 67.65% 256,887 28.42% 35,515 3.93%
1916 268,982 54.40% 211,018 42.68% 14,442 2.92%
1912 88,835 20.53% 178,289 41.20% 165,615 38.27%
1908 265,326 56.79% 182,567 39.08% 19,305 4.13%
1904 245,164 56.68% 164,566 38.05% 22,817 5.28%
1900 221,754 55.27% 164,879 41.10% 14,573 3.63%
1896 221,535 59.68% 133,695 36.02% 15,981 4.31%
1892 156,101 46.24% 171,066 50.67% 10,456 3.10%
1888 144,360 47.52% 151,508 49.87% 7,933 2.61%
1884 123,440 47.31% 127,798 48.98% 9,683 3.71%
1880 120,555 49.02% 122,565 49.84% 2,808 1.14%
1876 103,517 47.01% 115,962 52.66% 714 0.32%
1872 91,656 54.52% 76,456 45.48% 0 0.00%
1868 80,131 49.12% 83,001 50.88% 0 0.00%
1864 60,723 47.16% 68,024 52.84% 0 0.00%
1860 58,346 48.13% 62,869 51.87% 0 0.00%
1856 28,338 28.51% 46,943 47.23% 24,115 24.26%
1852 38,556 46.33% 44,305 53.24% 359 0.43%
1848 40,015 51.48% 36,901 47.47% 819 1.05%
1844 38,318 50.46% 37,495 49.37% 131 0.17%
1840 33,351 51.74% 31,034 48.15% 69 0.11%
1836 26,137 50.53% 25,592 49.47% 0 0.00%

New Jersey is one of the fifty U.S. states. The state is considered a stronghold of the Democratic Party and has supported the Democratic candidate in every presidential election since 1992. Democrats have also controlled both chambers of the state legislature since 2002. New Jersey currently has two Democratic United States senators. New Jersey's Class I Senate seat has been Democratic since 1959 (aside from the eight-month tenure of Nicholas F. Brady in 1982). New Jersey's Class II Senate seat has been Democratic since 1979 (aside from the four-month tenure of Jeffrey Chiesa in 2013). In addition, New Jersey's House congressional delegation has had a Democratic majority since 1965, except for a period between 1995-1999 and 2013-2017. As of July 1, 2020, there were more registered Democrats than unaffiliated voters for the first time in history, as there are more Democrats than Republicans as well.

History

Main article: History of New Jersey

American Revolution

In 1776, the first constitution of New Jersey was drafted. Written during the American Revolution, it created a basic framework for state government and allowed "all inhabitants of this Colony, of full age, who are worth fifty pounds proclamation money"[2] to vote (including blacks, spinsters, and widows); married women could not own property under common law. The constitution declared itself temporary and void if there was reconciliation with Great Britain.[3][4] Both parties in elections mocked the other party for relying on "petticoat electors", and accused each other of allowing unqualified women to vote. The state voted for Washington in 1789 and 1792, as well as Adams in 1796.

Nineteenth century

The second version of the constitution was adopted on June 29, 1844, and restricted suffrage to white males. Important components of the second state constitution included the separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The new constitution also provided a bill of rights, and granted voters (instead of the legislature) the right to elect the governor. Throughout the century, the state voted for the Federalist Party twice, the Democratic-Republican Party five times, the National Republican Party once, the Whig Party four times, the Democratic Party ten times, and the Republican Party three times.

Twentieth century

From 1894 to 1973, Republicans usually controlled both houses of the state legislature (with the exceptions of 1907, 1911, 1913–1914, 1932, 1937, 1958–1963, 1966–1967). From 1900 to 1944, New Jersey voted for Democrats five times, and voted for Republicans seven times. After World War II, New Jersey was a Republican-leaning swing state in presidential elections; from the 1948 to the 1988, Republican candidates won nine out of eleven elections. John F. Kennedy won New Jersey in 1960 by 22,000 votes, and Lyndon B. Johnson won in 1964 as a part of his landslide victory. Although New Jersey had several highly populated Democratic urban areas such as Camden, Newark, and Jersey City, the state was also becoming home to suburbs of New York City and Philadelphia. Voters in suburban New Jersey were overwhelmingly white, and more likely to vote Republican. From 1943 to 1979, New Jersey was represented in the US Senate by a Democrat and a Republican.

Since 1992, New Jersey has voted for Democrats in every presidential election. Bill Clinton won a plurality of New Jersey's popular vote that year, and a majority of New Jersey's popular vote in 1996. Among Republican New Jersey voters, those living in rural parts of the state tended to vote for conservative Republicans; suburban voters tended to prefer liberal, or moderate, Republicans. During the 1980s, a significant number of Asian-Americans immigrated to the northeastern and central parts of the state and tended to vote Democratic.

Twenty-first century

Since 2002, the New Jersey Legislature has been overwhelmingly Democratic; in April 2020, there were over 994,000 more registered Democrats than Republicans.[5] Democrats tend to do well in areas near New York City, Philadelphia, and Trenton, and cities such as Jersey City, Newark, Camden, Elizabeth, Trenton, Paterson are overwhelmingly Democratic. These cities influence counties (such as Hudson, Essex, Camden, Union, Mercer, and Passaic to vote Democratic. Predominantly suburban and rural counties, especially along the Jersey Shore and northwestern New Jersey, tend to vote Republican; this includes counties such as Ocean, Warren, Cape May and Hunterdon. Other counties, such as Atlantic, Morris, Cumberland, are considered "swing" counties; they tend to vote closely within the margins of each party, swaying in one direction or the other.

Statistics

The 2016 presidential election in New Jersey was won by Democrat Hillary Clinton in 12 counties, while Republican Donald Trump won nine counties; overall, Clinton carried the state with a vote percentage of 55.45 to 41.35 percent. Trump won two counties (Gloucester and Salem) which had voted Democratic in 2012. Every county voted identically in 2016 and the 2017 gubernatorial election with the exception of Gloucester, which flipped back to Democratic. In the 2018 Senate election, Atlantic and Gloucester Counties flipped Republican. In the 2020 presidential election, Biden flipped Atlantic, Gloucester, and Morris counties from the 2018 elections.

County votes for 2016 Presidential,[6] 2017 Gubernatorial,[7] 2018 Senate,[8] 2020 Presidential, 2020 Senate, and 2021 Gubernatorial[9]
County 2016 Presidential 2017 Gubernatorial 2018 Senate 2020 Presidential 2020 Senate 2021 Gubernatorial
Atlantic Clinton Murphy Hugin Biden Booker Ciattarelli
Bergen Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Burlington Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Camden Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Cape May Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Cumberland Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Ciattarelli
Essex Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Gloucester Trump Murphy Hugin Biden Booker Ciattarelli
Hudson Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Hunterdon Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Mercer Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Middlesex Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Monmouth Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Morris Trump Guadagno Hugin Biden Booker Ciattarelli
Ocean Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Passaic Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Salem Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Somerset Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Sussex Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli
Union Clinton Murphy Menendez Biden Booker Murphy
Warren Trump Guadagno Hugin Trump Mehta Ciattarelli

Nine counties (Burlington, Camden, Essex, Gloucester, Hudson, Mercer, Middlesex, Passaic, and Union) have a plurality of Democratic registrants, and four (Cape May, Hunterdon, Sussex, and Warren) have a plurality of Republican registrants; the remaining eight have a majority of unaffiliated voters. Of those with an unaffiliated majority, five counties have more Democrats than Republicans (Atlantic, Bergen, Cumberland, Salem, and Somerset) and three counties (Monmouth, Morris, and Ocean) have more Republicans than Democrats.

Two counties (Essex and Hudson) have an absolute majority of their registrants in one party (Democratic). The highest percentage of unaffiliated voters is in Monmouth at 40 percent. The highest percentage of Democrats is in Hudson at 54.8 percent, the highest percentage of Republicans is in Cape May at 42.7 percent, and the highest percentage registered in other parties is in Cumberland at 2.1 percent. The lowest percentage of unaffiliated is in Cape May at 31.4 percent, Democrats is in Ocean at 22.2 percent, Republicans is in Essex at 10.2 percent, and other parties is a tie between Essex and Hunterdon at 0.9 percent each. The county with the closest Democratic-Republican percentages spread is Monmouth at 0.6 percent. The county with the largest Democratic-Republican percentage spread is Hudson at 44.1 percent. Bergen County has the largest number of registered voters at 688,839, and Salem County has the least at 47,725.

Voter registration by county on August 1, 2022[5]
County[a] Unaffiliated Una % Democratic Dem % Republican Rep % Other[b] O % Total
Atlantic 70,896 34.9% 71,598 35.3% 57,585 28.4% 2,967 1.5% 203,046
Bergen 255,837 38.0% 259,729 38.6% 150,979 22.4% 6,891 1.0% 673,436
Burlington 119,097 33.5% 139,998 39.3% 92,589 26.0% 4,252 1.2% 355,936
Camden 136,344 34.7% 186,295 47.4% 65,146 16.6% 5,379 1.3% 393,164
Cape May 23,519 30.9% 18,729 24.6% 32,925 43.3% 935 1.2% 76,108
Cumberland 37,922 39.1% 33,648 34.7% 23,476 24.2% 1,936 2.0% 96,982
Essex 208,746 36.8% 295,270 52.0% 58,394 10.3% 5,300 0.9% 567,710
Gloucester 79,272 34.6% 87,141 38.0% 59,854 26.1% 3,007 1.3% 229,274
Hudson 129,803 32.5% 220,008 55.0% 43,935 11.0% 5,994 1.5% 399,740
Hunterdon 33,526 31.4% 29,843 27.9% 42,527 39.8% 976 0.9% 106,872
Mercer 97,070 37.0% 120,040 45.7% 41,421 15.8% 3,872 1.5% 262,403
Middlesex 218,227 38.5% 242,796 42.9% 97,715 17.3% 7,325 1.3% 566,063
Monmouth 192,797 39.1% 142,522 28.9% 151,784 30.8% 5,859 1.2% 492,962
Morris 138,849 34.9% 118,600 29.8% 136,308 34.3% 4,032 1.0% 397,789
Ocean 175,832 38.3% 99,916 21.7% 177,870 38.7% 6,053 1.3% 459,671
Passaic 123,653 37.5% 131,075 39.7% 70,052 21.2% 4,957 1.5% 329,737
Salem 18,244 37.6% 14,755 30.4% 14,699 30.3% 822 1.7% 48,520
Somerset 95,333 37.6% 90,793 35.8% 64,423 25.4% 2,721 1.1% 253,270
Sussex 39,477 33.7% 26,645 22.7% 49,265 42.0% 1,848 1.6% 117,235
Union 130,062 34.9% 178,726 47.9% 59,577 16.0% 4,562 1.2% 372,927
Warren 26,927 31.5% 22,644 26.5% 34,489 40.4% 1,361 1.6% 85,421
Total 2,351,433 36.2% 2,530,771 39.0% 1,525,013 23.5% 81,049 1.2% 6,488,266
  1. ^ Counties are colored based on majority party registration.
  2. ^ Consists of the Conservative Party, Green Party, Libertarian Party, Natural Law Party, Reform Party, Socialist Party and the U.S. Constitution Party.

Six districts- the 1st, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 12th- have a majority of Democratic registrants, and zero have a majority of Republican registrants; the remaining six have a majority of unaffiliated voters. Of those with an unaffiliated majority, five districts have more Democrats than Republicans- 2nd, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 11th- and one district- the 4th- has more Republicans than Democrats.

Districts 8 and 10 have an absolute majority of their registrants in one party (Democratic). The highest percentage of unaffiliated voters is in District 4 at 39.5 percent. The highest percentage of Democrats is in District 10 at 59.2 percent; the highest percentage of Republicans is in District 4 at 32.2 percent, and the highest percentage registered in other parties is a tie between District 2, District 8, and District 9 at 1.5 percent each. The lowest percentage of unaffiliated is in District 10 at 33.1 percent, Democrats is in District 4 at 27.2 percent, Republicans is in District 10 at 6.3 percent, and other parties is a tie between District 7 and District 11 at 0.9 percent each. The district with the largest Democratic-Republican percentage spread is District 10 at 52.9 percent. The district with the smallest Democratic-Republican percentage spread is District 11 at 1.6 percent. District 11 has the largest number of registered voters at 609,193, and District 8 has the least at 441,556.

Voter registration by congressional district on November 1, 2021[10]
District[a] Unaffiliated Una % Democratic Dem % Republican Rep % Other[b] O % Total
1 198,070 34.7% 260,834 45.8% 103,548 18.2% 7,719 1.4% 570,171
2[c] 197,561 36.2% 176,753 32.4% 164,043 30% 8,090 1.5% 546,447
3 214,186 36.3% 190,080 32.2% 178,782 30.3% 7,581 1.3% 590,629
4 228,426 39.5% 156,982 27.2% 186,087 32.2% 6,677 1.2% 578,172
5 219,936 37.5% 189,189 32.2% 171,712 29.3% 6,154 1% 586,991
6 200,561 39.4% 208,997 41% 92,869 18.2% 7,197 1.4% 509,624
7 219,747 36.8% 191,542 32.1% 179,508 30.1% 5,624 0.9% 596,421
8 150,072 34% 239,066 54.1% 45,957 10.4% 6,461 1.5% 441,556
9 185,722 38.1% 218,068 44.7% 77,050 15.8% 7,153 1.5% 487,993
10 170,913 33.1% 305,355 59.2% 32,558 6.3% 6,708 1.3% 515,534
11 222,145 36.5% 195,928 32.1% 185,733 30.5% 5,387 0.9% 609,193
12 203,613 37.5% 243,948 44.9% 88,603 16.3% 7,009 1.3% 543,173
Total 2,410,952 36.7% 2,576,742 39.2% 1,506,450 22.9% 81,760 1.2% 6,575,904
  1. ^ Districts are colored by current political representation, not by the highest percentage of voters in each party.
  2. ^ Consists of the Conservative Party, Green Party, Libertarian Party, Natural Law Party, Reform Party, Socialist Party and the U.S. Constitution Party.
  3. ^ Jeff Van Drew was elected as a Democrat in 2018, but switched parties on January 7, 2020 over Donald Trump's impeachment.

New Jersey's Federal Representation

Main article: New Jersey's congressional districts

Following each decennial census, the New Jersey Redistricting Commission forms to realign the districts. New Jersey currently has 12 House districts In the 117th Congress, ten of New Jersey's seats are held by Democrats and two are held by Republicans. There are as follows:

New Jersey's two United States Senators are Democrats Bob Menendez and Cory Booker, serving since 2006 and 2013, respectively.

New Jersey is part of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey in the federal judiciary. The district's cases are appealed to the Philadelphia-based United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.

Issues

See also: Cannabis in New Jersey

The most contentious recent issue in New Jersey has been the conflict between the state government and public-sector unions. The unions, allied with the Democratic Party, believed that their workers were entitled to pensions and healthcare which had been promised to them in the past. Moderate Democrats and Republicans believed that the state could no longer afford to pay for benefits it had promised public workers in the past.[11][12]

Property taxes are also an issue, since the state has the nation's highest property tax.[13] New Jersey is a densely-populated, high-income, high-cost-of-living state, with more money needed for infrastructure and transportation, and it does not allow counties and municipalities to impose local income or sales taxes. Property taxes fund local government, schools and county expenses, making lowering it difficult.[14]

Legalized gambling is also an issue. In 2011, Governor Chris Christie and Senate President Steve Sweeney promised to limit gambling to Atlantic City for "at least five years" to protect the struggling tourist destination from intrastate competition. Developers are pressuring the legislature to allow gambling in other parts of the state, such as the Meadowlands. New Jersey challenged the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) in 2014, which had grandfathered Nevada's federal statutory monopoly on legal sports betting. The Supreme Court overturned the appellate-court decision, removing the final barrier to New Jersey sports betting on May 14, 2018. Justice Samuel Alito wrote the opinion supporting New Jersey's assertion that the PASPA infringed on the state's Tenth Amendment rights in Murphy vs. Collegiate Athletic Association.[15] The state quickly moved to capitalize on the ruling and allow sports betting at state-sanctioned sportsbooks at the Meadowlands Racetrack.[16]

In 2010, New Jersey legalized medical cannabis. The law, legalizing the drug for medical use, was passed by a Democratic government just before Christie (who was skeptical about legalized medical marijuana) took office. Christie subsequently vetoed, or requested alterations to, laws expanding the state's program. (New Jersey has two dispensaries.) The issue gained attention during the 2013 gubernatorial election, when the father of a young girl with epilepsy confronted Christie at a diner. In March 2019, a vote on recreational legalization was canceled at the last minute.[17] The state senate did not have the 21 votes needed to pass, since all of its Republicans and nine of its Democrats opposed the bill. A ballot measure to legalize marijuana for recreational use was on the ballot on November 3, 2020.[18] Named Public Question 1, it passed overwhelmingly 67%-33%, with every county supporting legalization.

On October 21, 2019, weeks after California passed a similar bill, state Senators Joseph Lagana (D-Bergen) and Sandra Cunningham (D-Hudson) introduced the New Jersey Fair Play Act. The bill would allow college athletes to be paid for the use of their names, images and likeness, and to hire an agent or lawyer. It intends to protect student athletes, since one injury can cost them their scholarship without a way to pay for school or vocational guidance.[19]

On February 4, 2019, Governor Phil Murphy signed a $15-minimum-wage bill into law. The law will increase the minimum wage by $1 every January 1 until it reaches $15 in 2024. When it was enacted, the state's minimum wage was $8.85. The first increase was on July 1, 2019 (to $10), and it will become $12 on January 1, 2021. The bill raises tipped-worker wages from $2.13 to $5.13 per hour; if a worker does not earn the minimum wage through tips, the employer must make up the difference. Farm-workers will only be raised to $12.50 an hour in 2024, then possibly raise it to $15 by 2027.[20]

LGBT rights

In April 2004, New Jersey enacted a domestic-partnership law which is available to same- and opposite-sex couples aged 62 and over. In 2006, the Supreme Court of New Jersey ordered the state to provide the rights and benefits of marriage to gay and lesbian couples. The following year, New Jersey became the third state in the U.S. (after Connecticut and Vermont) to offer civil unions to same-sex couples. In 2013, the state supreme court ruled that New Jersey must allow same-sex couples to marry. A 2010 last-minute attempt to legalize same-sex marriage under outgoing Democratic governor failed because of objections by Senate President Steve Sweeney (also a Democrat). From 2010 to 2013, Governor Christie vetoed attempts by the state legislature to legalize same-sex marriage. Since the 2013 New Jersey Supreme Court ruling, three government-recognized relationships have been in effect in the state: domestic partnerships, civil unions, and marriage. Rhode Island and New Jersey are the two states which permit adult incestuous relationships.[21][22]

Gun control

New Jersey has some of the country's strictest gun control laws in the nation, which include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets, and magazines which can hold more than 10 rounds. A permit is required to purchase any firearm, including shotguns, rifles, and handguns. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns, air guns, black-powder guns, and slingshots are statutory weapons. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses, and enforces its own gun laws.[23]

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New Jersey". US Election Atlas. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  2. ^ "New Jersey Constitution of 1776". state.nj.us. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  3. ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis. "The Petticoat Electors: Women’s Suffrage in New Jersey, 1776–1807." Journal of the Early Republic, 12, no. 2 (1992): 159–193.
  4. ^ Connors, R. J. (1775). New Jersey's Revolutionary Experience [Pamphlet]. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Historical Commission.
  5. ^ a b "NJ Department of State - Division of Elections" (PDF). New Jersey Division of Elections. NJ Department of State.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ^ "NJ Department of State" (PDF). NJ DOS - Division of Elections.
  7. ^ "NJ Department of State" (PDF). NJ DOS - Division of Elections.
  8. ^ "New Jersey Election Results 2018: Live Midterm Map by County & Analysis". www.politico.com. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  9. ^ "New Jersey Election Results". The New York Times. 2021-11-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  10. ^ "NJ Department of State - Division of Elections" (PDF). NJ DOS - Division of Elections.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Pérez-Peña, Richard. "N.J. Legislature Moves to Cut Benefits for Public Workers". nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  12. ^ "Looks like time's up for New Jersey's pension fund". nypost.com. 14 January 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  13. ^ "Which homeowners around the U.S. pay the highest property taxes?". www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  14. ^ Livio, Susan K. (2017-02-18). "7 reasons why N.J.'s property taxes are highest in U.S. again". nj. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  15. ^ "Docket for 16-476". Archived from the original on July 8, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
  16. ^ Bagli, Charles; Piccoli, Sean. "For the First Time, Gamblers Bet on Sports at Meadowlands Racetrack". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  17. ^ "New Jersey Cancels Vote On Marijuana Legalization". Point Pleasant, NJ Patch. 2019-03-25. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  18. ^ "NJ Marijuana Legalization Is Alive Again: Here's When It May Come". Newark, NJ Patch. 2019-08-09. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
  19. ^ Sitrin, Carly. "New Jersey bill would allow college athletes to earn endorsement money". Politico PRO. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  20. ^ L, Katherine; ERGAN. "Murphy signs bill to boost New Jersey's minimum wage to $15". Politico PRO. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
  21. ^ McDonnell, Brett. "Is Incest Next?." Cardozo Women's Law Journal 10.2 (2004).
  22. ^ Merkel, Dan (2009). Privilege Or Punish: Criminal Justice and the Challenge of Family Ties. Oxford University Press. p. 196. ISBN 9780195380064.
  23. ^ "N.J.A.C. Title 13 Chapter 54 - Firearms and Weapons" (PDF). New Jersey State Police. State of NJ Dep. of Law & Public Safety. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
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