Rail transport in France
| Rail transport in France | |||
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|---|---|---|---|
| TGV at Paris-Est station | |||
| Operation | |||
| National railway | SNCF | ||
| Infrastructure company | RFF | ||
| Major operators | Thalys, Lyria, Eurostar, RATP, Elipsos, ECR | ||
| Statistics | |||
| Ridership | 1,013 million (2006, SNCF only)[1] | ||
| Passenger km | 99,2 billion (2009)[2] | ||
| Freight | 32,1 Gt.km (2009)[3] | ||
| System length | |||
| Total | 29,901 kilometres (18,580 mi) [4] | ||
| Double track | 16,445 km (10,218 mi) | ||
| Electrified | 15,140 km (9,410 mi) | ||
| High-speed | 1,876 km (1,166 mi) | ||
| Track gauge | |||
| Main | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | ||
| High-speed | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) | ||
| Electrification | |||
| 25 kV AC | 9,113 km (5,663 mi) | ||
| 1500 V DC | 5,905 km (3,669 mi) | ||
| other | 122 km (76 mi) | ||
| Features | |||
| No. tunnels | 1,300[5] | ||
| Tunnel length | 540 km (340 mi) | ||
| Longest tunnel | 50.5 km (31.4 mi) (Channel Tunnel) | ||
| Longest bridge | 2.178 km (1.353 mi) (Saint-André-de-Cubzac bridge) | ||
| No. stations | 3,054 (2009).[6] | ||
| Highest elevation | 1,593m (Yellow Train) | ||
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Rail transport in France is mostly operated by SNCF, the French national railway company. France has the second largest European railway network, with a total of 29,901 kilometers of railway.[4] However, the railway system is a small portion of total travel, accounting for less than 10% of passenger travel.[7]
Since 1981, the SNCF has operated the TGV service, a high-speed rail network which has been consistently expanded in subsequent years.
France is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for France is 87.
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History [edit]
The history of rail transport in France dates from the first French railway in 1832.
Exploitation [edit]
Since Legrand Star rail plan (fr) of 1842, French railway is highly polarized by Paris.
Traffic is concentrated on the main lines: 78% of activity is done on 30% of the network (8,900 km) when the 46% smaller lines (13,600 km) only drive 6% of the traffic.[8] The 366 larger stations (12%) make 85% of passenger activity, and the 56% smaller station only 1,7% of this activity.[9]
Freight transport [edit]
Freight transport has declined since the early 1980s.[10] Today the network is predominantly passenger centric.
Since January 1, 2007, the freight market is open to conform to European Union agreements (EU Directive 91/440). New operators had already reached 15% of the market at the end of 2008.[11]
Passenger transport [edit]
Short and middle distance [edit]
The Transport express régional (TER) is directed by the administrative Regions of France. They contract with the SNCF for lines exploitation.
Long distance [edit]
The SNCF directly manage this class of trains. The TGV is used on the most important destinations, while Intercités carriages are still used for other lines.
The network [edit]
The French railway network, as administered by Réseau Ferré de France (RFF), disposes (June 2007) of a network of commercially usable lines of 29,213 kilometres (18,152 mi), out of which 15,141 km (9,408 mi) is electrified. 1,876 km (1,166 mi) of those are high speed lines (LGV), 16,445 km (10,218 mi) dispose of two or more tracks. 5,905 km (3,669 mi) are supplied with 1,500 V DC, 9,113 km (5,663 mi) with 25 kV AC at 50 Hz. 122 km (76 mi) are electrified by third rail or other means.[4]
1,500 V current is used on the south while HSR lines and the northern part of the country use 25 kV current.
Trains drive on the left, except in Alsace and Moselle.
Rail links to adjacent countries [edit]
- Same gauge
- Belgium — voltage change 25 kV AC/3 kV DC (except high-speed line to Brussels, same voltage)
- Germany — voltage change 25 kV AC/15 kV AC
- Great Britain via the Channel Tunnel — voltage change 25 kV AC/750 V DC third rail (except high-speed line to London, same voltage)
- Italy — voltage change 25 kV AC/3 kV DC (except high-speed line, same voltage)
- Luxembourg — same voltage
- Monaco — same voltage
- Spain via the LGV Perpignan-Figueres — same voltage
- Switzerland — voltage change 25 kV AC or 1,5 kV DC/15 kV AC
- Break-of-gauge, 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)/1,668 mm (5 ft 5 2⁄3 in)
- Spain (on conventional tracks) — voltage change 1,5 kV DC/3 kV DC
- No rail link to Andorra
Material [edit]
Alstom is the manufacturer of the TGV, and is behind many regional train models (Régiolis, SNCF Class Z 26500 ... )
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Rapport annuel 2006 Groupe SNCF
- ^ Les comptes des transports en 2009, V - Les transports de voyageurs p46
- ^ Les comptes des transports en 2009, M - Les transports de marchandises p31
- ^ a b c RFF Website "Network inventory"
- ^ http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-oecst/tunnels/r2388.asp#_Toc483033395
- ^ La Gare Contemporaine p94, Fabienne Keller
- ^ "Transport in France". International Transport Statistics Database. iRAP. Retrieved 2009-02-17.[dead link]
- ^ Audit sur l'état du réseau national Français p3, Robert Rivier & Yves Putallaz, 2005 september 7
- ^ Gares et Connexion p20
- ^ Pourquoi le fret ferroviaire va-t-il si mal en France ? Autour du plan Véron (Fret 2006) Pierre Zembri 2004
- ^ http://www.senat.fr/rap/r08-220/r08-2207.html
External links [edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Rail transport in France |
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