Siberian Tatars

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Further information: Tatars and Tartary
Siberian Tatars
себерләр, seberlәr
Siberian Tatar folklore group Naza from Omsk Oblast
Regions with significant populations
 Russia6,779[1] (2010 census) – 210,000[2]
Languages
Siberian Tatar, Tatar, Russian
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Altaians, Chulyms, Khakas, Shors, Teleuts

Siberian Tatars (Siberian Tatar: себер татарлары, seber tatarlari[4]), the ethnographic and ethnoterritorial group of Tatars of Western Siberia, the indigenous[citation needed] Turkic-speaking population of the forests and steppes of Western Siberia, originate in areas stretching from somewhat east of the Ural Mountains to the Yenisey River in Russia. The Siberian Tatars call themselves Yerle Qalıq ("older inhabitants"), to distinguish themselves from more recent Volga Tatar immigrants to the region.[5]

The word "Tatar" or "Tadar" is also used as a self-designation by some closely related Siberian ethnic groups, namely the Chulym, Khakas, Shor, and Teleut peoples.

The 2010 census counted more than 500,000 people in Siberia defining their ethnicity as "Tatar".[6] About 200,000 of them are considered indigenous Siberian Tatars.[7] However, only 6,779 of them called themselves "Siberian Tatars".[6] It is not completely clear which part of those who called themselves "Siberian Tatars" consider themselves to be a separate ethnos and which part as a group into the Tatar people, because the census took into account the Siberian Tatars as a subgroup of the Tatar ethnos.[6]

As of 2018, the Siberian Tatars do not yet have public education available in their own language. Lessons in the local schools are taught only in the Russian and Volga Tatar languages.

Population

Siberian Tatars historically lived in the vast territory stretching from around the Yenisey River all the way to the area lying somewhat east of the Ural Mountains.

According to the ambassadors of the Siberian Khanate ruler Yediger Khan, who visited Moscow in 1555, the population of "the black people", not counting the aristocracy, was 30,700. In a decree concerning tribute issued by Ivan the Terrible, the population was given as 40,000.

According to the results of the 1897 All-Russia Census, there were 56,957 Siberian Tatars in the Tobolsk Governorate. This was the last accurate information about this population. In later censuses, Tatar immigrants from the other regions of Russia were also recorded under the classification of Tatar. The Siberian Tatars tried to avoid the census as much as possible, as they believed that it was an attempt to force them to pay the Yasak (tribute).[8]

The Siberian Khanate (Khanate of Sibir)

Their population in the territory of the current Tyumen Oblast in 1926 was recorded as 70,000; in 1959 as 72,306; in 1970 as 102,859; 136,749 in 1979; 227,423 in 1989; and 242,325 in 2002. According to the results of the 2002 Russian Census, there were 385,949 Tatars living in the oblasts discussed above. (Their territory roughly corresponds to the historical territory of the Siberian Khanate). Of these Tatars only 9,289 identified as Siberian Tatars.

2002 Russian Census recorded a total of 9,611 Siberian Tatars in Russia. Some publications estimated their number in the range of 190,000-210,000.[9] Such significant discrepancy is explained by the fact that the immigrants from the other ethnic groups who are also called Tatar by the Russians were also included in the figure, though most were Volga Tatars.[7]

Physical anthropology

Like most of the modern indigenous human groups of West Siberia, Siberian Tatars reveal traits that are specific of West Siberian anthropological type.[10] Siberian Tatars show a combination of features characteristic of both western and eastern Eurasian groups.

Origin and ethnogenesis

The term Siberian Tatar covers three autochthonous groups, all Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhab, found in southern Siberia. Siberian Tatars have been living in Western Siberia since the 6th century. They are remnants of the Khanate of Sibir, which was conquered by Russia in 1582. Geographically, the Siberian Tatars are divided into three main groups, each speaking their own dialect.[5] Although the Siberian Tatar language has been sometimes considered a dialect of Tatar, detailed linguistic study demonstrates that Siberian Tatar idioms are quite remote from Volga Tatar by origin. Siberian Tatars' ancestry was partly from Turkic and Mongol peoples, but their main ancestors are Ugrian, Samoyedic,[11] and Yeniseian tribes.

Siberian Tatar language

Main article: Siberian Tatar language

The Siberian Tatar language is, due to the Kipchakization processes during the Middle Ages, many times classified as belonging to the Kipchak–Nogay group of the Kipchak languages.[12] There are approximately as many elements that could be classified in the Upper Altaian language group.

Beginning in the 12th century, the Siberian Tatar language received some Karluk influences. Those Siberian Tatars who are living in ethnically mixed villages where, in the periods after Russian colonization, more numerous Volga Tatars settled, have also been influenced by the Kipchak-Bulgar language.

Siberian Tatar language has different dialects.[12] Since the penetration of Islam until the 1920s after the Russian Revolution, Siberian Tatars, like all Muslim nations, were using an alphabet that had been based on Arabic script. They adopted an alphabet based on Latin script in 1928 and one based on the Cyrillic script in 1939. Until 2014, the written language for Siberian Tatars was Tatar, a version based on the grammar rules of Volga Tatars.

In the 21st century, work began on the rationalizing of the Siberian Tatar language. Teams have conducted scientific research in the field of literary language norms of the indigenous population of Siberia. They have published the "Русско-сибирскотатарский словарь = Урысца-сыбырца сүслек" (2010) (Russian-Siberian Tatar Dictionary), and "Грамматика современного сибирскотатарского языка" (2014)(The Grammar of Modern Siberian Tatar Language). International Organization for Standardization ISO 639-3 PA with its headquarters in Washington, awarded in 2013, the Siberian Tatar language classification code 'sty' in New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3. The first person who seriously researched Siberian Tatar language was Gabdulkhay Akhatov, a Soviet Volga Tatar linguist and an organizer of science.

Culture

Traditional occupations of the Siberian Tatars included hunting, raising horses, and porterage (the latter being important because of the major trade routes situated within the region). Starting in the 19th century, some Siberian Tatars sought work in tanneries and sawmills. Modern Siberian Tatars work in various and diverse occupations.[13]

Some traditional foods in Siberian Tatar cuisine include barley, kattama, boortsog, noodles, and peremech along with several dairy items like kaymak and qurut.[4]

The Siberian Tatars profess Sunni Islam. Before converting to Islam, the Siberian tatars practiced shamanism. Shamanistic influences can still be found in certain burial and spiritual customs.[14] The adoption of Islam among the Siberian Tatars began in the early 15th century (or possibly earlier). The conversion of the last communities was complete by the late 18th century.[15] Contact with Siberian Bukharans and later Volga Tatars helped facilitate the acceptance of Islam among the Siberian Tatars.[13]

Groups

Tobol-Irtysh Tatars

The Tobol-Irtysh Tatars group is the most numerous out of all 3 groups of Siberian Tatars. They live in the Omsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, and Sverdlovsk Oblasts.

The sub-groups are: Zabolotnie (Yaskolbinsk), Tobol, Kurdak-Sargat, Tara, Tyumen-Tura.

Baraba Tatars

Their self-designation is Baraba, and they are found mainly in the steppe of Baraba, in the Novosibirsk Oblast. Their population is around 8,000.

The sub-groups are: Baraba-Turazh, Lyubey-Tunus, Terenin-Choy.

Tom Tatars

The Tom Tatars are indigenous population of Tomsk, Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Oblasts.

The sub-groups are: Kalmak, Chat, Eushta.

Siberian Bukharans

Main article: Siberian Bukharans

The Bukharlyks, literally "those from the city of Bukhara" are descendants of 15th- and 16th-century fur merchant colonies from Western Caucasus. These settlers have now merged entirely with Siberian Tatars.

Famous Siberian Tatars

See also

References

  1. ^ "ВПН-2010". rosstat.gov.ru.
  2. ^ Сибирские татары // Российский этнографический музей.
  3. ^ a b c "Russian Museum of Ethnography".
  4. ^ a b Tomilov, N.A. (2020). "ТАТАРЫ СИБИРСКИЕ" [Siberian Tatars]. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-01-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ^ a b Bennigsen, Alexandre; Wimbush, S. Enders (1986). "The Siberian Tatars". Muslims of the Soviet Empire : A Guide. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 0-253-33958-8.
  6. ^ a b c "НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ СОСТАВ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ" (PDF). www.gks.ru. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  7. ^ a b "Siberian Tatars". Archived from the original on 2002-02-27.
  8. ^ Valeev, F.T. (1993). Siberian Tatars (in Russian). Kazan.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ "Siberian Tatars. Historical reference (in Russian)".
  10. ^ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226395964_Mitochondrial_DNA_diversity_in_Siberian_Tatars_of_the_Tobol-Irtysh_basin Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Siberian Tatars of the Tobol-Irtysh basin
  11. ^ Levinson, David (1996). Encyclopedia of World Cultures. G.K. Hall. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8161-1808-3. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  12. ^ a b Tumasheva D.G.. Dialects of the Siberian Tatar language: experience of the comparative research. Kazan, 1977 (in Russian)
  13. ^ a b Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. pp. 95–96. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.
  14. ^ Seleznev, Alexander (1999). The Northernmost Outpost of Islamic Civilization. International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World.
  15. ^ Frank, Allen J. (1 April 2000). "Varieties of Islamization in Inner Asia The case of the Baraba Tatars, 1740-1917". Cahiers du monde russe. Éditions de l’EHESS: 246. doi:10.4000/monderusse.46. ISBN 2-7132-1361-4. ISSN 1777-5388.

External links

Customs and traditions of the Siberian Tatars of Vagaysky district

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