Taiwanese opera
Taiwanese (folk) opera (Chinese: 歌仔戲; pinyin: gēzǎixì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: koa-á-hì; lit. 'song-drama') is the only form of traditional drama known to have originated in Taiwan. The language used is a stylized combination of both literary and colloquial registers of Taiwanese. Its earliest form adopted elements of folk songs from Zhangzhou, Fujian, China. The story elements are traditionally based on folk tales of the Hokkien (Minnan) region, though in recent years stories are increasingly set in Taiwan locales.
Taiwanese opera was later exported to other Min Nan-speaking areas.
In the early 1980s Taiwanese opera was brought to the television audience, with Yang Li-hua (Hokkien transliteration as Iûⁿ Lē-hoa ; 楊麗花) as its popular face. The artistic elements remained largely traditional, however. Taiwanese opera, like other forms of Chinese opera and theater around the world, often traditionally uses cross-dressed performers (反串; fǎnchùan; hóan-chhòan), specifically women portraying men's roles in the case of Taiwanese opera.
Modern and experimental forms show some propensity for syncretism. Western instruments such as the saxophone and guitar have been used in some performances. Loose Western adaptations have included Nikolai Gogol's The Government Inspector.[1] Perhaps due to the influence of the Taiwanese localization movement, stories set in Taiwan, as well as aboriginal characters and stories, have been developed in recent years. Taiwanese forms of the Hakka tea-picking opera show some influence. Fans of the opera attribute its continuing relevance to a willingness of performers to adapt to modern times in terms of style and artistic diversity.
History
Origins
Taiwanese opera is the only form of Han traditional drama known to have originated in Taiwan, specifically the Yilan region. In the early stages, most Han immigrants in Yilan were from Zhangzhou, Fujian. Koa-á were story-telling ballads spoken in Min Nan. Each line could have five- or seven- characters, and every four lines constituted a paragraph.[2]。
Performance elements
Script
Taiwanese opera uses no script. The dialect has not always had a standard written form and actors in the past were not always literate in any case, so the content was relayed orally. A Hì-sian-seⁿ (戲先生, Mandarin Hsi hsien sheng), such as a director, told the story. Before the performance he would give an outline and distribute characters.[3]。
Characters
Originally there are three roles in Taiwanese opera, Sheng (生), Dan (旦), and Chou (丑). Later, as Taiwanese opera began to incorporate more styles from other major operas, it gradually expanded to include eight major characters.
Performers and roles
Male Leads (Sheng)(生)
These characters are gentle and brave.
- laosheng(老生)
- xiaosheng(小生)
- fusheng(副生):Supporting actor
- fansheng(反生)
- wusheng(武生):martial artist
Laosheng is an older male lead. Old shengs have a chaste and decent disposition. Young male characters are known as xiaosheng.
Female Leads (Dan)(旦)
In Taiwanese opera there are four subtypes in dan roles.
- Laodan (老旦)
- ku dan (苦旦):sorrowful female character
Laodan is a dignified older role and she is a straight arrow. Also she reveals sentiment of the affection to the children so she takes sides with her children. siao chou
Jester(Chou)(丑)
- Chou(丑) :male jester
Costume
-
The costume of Sheng -
The costume of Dan -
The costume of Chou
Stage properties and figures
Stage properties and figures are a part of dancing. Taiwanese opera are not graphic. Sometimes a chair in Taiwanese opera stands for a fence or a bridge. Rasing red flags stands for fire, rasing blue flags stands for water, and rasing black flags stands for wind.[4] There are many types of figures:
- Entrances and Exits
- Pulling a Mountain
- Walking a Circle
- The Kneeling Walk
- Small, Quick Steps
- Sweeping Hair
- The Bat Jump
- The Vertigines Gesture
- The Water Sleeves
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| Related instruments | |
Voices
The most important in Taiwanese opera is the music for voices.
Instruments
The use of a wide range of traditional musical instruments in Taiwanese opera.
Performance Types
Three-Role tea-picking Opera
The three-role opera is known as the story of tea-farmer Zhang Sanlang performed by one clown and two female roles and the plot and the singing are fixed. The three-role tea-picking opera is simple and does not have official stage. They build the stage before they perform.
See also
References
External links
- Taiwan Brief introduction to Taiwan (in English)
- Taiwanese Opera WebDex Brief introduction to Taiwanese Opera, photo gallery, online music, et al. (in English)
- Taiwanese Opera Introduction, photo gallery, online music, forum, and more resources. (in Mandarin)
- Doumadiao Documentary speaking about the transmission of Taiwanese opera.
- Taiwan Yearbook: Culture (Government Information Office)
- 明華園歌仔戲團
