Who's That Girl (soundtrack)

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Who's That Girl is a soundtrack album by American recording artist Madonna, from the film of same name, and was released on July 21, 1987 by Sire Records. The soundtrack contains four songs by Madonna and others by her label mates Scritti Politti, Duncan Faure, Club Nouveau, Coati Mundi and Michael Davidson. It is considered a Madonna album since the majority of the songs are sung by her. After the commercial success of her film Desperately Seeking Susan (1985), Madonna wanted to act in another comedy film titled Slammer, about a woman named Nikki Finn who was falsely accused of homicide. However, due to the critical and commercial failure of her drama film Shanghai Surprise (1986), Warner Bros. were initially reluctant to green light the project, but later agreed, after Madonna convinced them and also because they wanted to cash in on Madonna's success with soundtracks.

Madonna began working on the soundtrack in December 1986, and contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, who had worked as producers on her third studio album True Blue (1986). She felt that an uptempo song and a downtempo song were needed for the album. Leonard composed the music for the uptempo song, with Madonna providing the melody and lyrics. The singer named the track "Who's That Girl" and, believing this to be a better title than Slammer, changed the name of the film to the same. Together, Madonna and Leonard also developed the downtempo ballad "The Look of Love". Two more songs were composed for the film with Bray, the first being the dance-y tune "Causing a Commotion", and the other being "Can't Stop", a track inspired by Sixties Motown and the group Martha and the Vandellas.

After its release, the Who's That Girl soundtrack received a mostly negative response from critics. Some reviews described the album as plain and incomplete, although the title track and "The Look of Love" were praised as its highlights. The soundtrack was a commercial success, reaching the top ten of the album charts of the United States, Austria, Canada, France, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden and the United Kingdom, while topping the charts of Germany, and Billboard's European Album chart. The album went on to sell six million copies worldwide.

Three of the Madonna tracks were released as singles. The title track became her sixth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100, making her the first artist to accumulate six number-one singles in the 1980s, and the first female performer to get that many number-ones as a solo act. "Causing a Commotion" was released as the second single, and reached number two on the Hot 100. "The Look of Love" was a European market-only release, reaching the top ten in United Kingdom. Another track, "Turn It Up" was a promotional release in United States, reaching number 15 on the dance charts. Who's That Girl received further promotion from the successful Who's That Girl World Tour.

Background

Madonna's 1985 comedy film Desperately Seeking Susan was a commercial success, prompting her to take further interest in acting.[1] For her next screen project, she picked another comedy, initially titled Slammer, but later named Who's That Girl.[2] Madonna played the character of Nikki Finn, a young woman accused of homicide who insisted that she was innocent. Released on parole, she was determined to clear her name. Along with a character named Loudon Trott (played by Griffin Dunne), she gets caught up in 36 hours of high adventure, culminating in a scene where Nikki interrupts a wedding to reveal the identity of the real murderer.[1] Regarding the character Nikki, Madonna commented,

"I had a lot in common with Nikki. She's courageous and sweet and funny and misjudged. But she clears her name in the end, and that's always good to do. I'm continuously doing that with the public. I liked Nikki's tough side and her sweet side. The toughness is only a mask for the vulnerability she feels inside."[1]

However, in the light of the bad publicity surrounding Madonna and her then husband Sean Penn, coupled with the fact that their drama film Shanghai Surprise had failed commercially, she had to fight hard to persuade Warner Bros. to green light the project.[2] She also wanted her close friend James Foley to direct the film, proclaiming him to be a "genius". Foley had previously directed the music videos of her songs "Live to Tell", "Papa Don't Preach" and "True Blue".[2] Warner Bros. were looking for another way to cash in upon Madonna's success with soundtracks, and felt that her name alone might be enough to guarantee the success of the film as well as its soundtrack. So they felt that they had no choice, but to green light the project.[3] Filming began in October 1986, in New York, but it was not until January that Madonna started working on the soundtrack.[4]

Development

"I had some very specific ideas in mind, music that would stand on its own as well as support and enhance what was happening on screen and the only way to make that a reality was to have a hand in writing the tunes myself... The songs aren't necessarily about Nikki or written to be sung by someone like her, but there's a spirit to this music that captures both what the film and the characters are about, I think."

—Madonna talking about the music of the film.[5]

Having some specific ideas in her mind about the music of the film, Madonna contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, who had helped to write and produce her third studio album True Blue in 1986.[5] Madonna explained to them that she needed an uptempo song and a downtempo song. As per her demands, Leonard developed the uptempo song.[5] Madonna came to the recording studio one Thursday, and Leonard handed her a cassette of a recording of the chorus, which he had just finished working on. Madonna went to the backroom and completed the melody and the lyrics of the song, while Leonard worked on the other parts of it.[5] After finishing the lyrics, Madonna decided to name the song "Who's That Girl", and changed the title of Slammer to the same, considering it to be a better name. In Fred Bronson's book The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, Leonard explained that the song was recorded in one day with Madonna recording her vocals only once. Additional guitar and percussion tracks were added later by Leonard and Bray.[5]

The downtempo song was developed on the following day, with Madonna writing the lyrics and Leonard composing the melody.[5] Named "The Look of Love", the song contains the line "No where to run, no place to hide. From the look of love, from the eyes of pride".Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). After "The Look of Love", Madonna went on to develop two further songs with Bray as the producer. The first was called "Causing a Commotion", and was inspired by Penn and the couple's often tumultuous relationship. Madonna felt that her marriage to Penn was on the verge of breaking-up, due to Penn's abusive and violent nature.[6] In a Rolling Stone article dated September 10, 1987, Madonna spoke about Penn's impact on her life and the song: "I don't like violence. I never condone hitting anyone, and I never thought that any violence should have taken place. But on the other hand, I understood Sean's anger and believe me, I have wanted to hit him many times. I never would you know, because I realize that it would just make things worse. [...] I felt like he was 'Causing a Commotion' to purposefully distract me. I wrote this song and vented my frustration in it."[7] The last song developed was "Can't Stop", a track inspired by Sixties Motown and the group Martha and the Vandellas.[8] In addition to this, the album also included tracks by some acts on Warner Bros. Records, namely Club Nouveau, Scritti Politti and Michael Davidson. Commercially unsuccessful and unknown in the US, these groups needed a platform to project their songs, and including them in a Madonna album seemed like the right thing to do for Warner.[9] Two tracks by Duncan Faure and Coati Mundi were included on the soundtrack at the request of Madonna since they were her friends.[5]

Composition

"Who's That Girl"
A sample to Madonna's "Who's That Girl", where the lyrics for the chorus include Spanish words.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

With the tracklist sequencing putting three of Madonna's tracks first, and with only her face appearing on the cover art, Who's That Girl became a Madonna album by default.[1] The title track is composed in Madonna's typical style—mixing a drum machine, bubbling bass synth line, and the sound of stringed instruments.[9] According to Rikky Rooksby, author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna, the three parts of the song, namely the bridge, where Madonna sings "what can help me now", the chorus and the verse flow together in a coherent manner, with the chorus incorporating a haunting effect.[9] The song epitomized Madonna's interest with Hispanic culture that continued after the release of her 1987 single "La Isla Bonita". Leonard and Madonna had added Spanish phrases in the chorus, over the trumpets of the second verse, and also in the added instrumental break in the middle.[9] "Who's That Girl" also makes use of the sonic effect brought about by the combination of multiple vocal lines, which had been previously used by groups like The Beach Boys in their singles "God Only Knows" (1966) and "I Get Around" (1964) as well as R.E.M.'s singles "Fall on Me" (1986) and "Near Wild Heaven" (1991).[9] "Who's That Girl" employs this effect on the last chorus where three or four different vocal hooks are intertwined.[9]

The second track "Causing a Commotion" has a danceable, up-tempo groove.[8] The musical arrangement consists of a number of hooks interpolating with each other. It begins with the chorus, where Madonna sings the line "I've got the moves baby, You've got the motions, If we got together we be causing a commotion." The verses are accompanied by a four-note descending bassline and interjecting staccato chords.[1] The lyrics make reference to Madonna's 1985 single "Into the Groove" and have three parts to the vocal harmony. According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Walt Disney Music Company, the song is set in the time signature of common time with a tempo of 192 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of B♭ major with Madonna's voice spanning from the high-note of C3 to B5. The song has a basic sequence of B♭–Fm7–B♭–F9–B♭6 as its chord progression.[10]

"The Look of Love" starts off with a low bass synth line and a slow backing track. It is followed by the sound of percussion and a high register note, contrasting with the bassline.[8] The song continues in this way until the last verse, which is backed by the sound of an acoustic guitar.[8] A two-part vocal is found in the line "No where to run, no place to hide". Rooksby felt that Madonna's voice sounded "expressive" when she sings the line "From the look of love" and utters the word "look" over the D minor chord present underneath. The word is sung in a higher note of the musical scale, thus giving an impression of the suspension like quality of the minor ninth chord, dissociating it from the harmony of the other notes.[8] The song is set in the time signature of common time, with a moderate tempo of 80 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of D minor, with Madonna's voice spanning the notes C5 to B♭3. "The Look of Love" has a basic sequence of C–Dm–Fm–B as its chord progression.[11]

"Can't Stop" has a high pitched keyboard sound embedded in between the sound of a drum machine and clarinet. The lyrics essentially refer to the idea that "I want my man and I am going to get him whatever".[8] Rooksby noticed that the instrumental break in the song repeats the chorus, with a synth line added on the top. He felt that "Can't Stop", at 4:45 length, was a good example of the division of Madonna's songs between dance music—where the length is important—and the requirement of classic pop songs, which can vary from two minutes to four minutes.[1] J. Randy Taraborrelli, in his book Madonna: An Intimate Biography, described Faure's song "24 Hours" as a slow track which fails to build up momentum.[3] Joe Brown from The Washington Post described Davidson's "Turn it Up" as consisting of a slow background synth, that transforms into a rapidly progressing beat, with Davidson's singing reminiscent of the Beastie Boys.[12]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[13]
Blender[14]
Robert Christgau(C–)[15]
Entertainment Weekly(D)[16]
New YorkMixed[17]
The New York TimesPositive[18]
Rolling Stone[19]

The soundtrack album was not well-received by music critics, some whom went on comment that the title track is the record's highlight.[13][14][16] Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly gave a negative review, though Noah Robischon from the same magazine complimented the title track, saying that Madonna had "pushed synergy over the borderline."[20] Bill Lamb from About.com said that the songs were not among Madonna's best music.[21] Taraborrelli commented that "the soundtrack was once again the reminder of Madonna's power and status as one of the most important singers of the 80s, because it was only her songs which gained prominence, albeit not being her best, though 'The Look of Love' is an exotic ballad."[3] Author Mary Cross, in her biography Madonna: A Biography said that "the soundtrack slips up because of the film."[22] Allen Metz and Carol Benson, authors of The Madonna Companion: Two Decades of Commentary, said that "Who's That Girl has done what it was released for, put money in Warner's pockets, but [adds] nothing in Madonna's catalogue".[23] Tony Power of Blender panned the score, calling it "A bland uncommitted soundtrack to the dreck-laden comedy flick".[14] Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted in his review for Allmusic that "In the strictest sense [the record] isn't a Madonna album — it's a soundtrack album", adding that it features "competent but uninspiring dance-pop by [various artists]".[13] David Denby from New York magazine commented that "there's nothing absolutely wrong with the soundtrack. But it's just that it has the misfortune of being associated with such an unfortunate movie, that the album actually does not hold up to you well." He added that "The Look of Love" was a hidden gem in Madonna's catalogue.[17] Don Shewey from Rolling Stone commented that "although essentially a Madonna album, the soundtrack does not boast a truly memorable song, rather there is the inclusion of the failed Warner artist songs, like the Coati Mundi song 'El Coco Loco' and Duncan Faure's uncannily Beatles-que "24 Hours". For most buyers though this album is the new Madonna album."[19]

Robert Christgau gave the album a (C–) and said "From Scritti Politti and Coati Mundi you expect trickier spin, but they're outsiders, and outsiders times soundtrack equals contract work. For her own movie, though, the decade's purest pop icon should do better than sloppy seconds. Or neat seconds—worse still."[15] Ed Blank from Pittsburgh Press commented: "It feels like the sole purpose to create the soundtrack was to show it in the film."[24] Jay Boyar from Orlando Sentinel praised the songs on the soundtrack, claiming that "Madonna brings forth a heart-breaking warmth in 'The Look of Love' and a club stomping feel with 'Causing a Commotion'. With the movie's fate being sealed, luckily for her Madonna can sing."[25] Gyan Singh from The Miami Herald, while reviewing the film, said that the "Only solace of the movie is the soundtrack, the songs—especially those by Madonna—are actually good."[26] Don McLeese from Chicago Sun-Times, while reviewing Madona's Who's That Girl World Tour, said that "the soundtrack's songs sound good live".[27] Larry Geller from The Advocate gave a positive review, saying that "Who's That Girl will be the soundtrack album of the summer."[28] Stephen Holden from The New York Times gave an equally positive review, saying that the "soundtrack album is full of engaging pop fluff. One of the hottest singles of the year, Madonna's bilingual title song has the buoyant bounce of an acrobat doing somersaults on a trampoline. 'The Look of Love' is as memorable a ballad as [Madonna's 1986 single] 'Live to Tell', and '24 Hours', sung by Duncan Faure, skillfully fuses Beatles-styled vocals with 80's synthesizer-pop underpinnings."[18] Daniel Brogan from Chicago Tribune said that "since this soundtrack isn't really a Madonna album, this is no surprise that it appears as incomplete."[29]

Commercial response

After its release, the album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number forty-six on August 15, 1987, the same week that the title song "Who's That Girl" reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100.[30][31] In the week ending September 12, 1987, the record reached its peak position at number seven.[32] It remained on the chart for twenty-eight weeks,[32] and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of one million copies across the United States.[33] Who's That Girl sold 1.5 million copies across the nation.[34] In Canada, the album debuted at eighty-five on the RPM Albums Chart, on August 1, 1987.[35] After seven weeks, the soundtrack climbed to its peak of four on the chart.[36] The soundtrack was placed at position thirty-seven, on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1987 chart and was present on the chart for thirty weeks.[37][38]

In the United Kingdom, the album debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Albums Chart on August 1, 1987, becoming the highest debut of the week.[39] It fell out one place the next week, where it stayed for other three weeks.[40] Who's That Girl was present on the chart for twenty-five weeks and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 300,000 copies across the United Kingdom and eventually sold 320,000 in the country.[41][42] The album was less successful in Australia, where it debuted and peaked at number twenty-four, and was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipments of 35,000 copies.[43] It entered the New Zealand Album chart at twelve on September 6, 1987.[44] After two weeks, the album reached its peak at number six.[45] In Austria, Who's That Girl became the best selling debut of the week, charting at number seven, on August 15, 1987,[46] ultimately reaching number five.[45] In Germany, Who's That Girl debuted at the top of the charts, remaining there for two weeks and earning a gold certification from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI).[47][48] The album also reached the top of the charts on Billboard's European Top 100 Albums chart.[49] The album also reached the top-ten of the charts in France, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.[45][50][51][52][53] The album went on to sell six million copies worldwide.[34]

Singles

"Causing a Commotion"
A 20 second sample of Madonna's "Causing a Commotion" featuring the chorus.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

"Who's That Girl" was released as the lead single from the soundtrack, on June 30, 1987. A latin pop influenced song, it became Madonna's sixth single to top the Billboard Hot 100 chart,[54] making her the first artist to accumulate six number-one singles in the 1980s, and the first female performer to get that many number-ones as a solo act.[31] It also reached the top the charts in countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Netherlands, Ireland and Belgium.[55][56][57][58][59] In the music video Madonna did not portray her film character Nikki Finn,[60] instead she continued with her Hispanic look from the "La Isla Bonita" music video. This time she appeared dressed boyishly in a wide-brimmed Spanish hat and bolero jacket—a combination which would later become a fashion trend.[61] However, the music video chose not to capture her real self and qualities, or to promote the movie for which it was specifically created. Instead, it concentrated on the humorous off-putting personality of Madonna's film character depicted in the first half of the film.[60] As a result, the video failed to appeal to people who were not acquainted with her prior work, nor with people who already knew and admired Madonna's erotic and funny performance in her music videos.[60] "Who's That Girl" was nominated for "Best Song From A Motion Picture" at the 1988 Grammy Awards and "Best Original Song" at the 1988 Golden Globe Awards.[62]

The album's second single, "Causing a Commotion", was released on August 25, 1987. It was criticized by music reviewers for being a sub-standard Madonna single,[13] but enjoyed commercial success, reaching the top ten in New Zealand, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[63][64] In the United States, the single quickly climbed up the chart, ultimately peaking at number two in the week of October 24, 1987, the same week Michael Jackson's "Bad" advanced to the pole position. It remained in second position for three weeks, before descending from the chart.[65] "Causing a Commotion" reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Play chart.[66] The third song released from the album was the European single "The Look of Love". In the United Kingdom, "The Look of Love" was released on December 12, 1987, and entered the UK Singles Chart at position 15.[67] The next week, it reached a peak of nine on the chart, her first single to miss the top five since "Lucky Star" (1984).[68] The song was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart.[69] In Germany, the song debuted on the Media Control Charts at 38 on January 24, 1988 and peaked at 34 the following week. It was present for a total of seven weeks on the chart.[70] In Ireland, the song reached the top ten and peaked at six.[58] Across Europe, the song charted peaked at nine in Belgium, 23 in France, eight in Netherlands and 20 in Switzerland.[71] On the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles of Billboard, the song reached 17.[72] "Turn It Up" was released as a promotional single from the album in early 1988. Described by Joe Brown of The Washington Post as "gratingly banal" and its singer as "one of Madonna's photogenic protegés", the song was a success on the club charts of Billboard, charting there at 15.[73][12]

Promotion

Main article: Who's That Girl World Tour
A blond doll is standing over a pedestal. It is wearing a black corset, tights and boots. Behind it, a chair is visible.
A Barbie doll wearing a black corset similar to the one Madonna wore during the opening sequence of the tour.

Madonna performed "Who's That Girl", "Causing a Commotion," and "The Look of Love" on her 1987 Who's That Girl World Tour. It was her second concert tour and supported her third studio album, True Blue (1986), as well as the soundtrack.[3] It was Madonna's first world tour, reaching Asia, North America and Europe. Musically and technically superior to her previous The Virgin Tour, the Who's That Girl tour incorporated multimedia components to make the show more appealing.[3] Madonna trained herself physically with aerobics, jogging and weight-lifting, to cope with the choreography and the dance routines.[74] For the costumes, she collaborated with designer Marlene Stewart, expanding on the idea of bringing her popular video characters to life onstage, reworking scenes from "True Blue", "Open Your Heart", "Papa Don't Preach" and "La Isla Bonita".[74] The stage was huge, with four video screens, multimedia projectors and a flight of stairs in the middle. Leonard became the music director and encouraged Madonna to go with the idea of rearranging her older songs and presenting them in a new format.[75] Madonna named the tour 'Who's That Girl', after looking up at a gigantic image of herself projected on a screen on the stage during rehearsals.[76]

The show consisted of seven costume changes, with song-and-dance routines and theatrics with an encore consisting of the title song "Who's That Girl" and "Holiday".[77] The tour also addressed social causes like AIDS, during "Papa Don't Preach".[78] Who's That Girl was critically appreciated, with reviewers commenting on the extravagant nature of the concert and complimenting Madonna for her dancing, costume changes and dynamic pacing.[79][80][81] Who's That Girl was a commercial success, grossing a total of U.S. $25 million, with Madonna playing in front of 1.5 million people over the course of the tour.[82] According to Pollstar, it was the second top female concert tour of 1987, behind Tina Turner's Break Every Rule Tour.[3][83] Two concerts from the Who's That Girl tour were later released on on the VHS Ciao, Italia! – Live from Italy.[84] Taraborrelli commented that "Many female artists behave like a diva for a period when they reach superstar status, and the 'Who's That Girl?' tour marked the beginning of Madonna's."[85] The tour is also noted for giving rise to the term "new Madonna", a stronger and more intelligent sexual image of her former self which had given rise to the term Madonna wannabe.[86] A statue of Madonna, wearing a conical bra was errected in her name, at the center of the town of Pacentro in Italy, where her ancestors used to live.[87]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length
1."Who's That Girl" (performed by Madonna)Madonna, Patrick LeonardMadonna, Patrick Leonard3:58
2."Causing a Commotion" (performed by Madonna)Madonna, Stephen BrayMadonna, Stephen Bray4:20
3."The Look of Love" (performed by Madonna)Madonna, P. LeonardMadonna, Patrick Leonard4:03
4."24 Hours" (performed by Duncan Faure)Mary Kessler, Joey WilsonStephen Bray3:38
5."Step by Step" (performed by Club Nouveau)Jay King, Denzil Foster, Thomas McElroy, David AgentJay King, Denzil Foster, Thomas McElroy, David Agent4:43
6."Turn It Up" (performed by Michael Davidson)Michael Davidson, Frederic MercierStock, Aitken, Waterman3:56
7."Best Thing Ever" (performed by Scritti Politti)Green Gartside, David GamsonGreen Gartside, David Gamson, John "Tokes" Potoker3:51
8."Can't Stop" (performed by Madonna)Madonna, S. BrayMadonna, Stephen Bray4:45
9."El Coco Loco (So So Bad)" (performed by Coati Mundi)Coati Mundi HernandezHubert Eaves III6:22

Credits and personnel

Charts and certifications

Singles

Year Single Peak chart positions Certifications
US
[73] 		US Club
[73] 		AUS
[43] 		AUT
[92] 		CAN
[93] 		FRA
[94] 		GER
[95] 		ITA
[51] 		SWI
[96] 		UK
[69]
1987 "Who's That Girl" 1 44 7 4 1 2 2 1 2 1
"Causing a Commotion" 2 1 7 14 2 — 14 4 9 4 —
"The Look of Love" — — — — — 23 34 — 20 9 —
"Turn It Up" — 15 — — — — — — — — —
"—" denotes releases that did not chart or was not released.

Chart procession and succession

Preceded by German Media Control Top 100 number-one album
September 26, 1987 – October 3, 1987 		Succeeded by
European Top 100 number-one album
October 3, 1987

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, p. 67
  2. ^ a b c Morton 2002, p. 190
  3. ^ a b c d e f Taraborrelli 2002, p. 125
  4. ^ Morton 2002, p. 191
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Bronson 2002, p. 780
  6. ^ Feldman 2000, p. 211
  7. ^ Lawson, Senegal (1987-09-10). "Madonna: She's That Girl". Rolling Stone. 1019 (32). Jann Wenner. ISSN 0035-791X.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, p. 69
  9. ^ a b c d e f Rooksby 2004, p. 68
  10. ^ "Digital Sheet Music – Madonna Ciccone – Causing a Commotion". Musicnotes.com. Walt Disney Music Company. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ^ "Digital Sheet Music – Madonna Ciccone – The Look of Love". SheetMusicPlus. Warner Bros. Records. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  12. ^ a b Brown, Joe (1987-09-02). "The Miami Movement; Three New Albums With Salsa's Strong Flavors". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
  13. ^ a b c d Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (1987-07-23). "allmusic ((( Who's That Girl [Soundtrack] > Overview )))". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2010-08-04. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
  14. ^ a b c Power, Tony. "Madonna: Who's That Girl Review". Blender. Blender Media LLC. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
  15. ^ a b Christgau, Robert. "Consumer Guide: Who's That Girl". Robert Chritsgau Official Website. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  16. ^ a b Farber, Jim (2001-07-20). "Madonna's discography". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 2009-11-05.
  17. ^ a b Denby, David (1987-08-24). "Movies: Southern Comfort". New York. 20 (33). New York Media LLC. ISSN 0028-7369.
  18. ^ a b Holden, Stephen (1987-08-21). "Pop and Jazz Guide Review". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  19. ^ a b Shewey, Don (1987-09-12). "Madonna, The Rolling Stone Files". Rolling Stone. Jann Wenner. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  20. ^ Robischon, Noah (2001-07-20). "Dating Madonna". Entertainment Weekly. Time Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  21. ^ Lamb, Bill (2009-01-09). "Madonna Discography: Annotated List of Madonna's Albums". About.com. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  22. ^ Cross 2007, p. 90
  23. ^ Metz & Benson 1999, p. 45
  24. ^ Blank, Ed (1987-08-06). "Who's That Girl? Another Madonna Loser". Pittsburgh Press. E. W. Scripps Company. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  25. ^ Boyar, Jay (1987-08-10). "Luckily For Her, Madonna Can Sing". Orlando Sentinel. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  26. ^ Singh, Gyan (1987-08-07). "And The Chase's On, Material Girl Madonna Makes A Mess". The Miami Herald. The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
  27. ^ McLeese, Don (1987-07-12). "Who Is This Girl". Chicago Sun-Times. Sun-Times Media Group. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  28. ^ Geller, Larry (1987-08-07). "Madonna film spawns guess what? A soundtrack". The Advocate. Here Media Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
  29. ^ Brogan, Daniel (1987-08-07). "'Causing Commotion' Best, But 'That Girl's' Just Okay". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  30. ^ "The Billboard 200: Week Ending August 15, 1987". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. 1987-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  31. ^ a b DeKnock, Jan (1987-08-22). "Madonna Soars to Top of the Charts for the Sixth Time". Chicago Tribune. Tribune Company. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
  32. ^ a b c "Billboard – Madonna – Who's That Girl". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 2010-08-12.
  33. ^ a b "RIAA – Madonna – Who's That Girl (Soundtrack)". Recording Industry Association of America. 1987-09-29. Retrieved 2010-08-17.
  34. ^ a b Taraborrelli 2002, p. 145
  35. ^ "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 46, No. 17, August 01 1987". RPM. RPM Library Archives. 1987-08-01. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  36. ^ a b "Top Albums/CDs – Volume 46, No. 23, September 12 1987". RPM. RPM Library Archives. 1987-09-12. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
  37. ^ "Top 100 Albums of '87". RPM. RPM Library Archives. 1987-12-26. Retrieved 2010-08-23.
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References

External links

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