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{{Short description|Family of spiders}}
{{distinguish|spider crab}}
{{Distinguish|spider crab}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Crab Spider 6299.jpg
| taxon = Thomisidae
| taxon = Thomisidae
| image = Ozyptila praticola - front (aka).jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ozyptila praticola]]''
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Palaeogene|present}}
| authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1833<ref name=WSC_f103>{{cite web |title=Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genlist/103 |accessdate=2015-10-30 }}</ref>
| authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1833{{r|WSC_f103}}
| diversity_link = List of Thomisidae species
| diversity_link = Thomisidae#Taxonomy
| diversity = 175 genera, 2,155 species
| diversity = 171 genera, 2,167 species
| diversity_ref = {{r|WSC_stats}}
⚫
| diversity_ref = <ref name=WSC_stats>{{cite web |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics |accessdate=2015-10-30 }}</ref>
| range_map = Distribution.thomisidae.1.png
| range_map = Distribution.thomisidae.1.png
}}
}}
[[File:Crab spider feeding Junonia atlites in Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|Crab spider feeding on a ''[[Junonia atlites]]'' butterfly in a ''[[Zinnia elegans]]'' flower]]
[[File:Crab spider feeding Junonia atlites in Kadavoor.jpg|thumb|Crab spider feeding on a ''[[Junonia atlites]]'' butterfly in a ''[[Zinnia elegans]]'' flower]]


The '''Thomisidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[spider]]s, including about 175 [[Genus|genera]] and over 2,100 species. The common name '''crab spider''' is often linked to species in this family, but is also applied loosely to many other families of spiders. Many members of this family are also known as '''flower spiders''' or '''flower crab spiders'''.<ref name=whyte2017/>
The '''Thomisidae''' are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[spider]]s, including about 170 [[Genus|genera]] and over 2,100 species. The common name '''crab spider''' is often linked to species in this family, but is also applied loosely to many other families of spiders. Many members of this family are also known as '''flower spiders''' or '''flower crab spiders'''.<ref name=whyte2017/>

== Description ==
Members of this family of spiders do not spin webs, and are ambush predators. The two front legs are usually longer and more robust than the rest of the legs. The back two legs are smaller, and are usually covered in a series of strong spines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomisidae - General Information |url=https://www.arc.agric.za/arc-ppri/Pages/Biosystematics/Spider%20Research%20Centre/Thomisidae-General-Information.aspx |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.arc.agric.za}}</ref> They have dull colorations such as brown, grey, or very bright green, pink, white or yellow. They gain their name from the shape of their body, and they usually move sideways or backwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=crab spider {{!}} arachnid {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/crab-spider |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> These spiders are quite easy to identify and can very rarely be confused with [[Huntsman spider|Sparassidae]] family, though the crab spiders are usually smaller.


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
Spiders in this family are called "crab spiders" due to their resemblance to [[crabs]], the way such spiders hold their two front pairs of legs, and their ability to scuttle sideways or backwards.<ref name=whyte2017/><ref name=bradley2012/> The Thomisidae are the family most generally referred to as "crab spiders", though some members of the [[Huntsman spider|Sparassidae]] are called "giant crab spiders", the [[wall crab spider|Selenopidae]] are called "wall crab spiders", and various members of the [[Sicariidae]] are sometimes called "six-eyed crab spiders".<ref name="Filmer">{{cite book | last = Filmer | first = Martin | title = Southern African Spiders | publisher = BHB International / Struik | location = City | year = 1997 | isbn = 1-86825-188-8 }}</ref> Some unrelated [[orb-weaver spider]] species such as ''[[Gasteracantha cancriformis]]'' also are commonly called "crab spiders".
Spiders in this family are called "crab spiders" due to their resemblance to [[crabs]], the way such spiders hold their two front pairs of legs, and their ability to scuttle sideways or backwards.<ref name=whyte2017/><ref name=bradley2012/> The Thomisidae are the family most generally referred to as "crab spiders", though some members of the [[Huntsman spider|Sparassidae]] are called "giant crab spiders", the [[wall crab spider|Selenopidae]] are called "wall crab spiders", and various members of the [[Sicariidae]] are sometimes called "six-eyed crab spiders".<ref name="Filmer">{{cite book |last=Filmer |first=Martin |title=Southern African Spiders |publisher=BHB International / Struik |location=City |year=1997 |isbn=1-86825-188-8 }}</ref> Some distantly related [[orb-weaver spider]] species such as ''[[Gasteracantha cancriformis]]'' also are sometimes called "crab spiders".


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2015}}
[[File:Thomisus Onustus in Behbahan, Iran.jpg|alt=Thomisus Onustus in Behbahan, Iran|thumb|Crab spider waiting in ambush, [[Behbahan]], Iran]]
⚫
Thomisidae do not build webs to trap prey, though all of them produce [[Spider silk|silk]] for drop lines and sundry reproductive purposes; some are wandering hunters and the most widely known are [[ambush predator]]s. Some species sit on or beside flowers or fruit, where they grab visiting insects. Individuals of some species, such as ''[[Misumena vatia]]'', are able to change color over a period of some days, to match the flower on which they are sitting. Some species frequent promising positions among leaves or bark, where they await prey, and some of them sit in the open, where they are startlingly good mimics of bird droppings. However, these members of the family Thomisidae are not to be confused with the spiders that generally are called [[Celaenia excavata|bird-dropping spiders]], not all of which are close relatives of crab spiders.
[[File:CrabSpider thd3.webm|thumb|thumbtime=43|right|Crab spider on Queen Ann’s lace]]
[[File:Crab spider safety line.webm|thumb|thumbtime=31|right|[[Crab spider]] jumps with safety line, on [[Verbesina alternifolia|yellow ironweed]]. Repeated at variable slow motion to better see silk line. Spider probably [[Misumessus oblongus]].]]

⚫
Thomisidae do not build webs to trap prey, though all of them produce [[Spider silk|silk]] for drop lines and sundry reproductive purposes; some are wandering hunters and the most widely known are [[ambush predator]]s. Some species sit on or beside flowers or fruit, where they grab visiting insects. Individuals of some species, such as ''[[Misumena vatia]]'' and ''[[Thomisus spectabilis]]'', are able to change color over a period of some days, to match the flower on which they are sitting. Some species frequent promising positions among leaves or bark, where they await prey, and some of them sit in the open, where they are startlingly good mimics of bird droppings. However, these members of the family Thomisidae are not to be confused with the spiders that generally are called [[Celaenia excavata|bird-dropping spiders]], not all of which are close relatives of crab spiders.


Other species of crab spiders with flattened bodies either hunt in the crevices of tree trunks or under loose bark, or shelter under such crevices by day, and come out at night to hunt. Members of the genus ''[[Xysticus]]'' hunt in the leaf litter on the ground. In each case, crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold on to prey while paralysing it with a venomous bite.
Other species of crab spiders with flattened bodies either hunt in the crevices of tree trunks or under loose bark, or shelter under such crevices by day, and come out at night to hunt. Members of the genus ''[[Xysticus]]'' hunt in the [[leaf litter]] on the ground. In each case, crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold on to prey while paralysing it with a venomous bite.


The spider family Aphantochilidae was incorporated into the Thomisidae in the late 1980s. ''[[Aphantochilus]]'' species mimic ''[[Cephalotes]]'' ants, on which they prey.
The spider family Aphantochilidae was incorporated into the Thomisidae in the late 1980s. ''[[Aphantochilus]]'' species mimic ''[[Cephalotes]]'' ants, on which they prey.


The spiders of Thomisidae are not known to be harmful to humans. However, spiders of an unrelated genus, ''[[Sicarius (genus)|Sicarius]]'', which are sometimes referred to as "crab spiders", or "six-eyed crab spiders", are close cousins to the [[recluse spider]]s, and are highly [[spider bite|venomous]], though human bites are rare.
The spiders of Thomisidae are not known to be harmful to humans. However, spiders of a distantly related genus, ''[[Sicarius (genus)|Sicarius]]'', which are sometimes referred to as "crab spiders", or "six-eyed crab spiders", are close cousins to the [[recluse spider]]s, and are highly [[spider bite|venomous]], though human bites are rare.


==Sexual dimorphism==
==Sexual dimorphism==
Several different types of [[sexual dimorphism]] have been recorded in crab spiders. Some species exhibit color dimorphisms;<ref>http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Thomisidae/</ref> however, the most apparent dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females. In some species, this is relatively small; females of ''[[Misumena vatia]]'' are roughly twice the size of their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower (a.k.a. Goldenrod) Crab Spider (''Misumena vatia'') |publisher=Woodland Park Zoo |url=http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=203 |accessdate=2015-10-30 }}</ref> In other cases, the difference is extreme; on average, female ''[[Thomisus onustus]]'' and ''[[Misumena vatia]]'' are more than 60 times as massive as the males.<ref name=CorcRodrDeMaMoya10/>
Several different types of [[sexual dimorphism]] have been recorded in crab spiders. Some species exhibit color dimorphisms;<ref>{{Cite web|title=BioKIDS - Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Thomisidae: INFORMATION|url=http://www.biokids.umich.edu/critters/Thomisidae/|access-date=2022-01-06|website=www.biokids.umich.edu}}</ref> however, the most apparent dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females. In some species, this is relatively small; females of ''[[Misumena vatia]]'' are roughly twice the size of their male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flower (a.k.a. Goldenrod) Crab Spider (''Misumena vatia'') |publisher=Woodland Park Zoo |url=http://www.zoo.org/document.doc?id=203 |access-date=2015-10-30 }}</ref> In other cases, the difference is extreme; on average, female ''[[Thomisus onustus]]'' are more than 60 times as massive as the males.<ref name=CorcRodrDeMaMoya10/>


Several hypothesized explanations are given for the evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in the Thomisidae and other sister taxa.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hormiga | first1 = G | last2 = Scharff | first2 = N | last3 = Coddington | first3 = J.A. | year = 2000 | title = The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Obiculariae) | url = | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 49 | issue = | pages = 435–462 | doi=10.1080/10635159950127330 | pmid = 12116421| doi-access = free }}</ref> The most widely acknowledged hypothesis for female growth is the [[fecundity]] hypothesis:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Head | first1 = G | year = 1995 | title = Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae) | url = | journal = Evolution | volume = 49 | issue = | pages = 776–781 | doi=10.2307/2410330}}</ref> selection favors larger females so they can produce more eggs and healthier offspring. Because males do not carry and lay eggs, a growth in size does not confer a fitness advantage.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=G. |date=1995 |title=Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae) |journal=Evolution |volume=49 |pp=776–781 |doi=10.2307/2410330}}</ref>
Several hypothesized explanations are given for the evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in the Thomisidae and other sister taxa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hormiga |first1=G |last2=Scharff |first2=N |last3=Coddington |first3=J.A. |year=2000 |title=The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Obiculariae) |journal=Systematic Biology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=435–462 |doi=10.1080/10635159950127330 |pmid=12116421|doi-access=free }}</ref> The most widely acknowledged hypothesis for female growth is the [[fecundity]] hypothesis:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Head |first1=G |year=1995 |title=Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae) |journal=Evolution |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=776–781 |doi=10.2307/2410330|jstor=2410330 |pmid=28565139 }}</ref> selection favors larger females so they can produce more eggs and healthier offspring. Because males do not carry and lay eggs, a growth in size does not confer a fitness advantage.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=G. |date=1995 |title=Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae) |journal=Evolution |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=776–781 |doi=10.2307/2410330|jstor=2410330 |pmid=28565139 }}</ref>


However, sexual size dimorphism may be a result of male dwarfism. The gravity hypothesis states that the smaller size allows the male to travel with greater ease, providing him with an increased opportunity to find mates.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Corcobado | first1 = G. | last2 = Rodríguez-Gironés | first2 = M.A. | last3 = De Mas | first3 = E. | last4 = Moya-Laraño | first4 = J. | year = 2010 | title = Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 10 | issue = | page = 236 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-236 | pmid=20682029 | pmc=2924870}}</ref> Females are comparatively stationary and a smaller size provides them no additional benefit.<ref name=CorcRodrDeMaMoya10>{{Cite journal |last=Corcobado |first=G. |last2=Rodríguez-Gironés |first2=M.A. |last3=De Mas |first3=E. |last4=Moya-Laraño |first4=J. |year=2010 |title=Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |page=236 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-236 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmid=20682029 |pmc=2924870}}</ref>
However, sexual size dimorphism may be a result of male dwarfism. The gravity hypothesis states that the smaller size allows the male to travel with greater ease, providing him with an increased opportunity to find mates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Corcobado |first1=G. |last2=Rodríguez-Gironés |first2=M.A. |last3=De Mas |first3=E. |last4=Moya-Laraño |first4=J. |year=2010 |title=Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |page=236 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-236 |pmid=20682029 |pmc=2924870 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Females are comparatively stationary, and their larger size allows them to capture larger prey, such as butterflies and bees, granting females the additional nutrients necessary for egg production.<ref name=CorcRodrDeMaMoya10>{{Cite journal |last1=Corcobado |first1=G. |last2=Rodríguez-Gironés |first2=M.A. |last3=De Mas |first3=E. |last4=Moya-Laraño |first4=J. |year=2010 |title=Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=10 |page=236 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-236 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=20682029 |pmc=2924870 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


Other hypotheses propose that sexual size dimorphism evolved by chance, and no selective advantage exists to larger females or smaller males.<ref name=PrenElwoMont98>{{Cite journal |last=Prenter |first=J. |last2=Elwood |first2=R.W. |last3=Montgomery |first3=W.I. |year=1998 |title=No Association between Sexual Size Dimorphism and Life Histories in Spiders |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=265 |issue=1390 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0264 |lastauthoramp=yes |pmc=1688762 }}</ref>
Other hypotheses propose that sexual size dimorphism evolved by chance, and no selective advantage exists to larger females or smaller males.<ref name=PrenElwoMont98>{{Cite journal |last1=Prenter |first1=J. |last2=Elwood |first2=R.W. |last3=Montgomery |first3=W.I. |year=1998 |title=No Association between Sexual Size Dimorphism and Life Histories in Spiders |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=265 |issue=1390 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.1098/rspb.1998.0264 |name-list-style=amp |pmc=1688762 }}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
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[[File:Camaricus sp.jpg|thumb|''[[Camaricus]]'' sp., [[Goa]], India]]
[[File:Camaricus sp.jpg|thumb|''[[Camaricus]]'' sp., [[Goa]], India]]
[[File:Runcinia sp.jpg|thumb|''[[Runcinia]]'' sp., Goa, India]]
[[File:Runcinia sp.jpg|thumb|''[[Runcinia]]'' sp., Goa, India]]
{{As of|2021|12}}, this large family contains around 171 [[genus|genera]]:<ref name=WSC_f103/>
{{See also|List of Thomisidae species}}
⚫
{{As of|2016}}, this large family contains around 171 [[genus|genera]]:<ref name=WSC_f103/><ref name=NMBE>{{cite web|title=Thomisidae| website=World Spider Catalog| publisher=Natural History Museum Bern| accessdate=2017-03-22| url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/5548}}</ref>


{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
*''[[Acentroscelus]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Acentroscelus]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Acrotmarus]]'' <small>Tang & Li, 2012</small>
*''[[Acrotmarus]]'' <small>Tang & Li, 2012</small>
Line 56: Line 62:
*''[[Aphantochilus]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870</small>
*''[[Aphantochilus]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1870</small>
*''[[Apyretina]]'' <small>Strand, 1929</small>
*''[[Apyretina]]'' <small>Strand, 1929</small>
⚫
*''[[Ascurisoma]]'' <small>Strand, 1928</small>
*''[[Australomisidia]]'' <small>Szymkowiak, 2014</small>
*''[[Australomisidia]]'' <small>Szymkowiak, 2014</small>
*''[[Avelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Avelis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Bassaniana]]'' <small>Strand, 1928</small>
*''[[Bassaniana]]'' <small>Strand, 1928</small>
*''[[Bassaniodes]]'' <small>Pocock, 1903</small>
*''[[Bassaniodes]]'' <small>Pocock, 1903</small>
*''[[Boliscodes]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small>
*''[[Boliscus]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small>
*''[[Boliscus]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small>
*''[[Bomis (spider)|Bomis]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1874</small>
*''[[Bomis (spider)|Bomis]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1874</small>
*''[[Bonapruncinia]]'' <small>Benoit, 1977</small>
*''[[Bonapruncinia]]'' <small>Benoit, 1977</small>
*''[[Boomerangia]]'' <small>Szymkowiak, 2014</small>
*''[[Boomerangiana]]'' <small>Szymkowiak & Sherwood, 2021</small>
*''[[Borboropactus]]'' <small>Simon, 1884</small>
*''[[Borboropactus]]'' <small>Simon, 1884</small>
*''[[Bucranium (spider)|Bucranium]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881</small>
*''[[Bucranium (spider)|Bucranium]]'' <small>O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1881</small>
Line 72: Line 76:
*''[[Cebrenninus]]'' <small>Simon, 1887</small>
*''[[Cebrenninus]]'' <small>Simon, 1887</small>
*''[[Ceraarachne]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1880</small>
*''[[Ceraarachne]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1880</small>
*''[[Cetratus]]'' <small>Kulczy?ski, 1911</small>
*''[[Cetratus]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1911</small>
*''[[Coenypha]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Coenypha]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Coriarachne]]'' <small>Thorell, 1870</small>
*''[[Coriarachne]]'' <small>Thorell, 1870</small>
Line 118: Line 122:
*''[[Isala (spider)|Isala]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1876</small>
*''[[Isala (spider)|Isala]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1876</small>
*''[[Isaloides]]'' <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small>
*''[[Isaloides]]'' <small>F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900</small>
⚫
*''[[Kryptochroma]]'' <small>Machado, 2021</small>
*''[[Lampertia]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small>
*''[[Lampertia]]'' <small>Strand, 1907</small>
*''[[Latifrons]]'' <small>Kulczy?ski, 1911</small>
*''[[Latifrons]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1911</small>
*''[[Ledouxia]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 2004</small>
*''[[Ledouxia]]'' <small>Lehtinen, 2004</small>
*''[[Leroya (Spider)|Leroya]]'' <small>Lewis & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2014</small>
*''[[Leroya (Spider)|Leroya]]'' <small>Lewis & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2014</small>
*''[[Loxobates]]'' <small>Thorell, 1877</small>
*''[[Loxobates]]'' <small>Thorell, 1877</small>
*''[[Loxoporetes]]'' <small>Kulczy?ski, 1911</small>
*''[[Loxoporetes]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1911</small>
*''[[Lycopus (spider)|Lycopus]]'' <small>Thorell, 1895</small>
*''[[Lycopus (spider)|Lycopus]]'' <small>Thorell, 1895</small>
*''[[Lysiteles]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Lysiteles]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
Line 148: Line 153:
*''[[Ozyptila]]'' <small>Simon, 1864</small>
*''[[Ozyptila]]'' <small>Simon, 1864</small>
*''[[Pactactes]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pactactes]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pagida (spider)|Pagida]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pagida]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Parabomis]]'' <small>Kulczy?ski, 1901</small>
*''[[Parabomis]]'' <small>Kulczyński, 1901</small>
*''[[Parasmodix]]'' <small>Jézéquel, 1966</small>
*''[[Parasmodix]]'' <small>Jézéquel, 1966</small>
*''[[Parastrophius]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small>
*''[[Parastrophius]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small>
Line 155: Line 160:
*''[[Pasias]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pasias]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pasiasula]]'' <small>Roewer, 1942</small>
*''[[Pasiasula]]'' <small>Roewer, 1942</small>
*''[[Peritraeus]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Phaenopoma]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Phaenopoma]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pharta]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small>
*''[[Pharta]]'' <small>Thorell, 1891</small>
Line 165: Line 169:
*''[[Physoplatys]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Physoplatys]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Pistius]]'' <small>Simon, 1875</small>
*''[[Pistius]]'' <small>Simon, 1875</small>
*''[[Plancinus]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Plastonomus]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small>
*''[[Plastonomus]]'' <small>Simon, 1903</small>
*''[[Platyarachne]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1880</small>
*''[[Platyarachne]]'' <small>Keyserling, 1880</small>
Line 212: Line 215:
*''[[Titidius]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Titidius]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Tmarus]]'' <small>Simon, 1875</small>
*''[[Tmarus]]'' <small>Simon, 1875</small>
*''[[Tobias (spider)|Tobias]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
*''[[Trichopagis]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Trichopagis]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Ulocymus]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
*''[[Ulocymus]]'' <small>Simon, 1886</small>
Line 220: Line 222:
*''[[Zametopina]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small>
*''[[Zametopina]]'' <small>Simon, 1909</small>
*''[[Zygometis]]'' <small>Simon, 1901</small>
*''[[Zygometis]]'' <small>Simon, 1901</small>
}}
{{Div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Philodromidae]], also called crab spiders


==References==
==References==
Line 226: Line 231:
<ref name=bradley2012>{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Richard A. |title=Common Spiders of North America |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520954502}}</ref>
<ref name=bradley2012>{{cite book |last1=Bradley |first1=Richard A. |title=Common Spiders of North America |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520954502}}</ref>
<ref name=whyte2017>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |title=A field guide to spiders of Australia |date=2017 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=9780643107083}}</ref>
<ref name=whyte2017>{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=Robert |last2=Anderson |first2=Greg |title=A field guide to spiders of Australia |date=2017 |publisher=Csiro Publishing |isbn=9780643107083}}</ref>
⚫
<ref name=WSC_f103>{{cite web |title=Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833 |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genlist/103 |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
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<ref name=WSC_stats>{{cite web |title=Currently valid spider genera and species |work=World Spider Catalog |publisher=Natural History Museum Bern |url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/statistics |access-date=4 December 2021}}</ref>
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==External links==
==External links==
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=4319 Pictures of crab spiders] (free for noncommercial use)
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=4319 Pictures of crab spiders] (free for noncommercial use)
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-genre=Animal&query_src=photos_fauna_index&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Misumena+vatia Photos of Crab Spiders hosted by University of California, Berkeley]
* [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?where-genre=Animal&query_src=photos_fauna_index&rel-taxon=contains&where-taxon=Misumena+vatia Photos of crab spiders] hosted by University of California, Berkeley


{{Araneae}}
{{Araneae}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q12023}}
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[[Category:Thomisidae|*]]
[[Category:Thomisidae| ]]
[[Category:Araneomorphae families]]
[[Category:Araneomorphae families]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Jakob Sundevall]]

Revision as of 07:05, 28 April 2024

Not to be confused with spider crab.

Thomisidae
Temporal range: Palaeogene–present
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Chelicerata
Class: Arachnida
Order: Araneae
Infraorder: Araneomorphae
Family: Thomisidae
Sundevall, 1833[1]
Diversity[2]
171 genera, 2,167 species
Crab spider feeding on a Junonia atlites butterfly in a Zinnia elegans flower

The Thomisidae are a family of spiders, including about 170 genera and over 2,100 species. The common name crab spider is often linked to species in this family, but is also applied loosely to many other families of spiders. Many members of this family are also known as flower spiders or flower crab spiders.[3]

Description

Members of this family of spiders do not spin webs, and are ambush predators. The two front legs are usually longer and more robust than the rest of the legs. The back two legs are smaller, and are usually covered in a series of strong spines.[4] They have dull colorations such as brown, grey, or very bright green, pink, white or yellow. They gain their name from the shape of their body, and they usually move sideways or backwards.[5] These spiders are quite easy to identify and can very rarely be confused with Sparassidae family, though the crab spiders are usually smaller.

Etymology

Spiders in this family are called "crab spiders" due to their resemblance to crabs, the way such spiders hold their two front pairs of legs, and their ability to scuttle sideways or backwards.[3][6] The Thomisidae are the family most generally referred to as "crab spiders", though some members of the Sparassidae are called "giant crab spiders", the Selenopidae are called "wall crab spiders", and various members of the Sicariidae are sometimes called "six-eyed crab spiders".[7] Some distantly related orb-weaver spider species such as Gasteracantha cancriformis also are sometimes called "crab spiders".

Behavior

Thomisus Onustus in Behbahan, Iran
Crab spider waiting in ambush, Behbahan, Iran
Crab spider on Queen Ann’s lace
Crab spider jumps with safety line, on yellow ironweed. Repeated at variable slow motion to better see silk line. Spider probably Misumessus oblongus.

Thomisidae do not build webs to trap prey, though all of them produce silk for drop lines and sundry reproductive purposes; some are wandering hunters and the most widely known are ambush predators. Some species sit on or beside flowers or fruit, where they grab visiting insects. Individuals of some species, such as Misumena vatia and Thomisus spectabilis, are able to change color over a period of some days, to match the flower on which they are sitting. Some species frequent promising positions among leaves or bark, where they await prey, and some of them sit in the open, where they are startlingly good mimics of bird droppings. However, these members of the family Thomisidae are not to be confused with the spiders that generally are called bird-dropping spiders, not all of which are close relatives of crab spiders.

Other species of crab spiders with flattened bodies either hunt in the crevices of tree trunks or under loose bark, or shelter under such crevices by day, and come out at night to hunt. Members of the genus Xysticus hunt in the leaf litter on the ground. In each case, crab spiders use their powerful front legs to grab and hold on to prey while paralysing it with a venomous bite.

The spider family Aphantochilidae was incorporated into the Thomisidae in the late 1980s. Aphantochilus species mimic Cephalotes ants, on which they prey.

The spiders of Thomisidae are not known to be harmful to humans. However, spiders of a distantly related genus, Sicarius, which are sometimes referred to as "crab spiders", or "six-eyed crab spiders", are close cousins to the recluse spiders, and are highly venomous, though human bites are rare.

Sexual dimorphism

Several different types of sexual dimorphism have been recorded in crab spiders. Some species exhibit color dimorphisms;[8] however, the most apparent dimorphism is the difference in size between males and females. In some species, this is relatively small; females of Misumena vatia are roughly twice the size of their male counterparts.[9] In other cases, the difference is extreme; on average, female Thomisus onustus are more than 60 times as massive as the males.[10]

Several hypothesized explanations are given for the evolution of sexual size dimorphisms in the Thomisidae and other sister taxa.[11] The most widely acknowledged hypothesis for female growth is the fecundity hypothesis:[12] selection favors larger females so they can produce more eggs and healthier offspring. Because males do not carry and lay eggs, a growth in size does not confer a fitness advantage.[13]

However, sexual size dimorphism may be a result of male dwarfism. The gravity hypothesis states that the smaller size allows the male to travel with greater ease, providing him with an increased opportunity to find mates.[14] Females are comparatively stationary, and their larger size allows them to capture larger prey, such as butterflies and bees, granting females the additional nutrients necessary for egg production.[10]

Other hypotheses propose that sexual size dimorphism evolved by chance, and no selective advantage exists to larger females or smaller males.[15]

Taxonomy

Misumena vatia female
Angaeus sp., Karnataka, India
Ant-mimic Amyciaea sp., Karnataka, India
Phyrnarachne sp. mimicking bird-dropping, Karnataka, India
Camaricus sp., Goa, India
Runcinia sp., Goa, India

As of December 2021, this large family contains around 171 genera:[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Family: Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  2. ^ "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  3. ^ a b Whyte, Robert; Anderson, Greg (2017). A field guide to spiders of Australia. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643107083.
  4. ^ "Thomisidae - General Information". www.arc.agric.za. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  5. ^ "crab spider | arachnid | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
  6. ^ Bradley, Richard A. (2012). Common Spiders of North America. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520954502.
  7. ^ Filmer, Martin (1997). Southern African Spiders. City: BHB International / Struik. ISBN 1-86825-188-8.
  8. ^ "BioKIDS - Kids' Inquiry of Diverse Species, Thomisidae: INFORMATION". www.biokids.umich.edu. Retrieved 2022-01-06.
  9. ^ "Flower (a.k.a. Goldenrod) Crab Spider (Misumena vatia)". Woodland Park Zoo. Retrieved 2015-10-30.
  10. ^ a b Corcobado, G.; Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A.; De Mas, E. & Moya-Laraño, J. (2010). "Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 236. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-236. PMC 2924870. PMID 20682029.
  11. ^ Hormiga, G; Scharff, N; Coddington, J.A. (2000). "The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Obiculariae)". Systematic Biology. 49 (3): 435–462. doi:10.1080/10635159950127330. PMID 12116421.
  12. ^ Head, G (1995). "Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae)". Evolution. 49 (4): 776–781. doi:10.2307/2410330. JSTOR 2410330. PMID 28565139.
  13. ^ Head, G. (1995). "Selection on Fecundity and Variation in the Degree of Sexual Size Dimorphism Among Spider Species (Class Araneae)". Evolution. 49 (4): 776–781. doi:10.2307/2410330. JSTOR 2410330. PMID 28565139.
  14. ^ Corcobado, G.; Rodríguez-Gironés, M.A.; De Mas, E.; Moya-Laraño, J. (2010). "Introducing the refined gravity hypothesis of extreme sexual size dimorphism". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 236. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-236. PMC 2924870. PMID 20682029.
  15. ^ Prenter, J.; Elwood, R.W. & Montgomery, W.I. (1998). "No Association between Sexual Size Dimorphism and Life Histories in Spiders". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 265 (1390): 57–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0264. PMC 1688762.
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