Tupolev Tu-160: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 16:09, 18 July 2009
| Tu-160 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Tupolev Tu-160 | |
| Role | Strategic bomber |
| Manufacturer | Tupolev |
| First flight | 18 December 1981 |
| Introduction | 1987/2005 (official) |
| Status | In production |
| Primary user | Russian Air Force |
| Number built | 35 |
The Tupolev Tu-160 (Russian: Туполев Ту-160, NATO reporting name Blackjack) is a supersonic, variable-geometry heavy bomber designed by the Soviet Union. It is similar in configuration to the American B-1 Lancer but is significantly larger and faster than the B-1B with a greater combat range and payload capacity. It is both the largest variable-wing and largest combat aircraft ever built.
Although several civil and military transport aircraft are bigger, the Tu-160 has the greatest total thrust, and the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft, and the highest top speed as well as one of the largest payloads of any current heavy bomber. Pilots of the Tu-160 call it the “White Swan”, due to its maneuverability and anti-flash white finish.[1]
Entering service in 1987 with the 184 Guards Bomber Regiment, based at Priluki, Soviet Union, the Tu-160 was the last strategic bomber designed by the Soviet Union but remains in production, with at least 16 currently in service with the Russian Air Force.
Development
The first competition for a supersonic strategic heavy bomber was launched in the Soviet Union in 1967. The new plane was to have a cruise speed of over Mach 3, in response to the American B-70 Valkyrie. It soon became apparent that such an aircraft would be too expensive and difficult to produce, so it was decided to reduce demands (in the US, the B-70 bomber project had already been cancelled).
In 1972, the Soviet Union launched a new multi-mission bomber competition to create a new supersonic, variable-geometry ("swing-wing") heavy bomber with a maximum speed of Mach 2.3, in response to the US Air Force B-1 bomber project. The Tupolev design, dubbed Aircraft 160M, with a lengthened flying wing layout and incorporating some elements of the Tu-144, competed against the Myasishchev M-18 and the Sukhoi T-4 designs.[citation needed] Myasishchev's version, proposing a variable-geometry aircraft, was considered to be the most successful, although the Tupolev organization was regarded as having the greatest potential for completing this complex project. Consequently, Tupolev was assigned in 1973 the development of a new aircraft based on the Myasishchev design.
Although the B-1A was cancelled in 1977, work on the new Soviet bomber continued, and in the same year, the design was accepted by the government committee. The prototype was photographed by an airline passenger at a Zhukovsky Airfield in November 1981, about a month before the aircraft's first flight on 18 December 1981. Production was authorized in 1984, beginning at Kazan Aircraft Production Association. Production of the aircraft, designated Tu-160 (factory designation "aircraft K" or "product 70"), was originally intended to total 100 aircraft, although only 35 have been produced, including three prototypes. The second prototype was lost in flight testing in 1987, the crew ejecting successfully.
Design
The Tu-160 is a variable-geometry wing aircraft, with sweep selectable from 20° to 65°. The aircraft employs a blended wing profile and full-span slats are used on the leading edges, with double-slotted flaps on the trailing edges. The Tu-160 has a fly-by-wire control system.
It is powered by four Kuznetsov NK-321 afterburning turbofan engines, the most powerful ever fitted to a combat aircraft. Unlike the B-1B Lancer, which abandoned the Mach 2+ requirement of the original B-1A, it retains variable intakes, and is capable of reaching speeds slightly higher than Mach 2 at altitude.
The Tu-160 is equipped with a probe and drogue in-flight refueling system for extended-range missions, although it is rarely used. The Tu-160's massive internal fuel capacity of 130 tons gives the aircraft a roughly 15-hour flight endurance at a cruise speed of around 850 km/h (Mach 0.77, 530 mph) at 9,145 m (30,003 ft).[2]
The Tu-160 bears significant resemblance to the North American Rockwell B-1, although it is larger and has greater speed and range.
Although the Tu-160 was designed for reduced detectability to both radar and infrared, it is not a stealth aircraft. Nevertheless, on 25 April 2006 Lt. Gen. Igor Khvorov claimed that Tu-160s had managed to penetrate the US sector of the Arctic undetected, leading to a USAF investigation.[3][dubious – discuss]
The Tu-160 has an Obzor-K attack radar in a slightly upturned dielectric radome, and a separate "Sopka" terrain-following radar, which provides fully automatic terrain-following flight at low altitude. The Tu-160 has an electro-optical bombsight. Its electronic warfare suite includes comprehensive active and passive ECM systems.
The Tu-160 has a crew of four (pilot, co-pilot, weapons systems officer and defensive systems operator) in K-36DM ejection seats. The pilot has a fighter-style control stick, but the flight instruments are traditional "steam gauge" dials. A crew rest area, a toilet, and a galley are provided for long flights. There is no HUD, nor are CRT multi-function displays provided in the original aircraft; however, plans for modernization of all Tu-160s were announced in 2003. They include a new digital flight control system, and the ability to carry new weapon types, such as new non-nuclear long-range cruise missiles.
Weapons are carried in two internal bays, each capable of holding 20,000 kg (44,400 lb) of free-fall weapons or a rotary launcher for nuclear missiles; additional missiles may also be carried externally. The aircraft's payload capacity is 45,000 kg (99,208 lb), making it the heaviest bomber ever built. However, no defensive weapons are provided; the Tu-160 is the first unarmed post-World War II Soviet bomber.
A demilitarized, commercial version of the Tu-160, dubbed Tu-160SK, was displayed at Asian Aerospace in Singapore in 1994 with a model of a small space vehicle named Burlak attached underneath the fuselage. In 1995 Tupolev announced a partnership with the German firm OHB-System to produce the aircraft as a carrier for the launch vehicle; the German government subsequently withdrew funding in 1998.
Operational history
Deployment
Squadron deployments to Long Range Aviation began in April 1987 before the Tu-160 was first presented to the public in a parade in 1989. In 1989 and 1990 it set 44 world speed flight records in its weight class. Until 1991, 19 of those aircraft served in the 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment in Pryluky in the Ukrainian Socialist Republic, replacing Tu-16 'Badger' and Tu-22M3 'Backfire' aircraft. In January 1992, Boris Yeltsin decided to discontinue production of the Tu-160. By this time, 35 aircraft had been built. In the same year, Russia unilaterally suspended its flights of strategic aviation in remote regions. After the fall of the Soviet Union, 19 of 35 of those aircraft became Ukrainian property, although in 1999 a deal between Russia and Ukraine led to eight of those aircraft being returned to Russia in exchange for a reduction in Ukraine's energy debts. Ukraine, which gave up nuclear weapons as part of the collapse of USSR, destroyed the other Blackjacks in its possession, except for one airframe retained for static display.
Russia's second Tu-160 unit, the 121st Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment basing in Engels, was organised in 1992, but by 1994 it had received only six aircraft. Between 1999 and 2000 the eight former Ukrainian planes were assigned to the regiment, and another newly factory-built aircraft was assigned in 2000. By early 2001, in accordance with the START-2 Treaty, Russia has had 15 new-built Tu-160s, of which six were formerly missile-armed strategic bombers. One aircraft was lost during a test flight after engine repairs, on 18 September 2003.
There were 14 Tu-160s in service as of November 2005. Another two new-built aircraft are nearing completion at the Kazan Aircraft Plant, one of which was due to enter service in March 2006, with the other following later in the year. As of 2001, six additional Tu-160 have served as experimental aircraft at Zhukovski, four of them remaining airworthy.
On 30 December 2005, under an order signed by Russian President Vladimir Putin, the Tu-160 officially entered service in the VVS.
On 17 August 2007 President Vladimir Putin announced that Russia was resuming the strategic aviation flights stopped in 1991, sending its bomber aircraft on long-range patrols.[4] On 14 September 2007, British and Norwegian fighters intercepted two Tu-160s which breached NATO airspace near the UK and Finland.[5] On 25 December 2007, two Blackjacks came close to Danish airspace, and two Danish Air Force F-16s scrambled to intercept and identify them.[6]
According to Russian government sources, on 11 September 2007, a Tu-160 was used to drop the massive fuel-air explosive device, the Father of all bombs, for its first ever field test.[7] However, some military analysts expressed skepticism that the weapon was actually delivered by a Blackjack.[8]
In late 2007, a Tu-160 bomber flew within 20 miles (32 km) of the British city of Kingston upon Hull. It reached the edge of, and may have crossed into British sovereign airspace, which extends 12 miles (19 km) from the coast, with Hull located on an estuary around 10 miles (16 km) inland. It was not intercepted even though it was only 90 seconds from British soil. This showed that the British air defence system failed to monitor, or react to the aircraft's approach.[9]
On 28 December 2007, the first flight of a new Tu-160 was reported to have taken place following completion of the aircraft at the Kazan Aviation Plant.[10] After flight testing, the bomber joined the Russian Air Force on 29 April 2008, bringing the total number of aircraft in service to 16. One new Tu-160 is expected to be built every one to two years until the active inventory reaches 30 aircraft.[11]
On 22 January 2008, two Russian Tu-160s en route to conduct missile tests in conjunction with Russian naval exercises were intercepted near the Bay of Biscay by Norwegian and RAF fighters.[12]
On 10 September 2008 two Russian Tu-160 landed in Venezuela as part of military maneuvers, announcing an unprecedented deployment to Russia's ally at a time of increasingly tense relations between Russia and the United States and Europe following events in Georgia. The Russian Ministry of Defence said the two Tu-160 bombers were on a training mission. It said in a statement carried by Russian news agencies that the aircraft will conduct training flights over neutral waters before returning to Russia. Its spokesman added that the aircraft were escorted by NATO fighters as they flew across the Atlantic Ocean.[13]
On 12 October 2008 a number of Tu-160 bombers were involved in the largest Russian strategic bomber exercise since 1984. A total of 12 bombers including Tu-160 Blackjack and Tu-95 Bear conducted a series of launches of their cruise missiles. Some bombers launched full complement of their missiles. It was the first time that a Tu-160 had ever fired a full complement of missiles.[14]
On 12 December 2008 two Tu-160 bombers conducting a patrol mission over the North Sea were intercepted by Norwegian F-16s and British Tornado fighters.[15]
On 18 February 2009 a Tu-160 bomber approached Canadian airspace over the Arctic Ocean, one day before Barack Obama visited Canada in his first trip outside the United States as US President on 19 February 2009. Two Canadian CF-18s scrambled to intercept the bomber. Both nations claimed that the timing was coincidental.[16]
Modernization
In 2006, the Russian Air Force was expected to receive five modernized and one new-built Tu-160.[17] The Russian Air Force will receive a further five modernized Tu-160s each year, which means that modernization of the fleet could be achieved within three years if the schedule is kept up.[citation needed]
Changes announced as follows:
- completely digital, multireserved, neutron and other nuclear emissions resistant avionics
- full support of cruising and steering through GLONASS global satellite positioning system
- updated version of NK-32 engines with increased reliability.[citation needed]
- ability to operate new nuclear/non-nuclear GLONASS-navigated cruise missiles (Kh-55).[citation needed]
- ability to handle missiles that launch military or civil satellites[citation needed]
- ability to bear laser-guided bombs[citation needed]
- advanced radar emissions absorbing covering[citation needed]
Variants
- Tu-160
Several variants have been proposed, but not built, including:
- Tu-160S: designation used for serial Tu-160s when needed to separate them from all the pre-production and experimental aircraft [18]
- Tu-160V: liquid hydrogen fueled version (see also Tu-155) [18]
- Tu-160 NK-74: upgraded (extended range) version with NK-74 engines [18]
- Tu-160M: a stretched bomber carrying two long-range, hypersonic Kh-90 (3M25 Meteorit-A) missiles
- Tu-160P (Tu-161): a very long-range escort fighter/interceptor
- Tu-160PP: an electronic warfare aircraft carrying stand-off jamming and ECM gear (Russian: ПП - постановщик помех)
- Tu-160R: a strategic reconnaissance platform
- Tu-160SK: commercial version, designed to launch satellites within the "Burlak" (Russian: Бурлак, "hauler") system. [18]
- Tu-170: a conventional bomber (conceived in order to avoid SALT-2 limits)
Operators
Current
- Russian Air Force: As of April 2008, 16 were in service, with the 121st Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment at Engels/Saratov.[19]
Former
- Ukrainian Air Force had 19 Tu-160s (Ukraine handed over eight Tu-160s to Russia as exchange for debt relief in 1999 )
- Soviet Air Force (transferred to Russian and Ukrainian Air Forces in 1991)
- 184th Guards Heavy Bomber Regiment (TBAP), Priluki, Ukrainian SSR
Specifications (Tu-160)
General characteristics
- Crew: 4 (pilot, co-pilot, bombardier, defensive systems operator)
Performance
- Thrust/weight: 0.37
Armament
- 2 internal bays for 40,000 kg (88,185 lb) of ordnance, options include:
- 2 internal rotary launchers each holding 6 × Raduga Kh-55 cruise missiles (primary armament) or 12× Raduga Kh-15 short-range nuclear missiles
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
- ^ “White swan” - Russian supersonic aircraft
- ^ Aerospaceweb.org | Aircraft Museum - Tu-160 'Blackjack'
- ^ Russian bombers flew undetected across Arctic - AF commander RIA Novosti Retrieved on April 22, 2008
- ^ Russia orders long-range bomber patrols
- ^ NATO jets intercept Russian warplanes
- ^ Danish fighter jets v. Russian bombers: 18-minute chase
- ^ Russia tests giant fuel-air bomb
- ^ Did Russia Stage the Father of All Bombs Hoax?
- ^ dailymail.co.uk : Russian nuclear bomber flies undetected to within 20 miles of Hull
- ^ New serial Tu-160 Blackjack bomber undergoes flight test
- ^ Russian Air Force receives new Tu-160 strategic bomber
- ^ Russia rattles its depleted sabre in the Atlantic
- ^ Russian bombers land in Venezuela BBC News, September 2008
- ^ Russia plans biggest missile test for 24 years Daily Telegraph, October 2008
- ^ NATO jets shadow Russian bombers over North Sea Russian News and Information Agency
- ^ Harper warns Russians after two bombers intercepted National Post, February 2008
- ^ Russia can hope for new Blackjack bomber in 2006 - Ivanov
- ^ a b c d "Aviation and cosmonautics" magazine, 5.2006 ISSN 168-7759, p.10-11
- ^ Russian Air Force receives new Tu-160 strategic bomber RIA Novosti retrieved on April 29, 2008
- ^ Global Aircraft - Top 50 Fastest Aircraft
- ^ Tu-160 BLACKJACK (TUPOLEV)
External links
