Liberal Party of Australia

This article is about the modern Australian political party. For the Australian Liberal party active from 1909 to 1916, see Commonwealth Liberal Party.

Liberal Party of Australia
File:Liberalpartyofaus.png
Leader	Brendan Nelson
Deputy Leader	Julie Bishop
Party President	Alan Stockdale
Founded	1944
Preceded by	United Australia Party
Headquarters	Cnr Blackall & Macquarie St Barton ACT 2600
Ideology	Conservative liberalism, Liberal conservatism, New Right
Political position	Centre-Right
Website
www.liberal.org.au
Politics of Australia Political parties Elections

The Liberal Party of Australia is a political party in Australia.

Founded a year after the 1943 federal election to replace the United Australia Party, the Liberal Party competes with the Australian Labor Party for political office. When in government it traditionally governs in a coalition with the National Party.

In federal politics, the Liberal Party is in opposition since losing the 2007 federal election, having held power since the 1996 election. The Liberals have been in opposition in all six Australian states and two mainland territories since 6 March 2002, one month after the 2002 South Australian election.

Following the 2007 federal election defeat, leader and deputy leaders John Howard and Peter Costello resigned from their positions, with Howard also losing his seat of Bennelong. In the resulting Liberal leadership election, Brendan Nelson and Julie Bishop emerged as the new leader and deputy leader.

Philosophies

Brendan Nelson, Liberal Party leader since 2007

Modern Liberalism in Australia is represented in the vast majority by the Liberal Party of Australia, who are generally an advocate of economic liberalism (see New Right), although it has been described by some, including their own MPs, as "hard right". However, during previous Liberal governments, the party was quite interventionist in its economic policy and maintained Australia's high tariff levels. At that time, the Liberals' coalition partner, the Country Party, the older of the two in the coalition (now known as the "National Party"), had considerable influence over the Government's economic policies.

Socially, the Liberal Party is a conservative party, although it has a minority socially liberal wing. In recent years, under John Howard, it has moved to a more conservative policy agenda. The party has also adopted a tough policy on unauthorised immigration (see Mandatory detention in Australia). It has also strongly supported Australia's traditional alliances with the United States and the United Kingdom, including support for the Iraq War.

History

Robert Menzies, founder of the Liberal Party of Australia and Prime Minister of Australia 1939-41 (UAP) and 1949-66

File:Haroldholt.jpg

Harold Holt, Prime Minister of Australia 1966-67

John Gorton, Prime Minister of Australia 1968-71

William McMahon, Prime Minister of Australia 1971-72

File:MalcolmFraser.jpg

Malcolm Fraser, Prime Minister of Australia 1975-83

John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia 1996-2007

The Liberals' immediate predecessor was the United Australia Party, formed in 1931. The UAP, led by Robert Menzies, disintegrated after suffering a heavy defeat in the 1943 election. More broadly, the party's ideological ancestry stretched back to the anti-Labor groupings in the first Commonwealth Parliaments. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was a fusion of the Free Trade Party and the Protectionist Party in 1909 by second Prime Minister Alfred Deakin in response to Labor's growing electoral prominence. The Commonwealth Liberal Party was replaced by the Nationalist Party of Australia in 1917, which was replaced by the UAP in 1931.

Menzies called a conference of Conservative parties and other groups opposed to the ruling Australian Labor Party which met in Canberra in October 1944, and again in Albury in December 1944 . The formation of the party was formally announced in February 1945. The Liberal Party absorbed several former conservative parties, principally the United Australia Party. The Australian Women's National League, a powerful conservative women's organisation, also merged with the new party. A conservative youth group Menzies had set up, the Young Nationalists, was also merged into the new party. It became the Liberal Party's youth division, the Young Liberals. By September 1945 there were more than 90,000 members, many of whom had not previously been members of any political party.

After an initial failure to defeat Labor at the 1946 election, Menzies led the Liberals to victory at the 1949 election, and they stayed in office for a record 23 years. After the retirement of Menzies in 1966 and the death of his successor, Harold Holt, in 1967, the Liberals went into decline, and were defeated by Labor under Gough Whitlam in 1972. After the dismissal of 1975 they returned to office under the Government of Malcolm Fraser, and stayed in power for eight years. Losing government in 1983 to the ALP led by Bob Hawke, the Liberals lost five elections in a row under four different leaders before returning to power in 1996 under John Howard.

At the state level, the Liberals have been dominant for long periods in all states except Queensland, where they have always held fewer seats than the National Party (not to be confused with the old Nationalist Party). The Liberals were in power in Victoria from 1955 to 1982. Initially a Liberal and Country Party affiliated party, the Liberal and Country League reigned in South Australia from 1932 to 1965. The similarly dual aligned Country Liberal Party ruled the Northern Territory from 1972 to 2001.

Since the 1980s, however, the Liberals have become increasingly unsuccessful in state elections. The Liberals have not won any state election since the 1997 South Australian state election and, since 6 March 2002, one month after the 2002 South Australian state election, all Australian states and territories have had Labor governments.

Throughout their history, the Liberals have been in electoral terms largely the party of the middle class (whom Menzies, in the era of the party's formation called "the forgotten people"), though such class-based voting patterns are no longer as clear as they once were. In the 1970s a left-wing middle class emerged that no longer voted Liberal. One effect of this was the success of a breakaway party, the Australian Democrats, founded in 1977 by former Liberal minister Don Chipp and members of minor liberal parties; other members of the left-leaning section of the middle-class became Labor supporters. On the other hand, the Liberals have done increasingly well among socially conservative working-class voters in recent years. In country areas they either compete or have a truce with the Nationals, depending on various factors.

The Liberal Party is a member of the International Democrat Union. Strong opposition to socialism and communism in Australia and internationally was one of the foundation principles of the Liberal Party. Anti-communism was successfully exploited through the 1950s and 1960s by Menzies and his political successors. Menzies went so far as to attempt to ban the Communist Party in 1951. Menzies was an ardent royalist, devoted to maintaining Australia as a constitutional monarchy. Today the party is divided on the monarchy, with some, such as Peter Costello and Malcolm Turnbull, being minimalist republicans while others, such as John Howard and Tony Abbott remain monarchists. The Liberals have also sought to portray themselves as the party most committed to the alliance with the United States.

Domestically, Menzies presided over a fairly regulated economy in which utilities were publicly owned, and commercial activity was highly regulated through centralised wage-fixing and high tariff protection. It was not until the late 1970s and through their period out of power federally in the 1980s that the party came to be influenced by what was known as the "New Right" - a Thatcher-inspired or neo-liberal group who advocated market deregulation, privatisation of public utilities, reductions in the size of government programs and tax cuts. This program has been largely implemented since the election of the Howard government in 1996, although certain reforms had already been implemented by the Hawke and Keating Labor governments of 1983-96.

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. John Howard was regarded as socially conservative. His deputy, Peter Costello, was in some respects more liberal. Some Liberal state governments have also been more liberal, particularly in Victoria and South Australia.

The Liberal Party's organisation is dominated by the six state divisions, reflecting the party's original commitment to a federalised system of government (a commitment which was strongly maintained by all Liberal governments until 1983, but has been to a large extent abandoned by the Howard government, which has shown strong centralising tendencies). Menzies deliberately created a weak national party machine and strong state divisions. Party policy is made almost entirely by the parliamentary parties, not by the party's rank-and-file members, although Liberal party members do have a degree of influence over party policy.

In the 2004 Federal elections the party strengthened its majority in the Lower House and, with its coalition partners, became the first federal government in twenty years to gain an absolute majority in the Senate. This control of both houses permitted their passing of legislation without the need to negotiate with independents or minor parties, exemplified by industrial relations legislation known as WorkChoices.

However, Australia's states and territories all now have Australian Labor Party state governments, and state and territory Liberal and National Oppositions may have been adversely influenced by the unpopularity of some Howard administration policies. The 2007 federal election has also seen the defeat of the Howard federal government, and the Coalition will now be in power nowhere in Australia at the state or federal level.

The Liberal Party does not officially contest most local government elections, although many members do run for office in local government as independents. An exception is the Brisbane City Council, where both Sallyanne Atkinson and Campbell Newman (the current incumbent) have been elected Lord Mayor of Brisbane. Newman is currently the most senior Liberal in office.

Liberal Federal Leaders

Shown in chronological order of leadership

• 1945 – Robert Menzies (Prime Minister 1949-66)
• 1966 – Harold Holt (Prime Minister 1966-67)
• 1968 – John Gorton (Prime Minister 1968-71)
• 1971 – William McMahon (Prime Minister 1971-72)
• 1972 – Billy Snedden
• 1975 – Malcolm Fraser (Prime Minister 1975-83)
• 1983 – Andrew Peacock (First term)
• 1985 – John Howard (First term)
• 1989 – Andrew Peacock (Second term)
• 1990 – John Hewson
• 1994 – Alexander Downer
• 1995 – John Howard (Second term) (Prime Minister 1996-2007)
• 2007 – Brendan Nelson

See also: List of Liberal Party of Australia leaders by time served

Liberal Federal Deputy Leaders

Shown in chronological order of leadership

• 1944 – Eric Harrison
• 1956 – Harold Holt (Leader 1966-67)
• 1966 – William McMahon (Leader 1971-72)
• 1971 – John Gorton (Leader 1968-71)
• 1971 – Billy Snedden (Leader 1972-75)
• 1972 – Phillip Lynch
• 1982 – John Howard (Leader 1985-89 & 1995-2007)
• 1985 – Neil Brown
• 1987 – Andrew Peacock (Leader 1983-85 & 1989-90)
• 1989 – Fred Chaney
• 1990 – Peter Reith
• 1993 – Michael Wooldridge
• 1994 – Peter Costello
• 2007 – Julie Bishop

Current Liberal State and Territory Parliamentary Leaders

• Zed Seselja (Opposition leader of the Australian Capital Territory)
• Barry O'Farrell (Opposition leader of New South Wales)
• Mark McArdle (Liberal leader and deputy opposition leader of Queensland)
• Martin Hamilton-Smith (Opposition leader of South Australia)
• Will Hodgman (Opposition leader of Tasmania)
• Ted Baillieu (Opposition leader of Victoria)
• Troy Buswell (Opposition leader of Western Australia)

Past Liberal State Premiers and Territory Chief Ministers

Australian Capital Territory

• Trevor Kaine (1989-91)
• Kate Carnell (1995-2000)
• Gary Humphries (2000-01)

New South Wales

• Robert Askin (1965-75)
• Tom Lewis (1975)
• Eric Willis (1975-76)
• Nick Greiner (1988-92)
• John Fahey (1992-95)

Queensland

• Gordon Chalk (1968)

South Australia

• Tom Playford (1938-65)
• Steele Hall (1968-70)
• David Tonkin (1979-82)
• Dean Brown (1993-96)
• John Olsen (1996-2001)
• Rob Kerin (2001-02)

Tasmania

• Angus Bethune (1969-72)
• Robin Gray (1982-89)
• Ray Groom (1992-96)
• Tony Rundle (1996-98)

Victoria

• Ian MacFarlan (1945)
• Thomas Hollway (1947-50)
• Henry Bolte (1955-72)
• Rupert Hamer (1972-81)
• Lindsay Thompson (1981-82)
• Jeff Kennett (1992-99)

Western Australia

• Ross McLarty (1947-53)
• David Brand (1959-71)
• Charles Court (1974-82)
• Ray O'Connor (1982-83)
• Richard Court (1993-2001)

See also

• Country Liberal Party (Northern Territory)
• Young Liberal Movement of Australia
• History of Australia
• Liberal conservatism
• Liberalism in Australia
• List of political parties in Australia
• Centre-Right

Further reading

• Gerard Henderson, Menzies' Child: The Liberal Party of Australia 1944-1994, Allen and Unwin, 1994
• Dean Jaensch, The Liberals, Allen and Unwin, 1994
• John Nethercote (ed.), Liberalism and the Australian Federation, Federation Press, 2001
• Marian Simms, A Liberal Nation: The Liberal Party and Australian Politics, Hale and Iremonger, 1982
• Graeme Starr, The Liberal Party of Australia: A Documentary History, Drummond/Heinemann, 1980

External links

• Liberal Party of Australia official site
• Liberal Party of Australia ephemera digitised and held by the National Library of Australia
• Records of the Victorian division of the Liberal Party held at the University of Melbourne Archives