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[[Image:Fiterman hall damage.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Borough of Manhattan Community College|BMCC]]'s [[Fiterman Hall]] was heavily damaged from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, and is undergoing deconstruction.]]
[[Image:Fiterman hall damage.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Borough of Manhattan Community College|BMCC]]'s [[Fiterman Hall]] was heavily damaged from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, and is undergoing deconstruction.]]


[[Conspiracy theorists]] believe the building collapses on September 11, including that of [[9/11 conspiracy theories#Building Seven collapse as a conventional controlled demolition|building seven]], were the result of [[Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center#World Trade Center Seven|controlled demolition]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060903/11conspiracy.htm |title=Viewing 9/11 From a Grassy Knoll |author=Sullivan, Will |date=2006-09-03|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= The evolution of a conspiracy theory |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7488159.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-04 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Asquith |first=Christina |year=2006 |month=Sept |title=Conspiracies continue to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fifth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an "inside job.". |journal=Diverse Issues in Higher Education |pages=12 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WMX/is_15_23/ai_n27000635 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=5#wtc7 |title=WTC 7 Collapse |accessdate=2008-07-09 |work=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] |month=March | year=2005 }}</ref> NIST states it has "found no evidence of a blast or controlled demolition event". In its final report on building&nbsp;7, it would "like to determine the magnitude of hypothetical blast scenarios that could have led to the structural failure of one or more critical elements".<ref name="NISTFAQ"/>
[[Conspiracy theorists]] believe the building collapses on September 11, including that of [[9/11 conspiracy theories#Building Seven collapse as a conventional controlled demolition|building seven]], were the result of [[Controlled demolition hypothesis for the collapse of the World Trade Center#World Trade Center Seven|controlled demolition]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060903/11conspiracy.htm |title=Viewing 9/11 From a Grassy Knoll |author=Sullivan, Will |date=2006-09-03|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|accessdate=2008-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= The evolution of a conspiracy theory |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7488159.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=2008-07-04 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Asquith |first=Christina |year=2006 |month=Sept |title=Conspiracies continue to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fifth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an "inside job.". |journal=Diverse Issues in Higher Education |pages=12 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WMX/is_15_23/ai_n27000635 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/military_law/1227842.html?page=5#wtc7 |title=WTC 7 Collapse |accessdate=2008-07-09 |work=Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report |publisher=[[Popular Mechanics]] |month=March | year=2005 }}</ref> In spring 2008, a civil engineering journal published a letter written by supporters of the controlled demolition theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bentham-open.org/pages/content.php?TOCIEJ/2008/00000002/00000001/35TOCIEJ.SGM |title= Fourteen Points of Agreement with Official Government Reports on the World Trade Center Destruction" |author=Steven E. Jones, Frank M. Legge, Kevin R. Ryan, Anthony F. Szamboti, and James R. Gourley |year=2008 |publisher= Bentham, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 2, Issue 1}}</ref> NIST states it has "found no evidence of a blast or controlled demolition event". In its final report on building&nbsp;7, it would "like to determine the magnitude of hypothetical blast scenarios that could have led to the structural failure of one or more critical elements".<ref name="NISTFAQ"/>


When 7&nbsp;World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damage and contamination to the [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]'s [[Fiterman Hall]] building, located adjacent at 30&nbsp;West Broadway, to the extent that the building is not salvageable. As of August 2007, Fiterman Hall is undergoing deconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/fiterman_hall_39764.aspx |title=Fiterman Hall&nbsp;— Project Updates |publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center/LMDC |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> The adjacent [[Verizon Building]], an [[art deco]] building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east façade from the collapse of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, though was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4&nbsp;billion.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref>
When 7&nbsp;World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damage and contamination to the [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]'s [[Fiterman Hall]] building, located adjacent at 30&nbsp;West Broadway, to the extent that the building is not salvageable. As of August 2007, Fiterman Hall is undergoing deconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/fiterman_hall_39764.aspx |title=Fiterman Hall&nbsp;— Project Updates |publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center/LMDC |accessdate=2007-08-23}}</ref> The adjacent [[Verizon Building]], an [[art deco]] building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east façade from the collapse of 7&nbsp;World Trade Center, though was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4&nbsp;billion.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=2007-06-28}}</ref>

Revision as of 07:15, 13 August 2008

7 World Trade Center
7 World Trade Center
The new 7 World Trade Center (view from southeast)
Map
General information
Location250 Greenwich Street
New York City, New York, United States
Height
Roof741 ft (226 m)
Technical details
Floor count52
Floor area1.7 million sq ft
158,000 m²
Design and construction
Architect(s)David Childs (S.O.M.)
DeveloperSilverstein Properties
EngineerWSP Cantor Seinuk

7 World Trade Center is a building in New York City located across from the World Trade Center site in Lower Manhattan. The name "7 World Trade Center" has referred to two buildings: the original structure, completed in 1987, and the current structure. The original building was destroyed on September 11, 2001 and replaced with the new 7 World Trade Center, which opened in 2006. Both buildings were developed by Larry Silverstein, who holds a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.

The original 7 World Trade Center was 47 stories tall, clad in red exterior masonry, and occupied a trapezoidal footprint. An elevated walkway connected the building to the World Trade Center plaza. The building was situated above a Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) power substation, which imposed unique structural design constraints. When the building opened in 1987, Silverstein had difficulties attracting tenants. In 1988, Salomon Brothers signed a long-term lease, and became the main tenants of the building. On September 11, 2001, 7 WTC was damaged by debris when the nearby North Tower of the WTC collapsed. Its structural integrity was further compromised by fires that burned throughout the afternoon and the building collapsed completely at 5:20 p.m. Investigators are currently trying to determine exactly how the combination of local structural damage and fire caused the collapse of the whole structure. A final report is expected in or after July 2008.

The new 7 World Trade Center construction began in 2002 and was completed in 2006. It is 52 stories tall and still situated above the aforementioned power substation. Built on a smaller footprint than the original to allow Greenwich Street to be restored from TriBeCa through the World Trade Center site and south to Battery Park, the new building is bounded by Greenwich, Vesey, Washington, and Barclay streets. A small park across Greenwich Street occupies space that was part of the original building's footprint. The current 7 World Trade Center's design placed emphasis on safety, with a reinforced concrete core, wider stairways, and thicker fireproofing of steel columns, and incorporates numerous environmentally friendly features.

1983–2001

A view of the original 7 World Trade Center from the WTC observation deck, taken on August 14, 1992.
Transfer trusses used on the 5–7th floors to redistribute load to the foundation

The original 7 World Trade Center was a 47-story building, designed by Emery Roth & Sons, with a red granite façade. The building was 610 feet (186 m) tall, with a trapezoidal footprint that was 330 ft (101 m) long and 140 ft (43 m) wide.[1][2] Tishman Realty & Construction managed construction of the building, which began in 1983.[1] In March 1987, the building opened, becoming the seventh structure of the World Trade Center.

The building was constructed above a Con Edison substation that had been on the site since 1967.[3] The substation had a caisson foundation designed to carry the weight of a future building of 25 stories containing 600,000 sq ft (55,700 m²).[4] The final design for 7 World Trade Center was for a much larger building covering a larger footprint than originally planned when the substation was built.[5]

The structural design of 7 World Trade Center included features to allow a larger building than originally planned to be constructed. A system of gravity column transfer trusses and girders was located between floors 5 and 7 to transfer loads to the smaller foundation.[3] Existing caissons installed in 1967 were used, along with new ones, to accommodate the building. The fifth floor functioned as a structural diaphragm, providing lateral stability and distribution of loads between the new and old caissons. Above the seventh floor, the building's structure was a typical tube-frame design, with columns in the core and on the perimeter, and lateral loads resisted by perimeter moment frames.[4]

A shipping/receiving ramp, which served the entire World Trade Center complex, occupied the eastern quarter of the 7 World Trade Center footprint. The building was open below the third floor, providing space for truck clearance on the shipping ramp.[4] The spray-on fireproofing for structural steel elements was gypsum-based Monokote which had a two-hour fire rating for steel beams, girders and truss, and a three-hour rating for columns.[6]

7 World Trade Center, behind and to the left of the Twin Towers

Mechanical equipment was installed on floors four through seven, including 12 transformers on the fifth floor. Several generators in the building were used by the Office of Emergency Management, Salomon Smith Barney and others.[6] Storage tanks contained 24,000 gallons (91,000 L) of diesel fuel to supply the generators.[7] Fuel oil distribution components were located at ground level, up to the ninth floor.[8] After the World Trade Center bombings of February 26, 1993, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani decided to situate the emergency command center and associated fuel tanks at 7 World Trade Center. Although this decision was criticized in light of the events of 9/11, the fuel in the building is today not believed to have contributed to the collapse of the building.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The roof of the building included a small west penthouse and a larger east mechanical penthouse.[3]

Each floor had 47,000 sq ft (4,366 m²) of rentable office space which made the building's floor plans considerably larger than most office buildings in the City.[16] In all, 7 World Trade Center had 1,868,000 sq ft (174,000 m²) of office space.[6] Two pedestrian bridges connected the main World Trade Center complex, across Vesey Street, to the third floor of 7 World Trade Center. The lobby of 7 World Trade Center had three murals by artist Al Held: The Third Circle, Pan North XII, and Vorces VII.[17][18] A sculpture by Alexander Calder, called WTC Stabile (also known by other names, The Cockeyed Propeller and Three Wings) was on a plaza in front of the building.[19]

Tenants

The position of Building 7 in relation to the other WTC buildings before September 11, 2001

In June 1986, before construction was completed, Silverstein signed Drexel Burnham Lambert as a tenant to lease the entire 7 World Trade Center building for $3 billion over a term of 30 years.[20] In December 1986, after the Boesky insider-trading scandal, Drexel Burnham Lambert canceled the lease, leaving Silverstein to find other tenants.[21] Spicer & Oppenheim agreed to lease 14 percent of the space, but for more than a year, as Black Monday and other factors adversely affected the Lower Manhattan real estate market, Silverstein was unable to find tenants for the remaining space. By April 1988, Silverstein had lowered the rent and made other concessions.[22]

In November 1988, Salomon Brothers withdrew from plans to build a large new complex at Columbus Circle in Midtown and agreed to a 20-year lease for the top 19 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[23] The building was extensively renovated in 1989 to accommodate the needs of Salomon Brothers.[24] Most of three existing floors were removed as tenants continued to occupy other floors, and more than 350 tons (U.S.) of steel were added to construct three double-height trading floors. Nine diesel generators were installed on the 5th floor as part of a backup power station. "Essentially, Salomon is constructing a building within a building - and it's an occupied building, which complicates the situation," said a district manager of Silverstein Properties. The unusual task was possible, said Larry Silverstein, because it was designed to allow for "entire portions of floors to be removed without affecting the building's structural integrity, on the assumption that someone might need double-height floors."[24]

At the time of the September 11, 2001 attacks, Salomon Smith Barney was by far the largest tenant in 7 World Trade Center, occupying 1,202,900 sq ft (111,750 m²) (64 percent of the building) which included floors 28–45.[25][6] Other major tenants included ITT Hartford Insurance Group (122,590 sq ft/11,400 m²), American Express Bank International (106,117 sq ft/9,900 m²), Standard Chartered Bank (111,398 sq ft/10,350 m²), and the Securities and Exchange Commission (106,117 sq ft/9,850 m²).[25] Smaller tenants included the Internal Revenue Service Regional Council (90,430 sq ft/8,400 m²) and the United States Secret Service (85,343 sq ft/7,900 m²).[25] The smallest tenants included the New York City Office of Emergency Management, National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Federal Home Loan Bank, First State Management Group Inc., Provident Financial Management, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[25] The Department of Defense (DOD) and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) shared the 25th floor with the IRS.[6] Floors 46–47 were mechanical floors, as were the bottom six floors and part of the seventh floor.[6][26]

Collapse

See also: Collapse of the World Trade Center
7 World Trade Center on fire after the collapse of the Twin Towers on 9/11

As the North Tower collapsed on September 11, 2001, debris hit 7 World Trade Center, causing heavy damage to the south face of the building.[3] The bottom portion of the building's south face was heavily damaged by debris, including damage to the southwest corner from the 8th to 18th floors, a large vertical gash on the center-bottom extending at least ten floors, and other damage as high as the 18th floor.[3] The building was equipped with a sprinkler system, but had many single-point vulnerabilities for failure: the sprinkler system required manual initiation of the electrical fire pumps, rather than being a fully automatic system; the floor-level controls had a single connection to the sprinkler water riser; and the sprinkler system required some power for the fire pump to deliver water. Also, water pressure was low, with little or no water to feed sprinklers.[27][28]

After the North Tower collapsed, some firefighters entered 7 World Trade Center to search the building. They attempted to extinguish small pockets of fire, but low water pressure hindered their efforts.[29] A massive fire burned into the afternoon on the 11th and 12th floors of 7 World Trade Center, the flames visible on the east side of the building.[30][31] During the afternoon, fire was also seen on floors 6–10, 13–14, 19–22, and 29–30.[3] At approximately 2:00 p.m., firefighters noticed a bulge in the southwest corner of 7 World Trade Center between the 10th and 13th floors, a sign that the building was unstable and might collapse.[32] During the afternoon, firefighters also heard creaking sounds coming from the building.[33] Around 3:30 pm FDNY Chief Daniel Nigro decided to halt rescue operations, surface removal, and searches along the surface of the debris near 7 World Trade Center and evacuate the area due to concerns for the safety of personnel.[34][32] At 5:20 p.m. EDT on September 11, 2001, 7 World Trade Center collapsed. There were no casualties associated with the collapse.

In May 2002, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) issued a report on the collapse based on a preliminary investigation conducted jointly with the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers under leadership of Dr. W. Gene Corley, P.E. FEMA made preliminary findings that the collapse was not primarily caused by actual impact damage from the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC but by fires on multiple stories ignited by debris from the other two towers that continued unabated due to lack of water for sprinklers or manual firefighting. According to FEMA, structural elements were exposed to high temperatures for a sufficient period of time to reduce their strength to the point of collapse[6]; nevertheless, it has since been determined that the fires burned out in 20 minutes at any given location.[15]

The report did not reach final conclusions about the cause of the collapse and called for further investigation:

Loss of structural integrity was likely a result of weakening caused by fires on the 5th to 7th floors. The specifics of the fires in WTC 7 and how they caused the building to collapse remain unknown at this time. Although the total diesel fuel on the premises contained massive potential energy, the best hypothesis has only a low probability of occurrence. Further research, investigation, and analyses are needed to resolve this issue. [Ch. 5, p. 31.]

Plan view of collapse progression, with structural failure initiating on lower floors, on the east side of the building and vertical progression up to the east mechanical penthouse

In response to FEMA's concerns, the Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was authorized to lead an investigation into the structural failure and collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers and 7 World Trade Center.[35] The investigation, led by Dr S. Shyam Sunder, drew not only upon in-house technical expertise, but also upon the knowledge of several outside private institutions, including the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), and the Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY).[36]

Few photos and video clips exist that show the damage sustained to south face of 7 World Trade Center on 9/11. From a news helicopter, ABC News captured footage of the south face of 7 World Trade Center, including a glimpse of a gash, extending approximately 10 stories.

NIST has released a video and still-photo analysis of 7 World Trade Center before its collapse that appears to indicate a greater degree of structural damage from falling debris than originally assumed by FEMA. Specifically, NIST's interim report on 7 World Trade Center displays photographs of the southwest façade of the building that show it to have significant damage. The report also highlights a 10-story gash in the center of the south façade, toward the bottom, extending approximately a quarter of the way into the interior.[37][3] A unique aspect of the design of 7 World Trade Center was that each outer structural column was responsible for supporting 2,000 sq ft (186 m²) of floor space, suggesting that the simultaneous removal of a number of columns severely compromised the structure's integrity.[38] Consistent with this theory, news footage shows cracking and bowing of the building's east wall immediately before the collapse, which began at the penthouse floors.[3] In video of the collapse, taken from the north by CBS News and other news media, the first visible sign of collapse is movement in the east penthouse 8.2 seconds before the north wall began to collapse, which took at least another 7 seconds.[3][39]

A progress report was released in June 2004, outlining NIST's working hypothesis.[40][3] The hypothesis, which was reiterated in a June 2007 status update, is that an initial failure in a critical column occurred below the 13th floor, caused by damage from fire and/or debris from the collapse of the two main towers. The collapse progressed vertically up to the east mechanical penthouse. The interior structure was unable to handle the redistributed load, resulting in horizontal progression of the failure across lower floors, particularly the 5th to 7th floors. This resulted in "a disproportionate collapse of the entire structure."[41]

NIST anticipates the release of a draft report of 7 World Trade Center in 2008.[42] NIST is utilizing ANSYS to model events leading up to collapse initiation and LS-DYNA models to simulate the global response to initiating events.[43] According to NIST, the investigation of 7 World Trade Center has been delayed for a number of reasons, including that NIST staff who had been working on 7 World Trade Center were assigned full-time from June 2004 to September 2005 to work on the investigation of the collapse of the twin towers.[44] In June 2007, Shyam Sunder explained, "We are proceeding as quickly as possible while rigorously testing and evaluating a wide range of scenarios to reach the most definitive conclusion possible. The 7 WTC investigation is in some respects just as challenging, if not more so, than the study of the towers. However, the current study does benefit greatly from the significant technological advances achieved and lessons learned from our work on the towers."[41]

BMCC's Fiterman Hall was heavily damaged from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, and is undergoing deconstruction.

Conspiracy theorists believe the building collapses on September 11, including that of building seven, were the result of controlled demolition.[45][46][47][48] In spring 2008, a civil engineering journal published a letter written by supporters of the controlled demolition theory.[49] NIST states it has "found no evidence of a blast or controlled demolition event". In its final report on building 7, it would "like to determine the magnitude of hypothetical blast scenarios that could have led to the structural failure of one or more critical elements".[44]

When 7 World Trade Center collapsed, debris caused substantial damage and contamination to the Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall building, located adjacent at 30 West Broadway, to the extent that the building is not salvageable. As of August 2007, Fiterman Hall is undergoing deconstruction.[50] The adjacent Verizon Building, an art deco building constructed in 1926, had extensive damage to its east façade from the collapse of 7 World Trade Center, though was able to be restored at a cost of US$1.4 billion.[51]

World Trade Center 7 housed SEC files relating to numerous Wall Street investigations, as well as other federal investigative files. All the files for approximately 3,000 to 4,000 SEC cases were destroyed. While some were backed up in other places, others were not, especially those classified as confidential.[52] Files relating Citigroup to the WorldCom scandal were lost.[53] The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission estimates over 10,000 cases will be affected.[54] The Secret Service had its largest field office, with more than 200 employees, in WTC 7 and also lost investigative files. Says one agent: “All the evidence that we stored at 7 World Trade, in all our cases, went down with the building.”[55]

Rebuilding 7 World Trade Center

Design

The new 7 World Trade Center has 52 stories and is 741 ft (226 m) tall.[56][57] The building has 42 floors of leasable space, starting at the 11th floor, and a total of 1,700,000 sq ft (158,000 m²) of office space.[58] The first ten floors house an electrical substation, which provides power to much of Lower Manhattan. The office tower has a narrower footprint at ground level than its predecessor so the course of Greenwich Street could be restored in an effort to reunite TriBeCa and the Financial District.[59]

7 World Trade Center under construction in October 2004

David Childs worked in conjunction with glass artist and designer James Carpenter to create a design that uses ultra-clear, low-iron glass to provide reflectivity and light, with stainless-steel spandrels behind the glass to help reflect sunlight.[60] Stainless steel used in the building façade is molybdenum-containing Type 316, which provides improved resistance to corrosion.[61] To enclose the power substation and improve its aesthetics, the base of the building has a curtain wall with stainless steel louvers that provide ventilation for the machinery.[62] During the day, the curtain wall reflects light, while at night it illuminates with blue LED lights.[63] The curtain wall around the lobby uses heavily laminated, heat-strengthened glass that meets high standards for blast resistance.[64] At night, a large cube of light above the lobby also emanates blue light, while during the day it provides white light to the lobby, and at dusk it transitions to violet and back to blue.[65] Inside the main lobby, artist Jenny Holzer created a large light installation with glowing text moving across wide plastic panels.[60] The entire wall, which is 65 ft (20 m) wide and 14 ft (4 m) tall, changes color according to the time of day. Holzer worked with Klara Silverstein, the wife of Larry Silverstein, to select poetry for the art installation. The wall is structurally fortified as a security measure.[66]

The new 7 World Trade Center

The building is being promoted as the safest skyscraper in the U.S.[67] According to Silverstein Properties, the owner of the building, it "will incorporate a host of life-safety enhancements that will become the prototype for new high-rise construction".[68] The building has 2 ft (60 cm) thick reinforced-concrete and fireproofed elevator and stairway access shafts. The original building used only drywall to line these shafts.[69] The stairways are wider than in the original building to permit faster egress.[69] Steel columns are encased in much thicker fire protection, which consists of a medium-density, portland cement-based product that adheres well to the steel columns, among other advantages over alternate types of spray-applied fire-resistive material.[70]

7 World Trade Center is equipped with Otis destination elevators.[71] After pressing a destination floor number on a lobby keypad, passengers are grouped and directed to specific elevators that will stop at the selected floor (there are no buttons to press inside the elevators). This system is designed to reduce elevator waiting and travel times. The elevator system is integrated with the lobby turnstile and card reader system that identifies the floor on which a person works as he/she enters and can automatically call the elevator for that floor.[72]

In conjunction with Scott Chrisner of Chrisner Group, Tishman supported the LEED gold status for 7 World Trade Center in the U.S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program. The certification will name 7 World Trade Center New York City's First ‘Green’ Office Tower.[73] Nearly 30 percent of structural steel used in the building consists of recycled steel.[74] Rainwater is collected and used for irrigation of the park and to cool the building.[60] Along with other sustainable design features, the building is designed to allow in plenty of natural light, power is metered to tenants to encourage them to conserve energy, the heating steam is reused to generate some power for the building, and recycled materials are used for insulation and interior materials.[75][76]

Construction

Fireproofing is visible on floor beams (at top) on the 45th floor of 7 World Trade Center, in September 2006, while the space was yet to be leased and modified for tenant needs.

Tishman Construction Corporation of New York began work at the new 7 World Trade Center in 2002, soon after the site was cleared of debris. Restoring the Con Ed electrical substation was an urgent priority to meet power demands of Lower Manhattan.[59] Because 7 World Trade Center is separate from the main 16 acre (6.5 ha) World Trade Center site, Larry Silverstein required approval only from the Port Authority and rebuilding was able to proceed quickly.[77] Building Seven was not included in the original World Trade Center master plan by Daniel Libeskind, but was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill under the leadership of David Childs, who largely redesigned the Freedom Tower.

Once construction of the power substation was complete in October 2003, work proceeded on building the office tower. An unusual approach was used in constructing the building; erecting the steel frame before adding the concrete core. This approach allowed the construction schedule to be shortened by a few months.[78] Construction was completed in 2006 at a cost of $700 million.[60] Though Silverstein received $861 million from insurance on the old building, he had $400 million remaining in mortgage to pay off.[79] Costs to rebuild were covered by $475 million in Liberty Bonds, which provide tax-exempt financing to help stimulate rebuilding in Lower Manhattan and insurance money that remained after other expenses.[80]

A 15,000 sq ft (1,400 m²) triangular park was created between the extended Greenwich Street and West Broadway by David Childs with Ken Smith and his colleague, Annie Weinmayr, of Ken Smith Landscape Architect. The park comprises an open central plaza with a fountain and flanking groves of sweetgum trees and boxwood shrubs.[81] As the seasons change, so will the colors in the park, providing a natural complement to the tower. At the center of the fountain, sculptor Jeff Koons created Balloon Flower (Red), whose mirror-polished stainless steel represents a twisted balloon in the shape of a flower.[82]

Building opened

The building was officially opened at noon on May 23, 2006, with a free concert featuring Suzanne Vega, Citizen Cope, Bill Ware Vibes, Brazilian Girls, Ollabelle, Pharaoh's Daughter, Ronan Tynan (of the Irish Tenors), and special guest Lou Reed.[83] Prior to opening, in March 2006, the new 7 World Trade Center frontage and lobby were used in scenes for the movie Perfect Stranger with Halle Berry and Bruce Willis.[84]

New York Academy of Sciences office (lobby) on the 40th floor

Since the building opened, several unleased upper floors have been used for events such as charity lunches, fashion shows, and black-tie galas. Silverstein Properties allowed space in the new building to be used for these events as a means to draw people to see the building.[85] From September 8 to October 7, 2006, the work of photographer Jonathan Hyman was displayed in "An American Landscape", a free exhibit hosted by the World Trade Center Memorial Foundation at 7 World Trade Center. The photographs captured the response of people in New York City and across the United States after the September 11, 2001, attacks. The exhibit took place on the 45th floor while the space remained available for lease.[86]

World Trade Center
Towers
Other elements
Artwork
History

As of March 2007,[needs update] 60 percent of the building had been leased.[87] In September 2006, Moody's signed a 20-year lease to rent 15 floors of 7 World Trade Center.[88][89] Other tenants that had signed leases in 7 World Trade Center, as of May 2007, include ABN Amro,[90] Ameriprise Financial Inc.,[91] Darby & Darby P.C.,[92] Mansueto Ventures LLC, business publisher of Fast Company and Inc.,[93] and the New York Academy of Sciences.[94]

The space occupied by Mansueto Ventures has been designed to use the maximum amount of natural light and has an open floor plan.[95] The space used by the New York Academy of Sciences on the 40th floor, designed by H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, works with the parallelogram shape of the building. Keeping with the green design of the building, the NYAS uses recycled materials in many of the office furnishings, has zoned heating and cooling, and lights that detect motion, coming on automatically only when people are present, and adjust according to incoming sunlight.[96]

Silverstein Properties also has offices in 7 World Trade Center, along with office space used by the architectural and engineering firms working on the Freedom Tower, 150 Greenwich Street, 175 Greenwich Street, and 200 Greenwich Street.[97][98] As of July 2007,[needs update] space remains available on the ten uppermost floors and floors 35 through 37 of 7 World Trade Center.[99]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Lew, H.S., Richard W. Bukowski, Nicholas J. Carino (2005). Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems (NCSTAR 1-1). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). pp. p. 13. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ "Seven World Trade Center (pre-9/11)". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2006-05-07.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Interim Report on WTC 7" (pdf). Appendix L. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
  4. ^ a b c Salvarinas, John J. (1986). "Seven World Trade Center, New York, Fabrication and Construction Aspects". Proceedings of the 1986 Canadian Structural Engineering Conference. Vancouver: Canadian Steel Construction Council. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Lew, H.S.; et al. (2005). "NIST NCSTAR 1-1: Design, Construction, and Maintenance of Structural and Life Safety Systems". Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (pdf). NIST. pp. p. xxxvii. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Gilsanz, Ramon, Edward M. DePaola, Christopher Marrion, and Harold "Bud" Nelson (2002). "WTC7 (Chapter 5)". World Trade Center Building Performance Study (pdf). FEMA. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Milke, James (Spring 2003). "Study of Building Performance in the WTC Disaster". Fire Protection Engineering. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  8. ^ Grill, Raymond A., Duane A. Johnson (2005). "NIST NCSTAR 1-1J: Documentation of the Fuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7". Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (pdf). NIST. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Glanz, James and Eric Lipton (2001-12-20). "A Nation Challenged: The Trade Center; City Had Been Warned of Fuel Tank at 7 World Trade Center". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
  10. ^ "Rudy Giuliani's 5 Big Lies About 9/11: On the Stump, Rudy Can't Help Spreading Smoke and Ashes About His Dubious Record," Village Voice August 8–14, 2007, pp. 22–36.
  11. ^ Ruddy, Christopher (2004-05-24). "Replying to Giuliani". NewsMax. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  12. ^ "Transcript: Rudy Giuliani on Fox News Sunday". Fox News. 2007-05-14. Retrieved 2007-09-29. Then why did he say the building — he said it's not — the place in Brooklyn is not as visible a target as buildings in Lower Manhattan
  13. ^ Russ Buettner (2007-05-22). "Onetime Giuliani Insider Is Now a Critic". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  14. ^ "Giuliani Blames Aide for Poor Emergency Planning". Daily Intelligencer. 2007-05-15. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
  15. ^ a b National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee. "Transcript: Meeting of the National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee, December 18, 2007" (PDF).
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  17. ^ "Al Held". National Gallery of Australia. Retrieved 2007-05-29.
  18. ^ Plagens, Peter (1989-04-17). "Is Bigger Necessarily Better?". Newsweek.
  19. ^ Wenegrat, Saul (2002-02-28). "Public Art at the World Trade Center". International Foundation for Art Research. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  20. ^ Scardino, Albert (1986-07-11). "A Realty Gambler's Big Coup". The New York Times.
  21. ^ Scardino, Albert (1986-12-03). "$3 Billion Office Pact Canceled by Drexel". The New York Times.
  22. ^ Berg, Eric N (1988-04-07). "Talking Deals; Developer Plays A Waiting Game". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  23. ^ Berkowitz, Harry (1988-11-29). "Salomon to Move Downtown". Newsday.
  24. ^ a b McCain, Mark (1989-02-19). "The Salomon Solution; A Building Within a Building, at a Cost of $200 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
  25. ^ a b c d "Building: 7 World Trade Center". CNN. 2001. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  26. ^ "CIA Lost Office In WTC: A secret office operated by the CIA was destroyed in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, seriously disrupting intelligence operations'". CBSNews.com / AP. 2001-11-05. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  27. ^ Grosshandler, William. "Active Fire Protection Systems Issues" (pdf). NIST. Retrieved 2007-09-11.
  28. ^ Evans, David D (2005). "Active Fire Protection Systems" (pdf). NIST. Retrieved 2007-09-11. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ^ "Oral Histories From Sept. 11 - Interview with Captain Anthony Varriale" (pdf). The New York Times. 2001-12-12. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
  30. ^ Spak, Steve (September 11). WTC 9-11-01 Day of Disaster (Video). New York City: Spak, Steve. {{cite AV media}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
  31. ^ Scheuerman, Arthur (2006-12-08). "The Collapse of Building 7" (pdf). NIST. Retrieved 2007-06-29. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  32. ^ a b "WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Chief Peter Hayden". Firehouse.com. 2002-09-09. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  33. ^ "WTC: This Is Their Story, Interview with Captain Chris Boyle". Firehouse.com. 2002. Retrieved 2007-08-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  34. ^ "Oral Histories From Sept. 11 - Interview with Chief Daniel Nigro". The New York Times. 2001-10-24. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  35. ^ "NIST's World Trade Center Investigation". NIST. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
  36. ^ "Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center" (pdf). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2005. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report". Popular Mechanics. 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ^ "NIST Response to the World Trade Center Disaster (Part IIC - WTC 7 Collapse)" (pdf). NIST. 2005-04-05. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  39. ^ CBS News (September 11). CBS Sept. 11, 2001 4:51 pm - 5:33 pm (September 11, 2001) (Television). WUSA, CBS 9, Washington, D.C. {{cite AV media}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help) - View footage of the collapse captured by CBS
  40. ^ "Key Findings of NIST's June 2004 Progress Report on the Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster". Fact sheets from NIST. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2004. Retrieved 2006-07-28.
  41. ^ a b Newman, Michael (2007-06-29). "NIST Status Update on World Trade Center 7 Investigation" (Press release). National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2008-02-17.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  42. ^ Sunder, S. Shyam (2007-12-18). "Opening Remarks and Overview of WTC 7 Investigation" (pdf). Proceedings. NCST Advisory Committee Meeting. NIST. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite conference}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ McAllister, Therese (2006-12-12). "WTC 7 Technical Approach and Status Summary" (pdf). NIST. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  44. ^ a b "Answers to Frequently Asked Questions". National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ^ Sullivan, Will (2006-09-03). "Viewing 9/11 From a Grassy Knoll". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  46. ^ "The evolution of a conspiracy theory". BBC News. 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-07-04.
  47. ^ Asquith, Christina (2006). "Conspiracies continue to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fifth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an "inside job."". Diverse Issues in Higher Education: 12. Retrieved 2008-07-04. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  48. ^ "WTC 7 Collapse". Debunking the 9/11 Myths: Special Report. Popular Mechanics. 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  49. ^ Steven E. Jones, Frank M. Legge, Kevin R. Ryan, Anthony F. Szamboti, and James R. Gourley (2008). "Fourteen Points of Agreement with Official Government Reports on the World Trade Center Destruction"". Bentham, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 2, Issue 1.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Fiterman Hall — Project Updates". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center/LMDC. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  51. ^ "Verizon Building Restoration". New York Construction (McGraw Hill). Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  52. ^ "SEC & EEOC: Attack Delays Investigations". New York Lawyer. 2001-09-17. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  53. ^ "Citigroup Facing Subpoena in IPO Probe". The Street. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  54. ^ "Federal Agencies: Re-Creating Lost Files". New York Lawyer. 2001-09-14. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  55. ^ "Ground Zero for the Secret Service". 2002-07-23. Retrieved 2008-07-09. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ "7 World Trade Center tour makes huge impression". Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors. 2006-05-24. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
  57. ^ Ramirez, Anthony (2004-09-30). "Construction Worker Dies in Fall at Trade Center Site". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-20. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  58. ^ "Seven World Trade Center (post-9/11)". Emporis.com. Retrieved 2007-11-22.
  59. ^ a b Dunlap, David W (2002-04-11). "21st-Century Plans, but Along 18th-Century Paths". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  60. ^ a b c d "Major Step at Ground Zero: 7 World Trade Center Opening". Architectural Record. 2006-05-17. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  61. ^ Houska, Catherine (2004). "New 7 World Trade Center Uses Type 316 Stainless Steel". International Molybdenum Association News Letter: pp. 4–6. {{cite journal}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  62. ^ Blum, Andrew (2006-03-28). "A World of Light and Glass". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  63. ^ Marpillero, Sandro, Kenneth Frampton, Jorg Schlaich (2006). James Carpenter: Environmental Refractions. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. pp. 55–70. ISBN 1568986084. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ^ Garmhausen, Steve (2004-11-16). "Curtain (Wall) Time". Slatin Report. Retrieved 2005-02-25.
  65. ^ "7 World Trade Center — Outstanding Achievement, Exterior Lighting". Architectural Lighting Magazine. 2007-07-01. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  66. ^ Collins, Glenn (2006-03-06). "At Ground Zero, Art Pact Results In Wall of Words". The New York Times.
  67. ^ "Downtown Construction and Building Information". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Retrieved 2006-05-22.
  68. ^ "Silverstein Properties Names CB Richard Ellis to Serve as Exclusive Leasing Agent for 7 World Trade Center" (Press release). Silverstein Properties. 2004-09-28.
  69. ^ a b Reiss, Matthew (2003). "Shortcuts to Safety". Metropolis Magazine / Skyscraper Safety Campaign. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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  71. ^ Angwin, Julia (2006-11-19). "No-button elevators take orders in lobby". Charleston Gazette (West Virginia).
  72. ^ Kretkowski, Paul (2007). "First Up". ARCHI-TECH. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  73. ^ "7 World Trade Center officially certified as New York City's first 'green' office tower" (pdf) (Press release). Silverstein Properties. 2006-03-08. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  74. ^ Pogrebin, Robin (2006-04-16). "How Green Is My Tower?". The New York Times.
  75. ^ DePalma, Anthony (2004-01-20). "At Ground Zero, Rebuilding With Nature in Mind". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  76. ^ "The Academy's New 'Green' Home". New York Academy of Science. Retrieved 2007-07-01.
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  78. ^ Post, Nadine M (2005-09-12). "Strategy for Seven World Trade Center Exceeds Expectations". Engineering News Record. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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  81. ^ Collins, Glenn (July/August 2006). "A Prism with Prose — Seven World Trade Center". Update Unbound. New York Academy of Science. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  82. ^ Dunlap, David W (2006-05-24). "Luster of 7 World Trade Center Has Tattered Reminder of 9/11". The New York Times.
  83. ^ "7 World Trade Center Opens with Musical Fanfare". Lower Manhattan Development Corporation (LMDC). 2006-05-22. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  84. ^ "Under Cover, Tower 7 is no 'Stranger' to fame". Downtown Express. March 17–23 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-17. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  85. ^ Birkner, Gabrielle (2007-05-14). "The City's Hottest Event Space? Try 7 World Trade Center". New York Sun. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
  86. ^ "WTC Memorial Foundation Announces Photography Exhibitions to Mark 5th Anniversary of 9/11" (pdf) (Press release). World Trade Center Memorial Foundation. 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2008-02-17.
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