Leet

File:Leet Screenshot.png

The ELinks web browser, set to Leet language, on the Leet language version of Google.

Leet, usually written as "l33t" or "1337" in Leetspeak, is an online culture and/or attitude, as well as a language code (although the language code was originally refered to as "kr4g" or "krag"), among the Internet population. The word itself is derived phonetically from the word "elite", and is a cipher, or cryptic form of spelling replacing letters with numbers, symbols, and other letters that look or sound alike. Leetspeak was first used on Bulletin Board Systems, and then later adopted by users of Online Multiplayer Games and other Internet communities.

Spelling variation does not always follow a set convention. The same word may be spelled differently by different people, or even by the same person to confuse others even more. This is symptomatic of the desire or affected desire to elude comprehension by others unfamiliar with the foreign art form.

Many consider it a pointless affectation, and as it has become widely used it is less useful as a way of showing membership of an "elite" group. It is nonetheless a cultural phenomenon well-known amongst hackers and many other Internet users, especially gamers. Example: Demented_SCV is 1337.

Overview

The term Leet is derived from the word elite. Leet can be either pronounced as "Leet" (monosyllabic - rhymes with "feet" IPA /liːt/) or by pronouncing the L separate from the rest of the word ("el eat" (elite)", IPA /ɛliːt/). Leetspeak is a form of written slang or street talk for the information highway. It is sometimes used to create group identity and to obscure meaning from outsiders, especially newbies. It also establishes a hierarchy, as more complex forms of Leetspeak are increasingly unreadable to the untrained eye. Consider the phrase "PHr3Ku3N7ly H4s|{3d K0o£St330nZ!" It translates to "frequently asked questions". Note the extraneous h in front of asked and the construction "-teeonz" as meaning "-tions". Simple forms of Leetspeak have become rather mainstream, as employees use the alternative spellings to circumvent their companies' mail filters designed to censor coarse language and other objectionable content. Leetspeak can also be used to disguise text within the object code of a program because it looks very much like binary data when viewed in a text editor.

One probable explanation of its origin is from bulletin board systems (BBSs) in the 1980s and early 1990s. It started with people trying to talk about illegal or otherwise questionable activities, such as software piracy, that some BBS operators did not want to be discussed or carried out via their systems. The operators would filter out certain words or ban people who used them. Most notably the word "hacker" was commonly banned.

Rather than stop talking about these topics, some BBS users would simply use variations on the words, for example "hacker" could be replaced by "hack0r", "h4cker", "h4x0r", "haxx0r" or even "h4xx0r". These variants could be banned too, to which the response was to change the word more and more until it was barely recognizable ("h4x0r", "|-|4><()|2"). Eventually the BBS operators realized that there was no way of banning words in a polymorphic language like Leet and gave up.

This later turned into a condition where having "elite" status on a BBS allowed a user access to file areas, games, and special chat rooms, often including archives of pirated software, pornography, and text files of dubious quality documenting topics such as how to construct explosives and manufacture illegal drugs. Some people like to think that Leetspeak or hakspek that shortens text may have been developed to decrease bandwidth usage before the bandwidth explosion of the 1990s, but this is most likely not the case, as such methods would have had extremely minimal effect on actual bandwidth usage.

File:Leetspeak.png

For those who do not normally read or write like this, automatic translators facilitate ciphering and deciphering Leet.

Something like Leetspeak has regained some popularity in SMS (Short Message Service) media, which often have severe length restrictions and originally required many key presses to spell out words correctly. More recently, Leet has re-entered the mainstream thanks to its use on various popular websites such as blogs, webcomics and forums and its widespread use on IRC. As an example of this mainstreaming, Sears introduced the "HE4T" model of Kenmore clothes-washer and dryer, in late 2004. People who enjoy irony sometimes use Leetspeak to bring attention to "secrets" they believe no one actually cares about, to joke, or emphasize a nuance. The irony is that now the major use of Leetspeak on the Internet is as an in-joke between computer geeks, as genuine usage has steadily declined. Non-satirical purposes are usually viewed upon as a trademark of newbies among computer-orientated forums, and despite popular media belief, most computer forums encourage correct spelling and grammar.

Websites exist that are written entirely in Leetspeak. There are also converter programs which automatically convert ordinary English text into leet, at varying levels of complexity and there is even a variant of Google in the dialect [1].

Leet is also used by crackers and authors of viruses. The widespread backdoor program Back Orifice used port number 31337 (ELEET) to gain access to unsecured Windows computers.

Leet can also be seen leaking into more popular culture. For example, Cartoon Network's Adult Swim (a period of less-juvenile cartoons such as Family Guy and Sealab 2021, played late at night), which is known for its playful and unconventional bumps, has used phrases like 'h4h4, we 0w|\|3d j00!' ("Haha, we owned you!") after a 'prank' was pulled.

Common transliterations

(subject to a great deal of individual variation):

A	4, /\, @, /-\, ^, ä, ª, aye, ∂	H	#, /-/, [-], ]-[, )-(, (-), :-:, |~| {=}, <~>, |-|, ]~[, }{, ]-[, ?, }-{	O	0, (), ?p, [], *, ö	V	\/
B	8, 6, 13, |3, ß, P>, |:, !3, (3, /3,)3	I	1, !, |, &, eye, 3y3, ï, ][, []	P	|^, |*, |o, |º, |^(o), |>, |", 9, []D, |̊, |7	W	\/\/, vv, '//, \^/, (n), \V/, \//, \X/, \|/, \_|_/, \_:_/, Ш
C	[, ¢, <, (, ©	J	j, _|, ;, _/, </, (/	Q	q, (_,), ()_, 0_, <|	X	><, Ж, }{, ecks or )(
D	|), o|, [), I>, |>, ?, T)	K	X, |<, |{, ]{, }<, |(	R	|2, P\, |?, /2,|^, lz, ®, [z, 12, Я, 2	Y	Y, y, j, `/, Ý, ÿ, ý, Ŷ, ŷ, Ÿ, Ϋ, Υ, Ψ, φ, λ, Ұ, ұ, ў, ץ ,צ,, Ч
E	3, &, £, ë, [-, €, ê, |=-	L	1, £, 7 (note the use of 7 for either L or T), 1_, |, |_, #, l	S	S, s, 5, 2, $, z, §, ehs, es	Z	2, z, ~\_, ~/_, %
F	|=, ƒ, |#, i=, ph, /=	M	M, m, //., |v|, [V], {V}, |\/|, /\/\, (u), []V[], (V), (\/), /|\, Μ, М, м	T	7, +, -|-, 1, '][', †
G	G, g, 6, &, (_+, 9, C-, gee, (γ,	N	//, ^/, |\|, /\/, [\], , <\>, {\}, []\[], n, /V, ₪	U	(_), |_|, v, ü

J, Q, and Y typically are not transliterated and are used as themselves. There are some common leet alternatives for other sounds, e.g. "cks" is often replaced with an "x" as in "hax0r" and "sux0rs" (hacker and sucks/suckers). When characters such as € and ü are used (ones where you need to hold alt and type numbers, for example), it usually designates a n00b talking. In recent years, leet has dropped out of style in some communities. Some gamers and Internet users choose not to use it as they consider it to signify weakness and immaturity rather than coolness or of "having skills/sk1LLz". However, many words from leet are now a significant part of modern Internet culture, such as "pwned", the common leet misspellings such as "teh", and especially the "z" at the end of words, such as "skillz". Another prominent example of a surviving leet expression is the ever-popular "w00t". Gamers — for whom using Leetspeak is seriously out of style — sometimes use it in an ironic sense, e.g. "ph34/2 m`/ 1337 sk1llz." ("Fear my leet skills.")

Another location for similar text obfuscation is in multiplayer gaming, especially involving other characters from the ASCII set. Some multiplayer games allow for users to be evicted (kicked out) if they are "being n00bs" or generally annoying the crowd, by using a simple command like "!kick username" which works fine as long as the username constitutes letters that can be typed with a normal keyboard. To prevent some kicks, people may use names such as "E'li'†è Hàxo'r" which are more difficult to type in.

An alternate theory for why this obfuscation in gaming exists is that while it is true that the use of text obfuscation helps to prevent kicks, often these characters are used to make the player's name appear unique (perhaps simply because of a nick-clash with another user (or users) of a similar name). One can look at the use of different attributes, such as the ability to change the color of each character in games that support it, as evidence of this theory. This may lead to players feeling that they can "psych out" the competition, as having spent the effort to make even just their name superior shows their dedication to their skills.

Leet in other languages

Hong Kong Leet

This form is often seen in the forums of Hong Kong. It is written by breaking characters containing multiple radicals into separate characters. It is not clear whether this form is viewed as less rude, or if it is just used as a way to get around automatic censoring software.

Examples of Hong Kong Leet:

Original	Converted	Meaning
硬膠仔	石更月翏亻子	Very stupid boy (vulgar)
不願作答	不原頁亻乍答	Not willing to answer it
鋪頭	金甫豆頁	A shop
仆街	亻卜彳圭亍	Fall down on the street (vulgar)

Kusachu in Japanese

The Kusachu language (クサチュー語 or 勹廾千ｭ―言吾 Kusachū-go) is a form of leetspeak for Japanese written with a set of characters that replace common Hiragana, Katakana and some Kanji characters that look similar to them. It was compiled by Kusare Chubo (腐れ厨房) and is occasionally used on Japanese bulletin boards such as 2channel (2ch for short). "Kusare" means "gone bad" or "rotten", and 厨房 (kitchen) is pronounced the same as 中坊 ("Jr. High Kid", 中=middle and 坊=kid in this context). 厨房 is itself "2ch slang" for "dimwit" and is not used of real Jr. High children.

Kusachu also resembles (to the point of being almost the same) ギャル文字 (gyaru-moji, "girls' alphabet"), which is common among high-school aged girls. In 2ch slang, words are written using their homonyms (an abbreviation process similar to "you" => "u"), e.g. "ドキュン" (dokyun) => "DQN". In gyaru-moji, characters are composed using (sometimes very vaguely) similar-looking characters or their components, e.g. 話 => 言舌, し => ∪, キ => ≠, ハ => / \. Kusachu could be seen as a selective mixture of bohramt.

There are many "dialects" of these, and distinctions are not always easy to make. The character-splitting style is closest to leet in the sense that it is hard to read for the uninitiated and generally despised of by those who don't use it. The 2ch style is closer to non-leet forms of netspeak, but it does have a comparatively large vocabulary.

Examples of Kusachu:

Original	Converted	Meaning
フリー百科事典ウィキペディア	┐リ―百科事典ゥィ‡∧・〒"ィ了	The Free Encyclopedia Wikipedia
あやしい	ぁゃιぃ	strange
爆死	火暴歹ヒ	die in an explosion

Cyrillation in Cyrillic languages

Main article: [[:Volapuk encoding]]

For IRC and other programs as well as when a suitable character/font set is lacking, some users that use the cyrillic alphabet (such as in the Russian, Serbian, Belarusian, Ukrainian and Bulgarian languages) instead use phonetic versions of normal cyrilic words. They use letters that are similar in both alphabets, and where they need to use a character that isn't present in latin they use an ASCII character that in some way represents the original. This practice is widely popular as it saves time and also gives the text a rather cryptic look, but is sometimes prohibited in BBS and other services because some administrators believe it denigrates the traditional cyrilic alphabet or is harder to read and too informal in most cases. Here is a brief guide to converting a word from cyrilic to latin:

NOTE: Usually either the transliteration system (which uses the characters that are sounding the same), or the pictogrammic (where the characters that are the same or alike looking are used). They are not used both together, because it would be too confusing... Although similar/shared letters are same for both systems.

Similar/shared letters
Cyrillic	ASCII
А	A
Е	E
М	M
К	K
О	O
Т	T
Letters converted by pronunciation
С	S
Б	B
Н	N
B	V
Х	KH
Л	L
Ф	F
Д	D
З	Z
У	U
И	I
Й	Y, J
Г	G
П	P
Р	R
Ц	Ts
Ч	Ch
Ш	Sh
Щ	Sch
Ы	Y, I (harder)
Э	E (sound like ae)
Ё	Yo (in the beginning of the word), Io (in the end)
Ж	Zh
Other converted letters
Ь(silenter)	' (apostrophe)
Ъ(hardener)	" or (bracket / double apostrophe)
Pictograms
Ч	4
З	3
Б	6
Щ	LL|
Ж	}|{
ю	|-0
Ш	w
и	u
м	m

NOTE: Others came as in above example: by typing the alike looking number, latin letter, some signs or a combination of a few of those. And if there is the same looking letter, even if it sounds differently it is used in the pictogram writing, like H with Н or P with Р...

The usual cyrilation styles are loosely based upon the phonetic and BDS cyrillic keyboard layouts. It is also notable that some characters share their appearance but have different pronunciations in Latin and Cyrillic - for example B in Cyrillic is equal to V in Latin. Alternations of this style are also present in other non-latin alphabets.

Greeklish in Greek

Another form of transliteration used for the same reasons as Cyrillization is Greeklish, a way of writing Greek using only Latin characters, punctuation and numerals. Like Cyrillization, Greeklish is often difficult to read even for native speakers and is frequently discriminated against. In Addition, many L337 words or slang have been internalized within the Greek spoken language through Greek gamers of CT, WoW and Lineage2. Common examples of this are:

-Noobas, Noobidi [NoobAs] which is Noob with a greek masculine ending (-as) and neutral (-idi)

-Ownaro [OwnAro] which means I own and used as a verb.

-gkosas which stems from the word Gosa to mean experienced player.

-OMG [OhMiGi] a mispronunciation of OMG [OhEmg] meaning Oh My God

Greek Gamers have generated their own leet and slang as well.

Leet slang

Words

For full definitions please see Internet slang.

Use of x0r and "z0r"

Note that the construction "-xor" or any variation thereof can be pronounced variously as "-ker", "-zor", or "-ksor" (the latter two being the way the majority of English speakers would pronounce it).

Originally in the phrase "r0x0r j00r b0x0rz", "b0x0rz" refers not to "boxers" (i.e. underwear) but actually to "boxes" (in computer slang: computers, though boxen or b0x3n may be more commonly used in this context). The more naïve interpretation "rocks your boxers" is still meaningful, however, as the sentiment is much the same and is often used to carry a connotation that one was 'rocked' so hard they felt it in their boxer shorts.

The term "r0x0r j00r b0x0r" itself probably relates to hacking itself, with a person being able to gain access to and, from there, "rock their box". It is also possible that it is a derivative from "r0x0r j00r s0x0r", "rocks your socks". (The phrase "rocks your socks" could be derived from the saying, "It'll knock your socks off.") It should be noted that although the spelling of leet is fairly standardized, pronunciation differs widely, as does the actual alphabet used. Much depends on which forum, newsgroup, or chat room the Leetspeak is being spoken in.

An increasingly common use of the "-xor" is changing its grammatical usage to be deliberately incorrect. Instead of using "Bob r0x0r", "Bob am teh r0x0r" or "Bob are teh r0x0r" is deliberately used to increase the level of irony and to separate it from less ironic, true leetspeak. -xor is also sometimes used in user nicknames (e.g: "Luxxor").

Due to the phonetic sound of "xor" (ksor), 1337 speakers quickly began using "zor" and "zorz" as well and in similar context. "zorz" however is often used on the end of every major word in a sentence for comedic effect such as "H0ly sh1tzorz j00 0wnzorzed himzorz upz!1"

Grammar

Leet, like other hacker slang, enjoys a loose grammar. Because the deliberate misusage of grammar, just like spelling, encodes some of the level of emphasis, ironic or otherwise, a reader must rely more on intuitive parsing of the leet-speak to determine the meaning of a sentence rather than the actual sentence structure. In particular, leet-speakers are fond of verbing nouns, turning verbs into nouns as forms of emphasis (e.g. "Bob rocks" is weaker than "Bob r0xx0rz" (spelling) is weaker than "Bob is t3h r0xx0r" (grammar)). Leet, like in other hacker slang, employs overgeneralization in construction of new words. For example, if "h4xx0r3d" is the past tense of the verb "to hack" (hack->haxxor->haxxored), then "bl0wz0r3d" would be easily understood to be the past tense conjugation of "to blow", even if the reader had not seen that particular word before. (e.g: "I got the quad damage and bl0wz0r3d him up"). "Pwnz0r3d" is used often in the same way as pwned hence "1 pwnz0r3d his @$5 L4s+ N1gh+ on C$" (I pwned his ass last night on CS (Counter-Strike))

NOTE: Pwned means "owned", which could mean that you beat them badly. It could refer to almost anything.

Use of $

This is the subject of some controversy among Leet-speakers. While $ is considered an acceptable substitute for "S" in any context by casual users of the language, among the more correct it is considered proper usage only when used in an ironic or insulting context with a connotation towards negative aspects of money (e.g. greed, monopoly, big business). i.e. "M$" (MS, short for Microsoft), "$ony" (Sony) or "$ky" (Rupert Murdoch's BSkyB satellite TV service) is proper usage, but "r0xx0r$" is more properly spelt "r0xx0r5" or "r0x0rz", unless it means given success connected with financial profit ("Got my cheque, 4dw0rdz r0xx0r$")

Kekeke

It is widely believed that the expression "kekeke" comes from the Korean players of Starcraft who have a key on their keyboards that they use to express giggling or laughter and when typed in an English server it apears as the text "ke". It is commonly associated with the shallow but effective tactic in the game of amassing a large force of units known as Zergling or any type of Zerg unit and rushing the enemy base before they can properly defend themselves. The phrase "Zerg rush! kekeke!!" is often used out of context for any form of rushing or Blitzkrieg tactic, sometimes replacing "Zerg" with what suits the situation. In general, "kekeke" is used by North American and European gamers to mock both Korean adolescents and the Starcraft or even the whole Real Time Strategy community.

Frequent misspellings

Frequently, common typing errors are also absorbed into leet. Transposition of adjacent characters is a common construction (make->maek, you->yuo). Other common misspellings now standard in leet are:

• "evar", "evah", and "eva" for "ever." This is usually used in the phrase "Worst. <something>. Evar." e.g. "Worst. Game. Evar." This construct is largely credited as a reference to a phrase oft uttered by The Comic Book Guy, a recurring character on The Simpsons.
• German "ist" for "is", often used with word "death". For example, "mp3 ist death." Also used with "krieg" - German for "war", but in this context it means, approximately, "favourable". For example: "mp3 ist krieg". This is a parody of the nargaroth song Black Metal Ist Kreig. This tends to be especially prevalent among those that also listen to heavy metal.
• "pwn" or "pwned" for "own" or "owned". This originates from the 'P' key on a QWERTY keyboard being immediately beside the 'o' key and pressed by the less-than-nimble pinky (little) finger; it is usually pronounced "pown" (rhymes with blown), "powned", or simply spelt out in discussion ("P-W-N'd"). According to Pure Pwnage it is simply pronounced "Owned".
  • Alternate Explanation: pwned is derived from player-owned, ie one player killing another in a multiplayer game; typically associated with FPS games.
    • pwned can also be interpreted in gaming as being in reference to the chess piece known as the pawn; meaning a player was beaten with such superior skill to his or her own skill, that to his/her opponent he/she is simply a pawn to be toyed with. The pawn is the lowliest and most abundant chess piece.
  • "pwned" also has further corrupted forms, including "pwnt", rwnd, and "pwnd".
• "smrt" or "samrt" for "smart" (The former may also be an intentional reference to an episode of The Simpsons in which Homer misspells smart in song whilst burning his high school diploma: "I am so smart! I am so smart! S-M-R-T! I mean S-M-A-R-T!")
• "teh" or "t3h" for "the". "Teh" is the seminal and ubiquitous example of the leet letter-transposition construction of words. Also, "teh" can have a different grammatical function than "the", in that it can convert a following word into a noun (e.g. "I am teh r0xx0r.")
• "lozl" or "lzol" as an alternate for lolz. The migration of the "z" as letters tend to commonly move around in 1337 just goes to show both the instability of the pinky (little) finger and also typing too fast for your own good.
• "gom" for "omg" for "oh my god/gosh!". Originating from gomgomgom in which the user moved the last g to the beginning.
• "pron" for porn. Some users extrapolate this even further, replacing pron with "pr0n" "prawn"or "pr4wn".
• "lawl" for "lol". Came from someone trying to pronounce "lol" phonetically.

The mispelling of "!"

• The number 1 and the word "one" instead of exclamation points (!). Often used to show intense sarcasm " OMG I R TEH BEST!!!!11!one!11. Furthermore, another common usage in this context is "eleven" as a substitute for "!", as in: "I r0xx0red j00!!!!1!!11one!!eleven!!". Again this context denoted extreme sarcasm. Sometimes extrapolated into using the roman numeral I instead of 1. On occasion, "two" will be used instead of "one" to stress the sarcasm as well.
• Along this line evolution is the mispelling of "?" following the same line of "!" The most common being "/" and "slash", as in: W@t r j00 ta1kin b0u+, n00b???//??/?slash? ("What are you talking about noob?)
• In addition to the "one," "two," and "slash" being used to accentuate the sarcasm of the statement, "+shift" or "+shifty" is used in the same manner, for example: "NOWAI!!11one1!one+shifty"

As with most alternate leet spellings or grammar, inclusion in a sentence is done on purpose, in order to lighten the mood, strengthen a point, or convey a sense of irony, depending on the context.

Phrases

• "WHeRE @Re J00" or "Wh3re aer j00?" for "where are you"
• "wH4+'S j00R nAME" for "what is your name"
• "/\/\!|<£'§ 1££+ §|<!11§ þ|/\||\||_|", an example of especially obfuscated leet (see: obfuscated code), this translates to "Mike's leet skills pwn you".
• "g0s\/" for gosu, meaning "pro", from Korean players of StarCraft
• "skilled r0x0rt looking for a team pgm only high lvl, pv me" for "I'm a qualified player looking forward to be hired by a progaming clan in electronic sports. Contact me now."
• "Leet time", or 13:37
• "1337teen", used commonly on forums and the like to denote the 1,337th post, pageviews, etc. eg; "My 1337teenth hit"
• "1 4t3 j00r r4m3n n00d135" for "I ate your ramen noodles"
• "ph33r teh 1337 h4x0r" for "Fear the elite hacker"
• "/\/\()/\/|<37 |>\/\//\/3|) J()()" for "Monkey Owned You"
• "\/\/|-|3|z3 |))1|)) j00 (,3+ +|-|15" for "Where did you get this?"
• "+|-|3 0|=|=1<3|z5" for "the Officers"
• "j00 suX0rz!" or "j00 i5 t3h sux0rz" for "You suck!"
• "pwn3d" for "Owned"
• "pwn4g3: for "Ownage"
• "PH33R MEH!!!" for "Fear Me!"
• "7341" prononunced "teal" refering to the most popular color in the online game starcraft which has become synonymous with "1337" in some online circles.

Use of -age

Many times, a verb will be changed into a noun simply by adding -age in addition to adding 'ness' to the end of an adjective, such as speak becoming speakage or leet becoming leetage, as in "1 k//0w 1337//355 5p34k4g3" or "h15 pwn4g3 sh00d b3 ph33r3d'".

After use of this started up, some users changed their words from a verb to a noun form, then used it as it a verb again, such as "h3 pwn4g3d m3".

Overuse of "-age" is looked down upon in most online communities, however, and can show signs of desperation to be better.

Over-exclamation

Another common feature of Leet is over-exclamation, where a sentence is postfixed with many exclamation marks: pHu><x0|2z j00 L4yMUr!!!!!!!!!!

In some cases, because the exclamation symbol (!) resides on the same key as the number one ("1"), over-exclamation can be accidentally typed with extraneous digits, owing to the excitement of the typist: y0 d00d th1s 5h1zZ47 R0Xx0rzZ!!!!!11. This was especially likely in the context of online multiplayer games, such as Quake. Some Leet speakers purposely type exactly one "1" for every 3 "!"s. This is a satire of noob players who let go of the shift key too soon and some of their intended exclamation marks become the number 1.

Additionally, the adjacent ~ (tilde) and @ keys may be used in this fashion: t3h leik this OwNz!!11!?!??!@!!????//1!!~~ Some users have adopted this and include it deliberately.

A growing phenomenon is deliberately typing the word "one": pwnz0r3d!!!!!11oneoneone, and deliberately typing the words "exclamation mark", as in the next example. In some cases, this has been purposely exaggerated for comic effect, for example, L0l!!!11!eleventy-one1!1!11one1!!!exclamationmark!!11oneone!1. It can also be used to poke fun at users of AOL speak, and other "lesser" cultures. Note that letter-to-number translations tend not to occur within these "oneoneone" blocks.

Another example of accidental misspelling may also be used in this manner, such as "omg!!11oneoneelven", where elven is the misspelling of eleven. On rare occasions "zOMG!!!!shift+1!!!" has shown up, where the user is taking it further and typing the keyforms that make up letters.

Even more satirical is the insertion of non-one numbers into a phrase as well as improper acronym usage in a humorous way, such as "OMGBRBBBQ!!11!11FORTY-TWO!!111!!17!1NINE!1111!1!", where 42 comes in as a joke stemming from the Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy series of novels.

Yet another variation of the use of "one" in over-exclamation satire is the phrase "eleventyone," a reference to the distinctive way hobbits say the number 111 (in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring). Hence "LoL!!!!111eleventyoneone!"

Among the most strained echelons of the over-exclamation, particularly related to the number one, are mathematical formulas which would result in one. Example: OMGWTFBBQ!!1![2+(e^(pi*i))]!1!!uno!!

The trend is not limited to English speakers, and in many forums a mix of English and other languages can be observed, for example the Germish, "OMFG das rockt!!!!1111einsshifteins".

Units of measurement

In some computer science circles, one hax has been defined as exactly 1337 bytes when measuring computer data. Example: "I was able to optimize my code down about five haxes (6685 bytes) last night!" In addition to the commonly used hax, there are several other units of measurement:

1 pwned = 1337 haxes = ~1745 kilobytes
1 noob = 1337 pwned = ~2279 megabytes
1 leet = 1337 noobs = ~2795 gigabytes

This system is informally known as the N measurement system, though it is commonly referred to as the "leet" system, as that is the highest measurement one can make while using this system.

Pwn

A common misspelling of the word "own", pwn refers to the domination of a player in a video game (rather than just a win). For example, one pwning another is equivalent to scoring a dramatic kill, or several kills, in a video game shooter, against the other person. Similarly, to "get pwned" means that a more skilled player in a game has scored a convincing or even humiliating victory against you. Outside games 'pwnd' describes being in a highly humiliating position. The term "z0r" can also be suffixed for added affect: "pwnz0red". There is also pwnt, pwnded, and owndizzled.

Pwned can be pronounced phonetically several ways; Usually, the pronunciation is "owned", "powned", "punt", "pawned", "pooned", or "pioned". In terms of extreme excitement or joy, a leet speaker may use the terms "pwikiwoned!!" or "pwakawakaowned!!".

The origin of the term is controversial and many claim to have invented it. Due to its nature, the error is most likely to have occured in several places at the same time, similar to the discovery of the J/ψ. The term may have originated from the relative proximity of the letter 'p' of pwned to the 'o' of owned. There are also theories of the term meaning pistol-owned and this is certainly used in particular circles. Another theory is that if you remove the verticle line on a 'p', it leaves the shape of an 'o'.

The use of the words "pwn," "pwned," and "pwnage" has recently become widespread and can occasionally find their way into common speech and refer to situations outside video games.

Cans of Pwnage

Cans of pwnage is a newly evolving term in 1337speak, which is traditionally used to denote "ownage" or "pwnage" in which the 1337 person (person A) typically pwns the "nubcake" or "nubcaek" (person B). So if person A got a headshot on person B, for example, person A may say something along the lines of "I just open3d a can of pwn4ge on you nubcake," or "I just opened a can of pwnage on you nubcake." The phrase originated from professional wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin's popular tagline "open up a can of whoop-ass."

Also used in the phrase "I need to go down to the corner store and buy some more cans of pwnage." Occasionally, when the 1337 speaker feels the need to be extremely 1337, a higher quantity of pwnage is used. For example, if person A just picked up the double damage and killed five players, he might exclaim "ph34r my keg of pwnage, nubcakes!!11" in which "ph34r," "keg of pwnage," "nubcakes," and over-exclamation are all used to heighten the dramatic effect and 1337ness of the speaker. The "keg" of pwnage, rather than merely a "can," especially correlates the effect, and the 1337 pwner feels extremely powerful.

The nubcake

A newer phenomenon where a newbie, noob, or nub may be referred to as "nubcake". This is often used in conjunction with the phrase "what do you eat for breakfast, nubcakes?". Nubcake is derived from the term noob, a derogatory form of newbie, and cake, which is probably there to add to the irony. Not much is known of the origin of the "nubcake" except that it is seeing wider use especially in the online gaming world, where those leet speakers who constantly are keeping to date with evolving terms will use this to denigrate the person it is targeted at.

One theory is that 'nubcake' is a derivative of 'fruitcake', a commonly used insult by California teenage males. For more information on the slang usage of fruitcake, see Urbandictionary's entry.

Nubcake is particularly useful because it serves as a transition between two fairly common things - noobs, and food. Thus, the term "nubcake" can be placed into many existing expressions which involve food, such as "What do you bake for the nubfest? Nubcakes!" or "He must have gormandized several nubcakes before he made that speech, because he sounded like a 1237412|) (retard)."

A further evolution of the phrase is an intentional misspelling (such as "own" becoming "pwn") turning it into "nubcaek"

An offshoot of "Nubcake" is "Nublet", taking it's suffix from words like piglet, implying the person is lowlier than the average "noob".

Nubsauce

A term that seems to have arisen recently, especially among mid-western gamers. The term is usually used demeaningly in response to actions of a newbie. Example: "Way to blow yourself up, Nubsauce." It is plausible that this term originated from street basketball courts where "sauce" is often a term used after an exemplary move. Example: "How do you like that sauce." This term was taken up by gamers and combined with n00b to change its connotation from a good move to one of inexperience or stupidity.

In addition, an unskilled or underhanded move can be referred to as "weak sauce." Or, if you must go 1337, "\/\/34KK 5/-\|_|<3" for example "1 sed I wanned to nifefite, wtf is dat weeksauce?" 'I said I wanted to have a knife-fight, what the f**k is that weaksauce?'.

When used in conjunction with nubcakes, nubsauce can further denigrate the person the expression is aimed at. For example, expanding upon previous terms, a leetspeaker who just witnessed an extremely inexperienced move by a new player may say, "What do you eat with your nubcakes, nubsauce?"

Leet items

This form of leetspeak is used to quickly express that an item, in a game or in real life, is "leet". There are very loose rules to defining a leet object, but the general rule is that all consonants before the first vowel are dropped and replaced with l. If the first letter of the word is a vowel, the l is generally prefixed to the front. An example of this common method can be expressed in a phrase such as, "That is a leet nuke, or a luke."

Other permutations of a leet item are: "Leet move" -> "lewve" "Leet attack" -> "lattack" "Leet strategy" -> "lrategy" "Leet ownage" -> "lownage"

roffle my woffles

This term of leet derives from the pronunciation of "rofl", (meaning 'rolling on the floor laughing') with an intentional misspelling of waffles added for rhyming comical humor. Some say it is a parody of the Eggo slogan "L'eggo my Eggo".

Leet as a spoken language

Not much thought is given to leet as a spoken language, for reasons relating to its origins as a form of Internet cipher. While Leet can be pronounced, it rarely occurs outside the media of multiplayer online gaming, IRC and forums. It is not known whether this is because Leet, very uncommonly heard by the human ear outside of individual words which have made their way into the vernacular and slang of our time ("pwned", "roxxed," "haxxor", etc.), produces an unfamiliar and awkward sound for both the speaker and the listener, or whether it is because, for the same reason that abbreviations and ciphers are usually omitted from everyday speech, spoken Leet often takes more time to pronounce and articulate than the original sentence.

There may be people who speak almost entirely in the Leet language with words pronounced as they would be spelt in written Leet, but the only such individuals we know about are fictional (see "Largo" / Rodney Caston, Megatokyo) in media where there is no spoken word (in this case, a comic). It is commonly said (in jest) that if leet speakers met and attempted to communicate by speech, they would have to communicate through subtitles.

Leetspeak is, however, extremely common in high school gamer groups, especially in those who frequently play LAN/online games such as Counter-Strike, Battlefield, Unreal Tournament, Quake, Halo and others. Often, those with a reasonable amount of playing experience in any of these games will make fun of "n00bs" by using Leet to intimidate them. It is also known that there are different dialects of Leet used depending which games that person plays.

The way one goes about using leet as a language during online play, irc and forums determines one's personality and intellect while online. If one is to say "rofl, wth are you doing with your thing?" rather than "WOD R u dOin wiD ur THING?? LOLWTF!!" they will be generally considered more serious and therefore more professional. It is found that in the more professional ring of games, leet is included into the english language as typos and only used by itself in a joking matter.

The usage of @(a), (V) (M);seemingly random capitals, are mainly used by the less professional level of gamers. Because of this, it is considered derogatory when more professional gamers use this.

In more "leet" gaming servers, those who start speaking leetspeak are commonly considered "noobs". Often, beginners to a game will see conversation such as those and adapt the dialect, considering themselves "l33t", although that kind of typing often gets them ridiculed.

Rarely, with the introduction of such applications as Teamspeak and general real life meeting of familiar gamers, some have been known to pronounce the more common terms such as "pwn" (pawn, pown, poon, pween, pwown), "own", and "noob" (nub, nüb, noob, newb, naab, nublet, n00blet, nubsicle, n00bsicle, nu6).

Examples in non-gaming groups have been noted, including pronunciation of "teh" in place of the definite article in speech.

Also, a student on a College tournament of television show Jeopardy! once wagered $1337 on the Final Jeopardy question. The news quickly spread to the Internet. [2]

Leet in videogaming

• .hack (Dot Hack)

In the anime, video game, manga and book franchise .hack, there is a character named Sora. In the original Japanese versions of the various media, he adds sound effects and assorted strange phrases to his regular speech. In the fourth video game of the franchise, he is a playable character. In that game, his speech turned out to be a problem for the translators. As a solution, it was transposed into Leet, the closest English equivalent.

• Advance Wars: Dual Strike

The character Jake, commonly uses the term "Owned!" on the victory screen after a battle. He also used "owned" in some dialogue portions of the game. Furthermore, in the History section, you receive the message "Pwn3d!" for destroying 150 subs and "w00t!" for destroying 50 megatanks.

• Age of Empires III

One of the fort names in the game Age of Empires III is "Fort Pownall", keeping in style with the game's pseudo-historical references.

• Age of Mythology

One of the cheats available in the game Age of Mythology is "L33T SUPA H4X0R". This cheat allows you to construct, train and research instantly.

• Alien Hominid

The console version of Alien Hominid uses the term "pwned" in one of its mini-games. Tom Fulp, the main writer and programmer for the original version, is deemed an "31!73 |-|4x0|^" for creating the website Newgrounds.com.

• Anarchy Online

A "Leet" is also the name of a furry, cuddly creature resembling a Rodent/Parrot crossbreed in the online massively multiplayer role playing game, Anarchy Online. Leets are cuddly, speak in leet speak, and, within the game's story, are considered a nuisance. The names of the various kinds of leets found in the game world play on leet, with progressively stronger leets named Leet, Eleet, Leetas, Soleet, Phear Leet and Supa Leet, in addition to special unique leets named Joo and Ownz. Their cuteness has in many ways made them a mascot for the game, with calls for plush leet dolls being common, stories such as the Leetville series being made, and a special set of leet pets being the pre-order gift for Alien Invasion, Anarchy Online's third expansion.

• Area 51

In Area 51 the video game for PS2, when playing multiplayer when you kill someone one of the messages in the top is _______ pwned joo.

• Batman Begins

In the Batman Begins video game, the keypad code to enter a computer room is 1337.

• Battlefield 2

In single player mode if you kill 100 bots with no deaths a message will appear from one of the bots saying "joo R 1337!!1"

• City of Heroes

Two of the Freakshow villains in the MMOG City of Heroes are named TeH OwNz0r! and TeH PwNxxOrz. There is an achievement badge awarded called "Pwnz". Defeating one of the previous named Freakshow is a pre-requisite for earning it.

• Counter-Strike

The 1337 Krew is a selectable "Terrorist Faction". 1337 Krews are skinny men, who wear thick glasses, green collared shirts and khaki pants, perhaps as a stereotype of a computer hacker.

However, In recent versions of Counter-strike (1.6 and beyond), the character was re-modeled into a stereo-typical terrorist (adding a head-wrap, and changing the clothes). Counter-Strike:Source, a port of Counter-Strike to the Source game engine, is yet to implement the "1337 Krew" model, although updates are said to be on the way

Counter-Strike:Source does have references to 'leet speek' however. One of the many randomly selected phrases a bot (CPU contolled opponant) can say upon winning a round is "We Owned Em'" With 'owned' being the reference to leet speek.

• Destroy All Humans!

Players can enter a code in the spacecraft menu that gives out 1,337 DNA points.

• Deus Ex

Cheat codes can be enabled in this game by adding the command-line argument "-hax0r" to the game's shortcut.

• Ratchet: Deadlocked

In online or multiplayer play, when one player kills another player, the verb shown at the bottom right of the screen (Player 1 _____ed Player 2, generally fillied with imaginative synonyms for killed) is occasionally "pwned."

• The Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind

In the strictly single-player RPG Morrowind, an easter egg Non-playable character can be asked about 'multiplayer' in the game. The answer given: "You wish others to help you in your quest? Coward! If you must, search for the Argonian Im-Leet, or perhaps the big Nord, Rolf the Uber. They will certainly wish to join you." The two names are in style with the rest of the game, but with a touch of 1337. There is also a hidden instrument item, a lute, named the "Fat Lute," a reference to the leet phrase "phat loot".

• Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue

In the music player on Ty the Tasmanian Tiger 2: Bush Rescue, the lifter bunyip theme is titled "Lifter Bunyip r0x0rs". It's hard to tell in the game, but if you look closely they are infact 0s.

• EverQuest

In the Mines of Gloomingdeep zone, one of the MOBs is called "Clockwork MCCCXXXVII"; MCCCXXXVII is 1337 in Roman numerals.

• Full Spectrum Warrior

One of the characters in Full Spectrum Warrior, Pvt. Ota or Samuel Jay, speaks leet. A quote from the official website: "He loves his PC, a 1337 over-clocked screamer with OTT case mods."

• Gantz

In the manga/anime Gantz the machine Gantz calls the one who did best "th3 1337 h4xx0r." This only occured in the manga and was a device of the scanlators. In the original Japanese no leet was spoken.

• Guitar Hero

When you are playing in the Basement Venue of the game, when the camera does a close up of your rocker, you can look at the speaker behind him and notice "Roxxer" is the company who made the speaker.

• Gran Turismo 4

Some cars in the game can have their weight reduced to 1337 kg.

• Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

There are some obscure references to 1337 such as Prawn (pr0n) Island and the Roxor (r0x0rz) Building.

• Kingdom of Loathing

Kingdom of Loathing has many sarcastic references to 1337, including an enemy known as "1335 haXxor" (Not quite 1337), the item "1337 7r0uz3rz" (elite trousers), The 31337 and 64735 scrolls (elite and gates, respectively), and practically all of the events encountered in the Valley of Rof L'M Fao. Nearly the entire game is an homage to 1337speak in specific, and internet culture in general.

• Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time

In this recently released DS game, two Hammer Bros., controlled by Shroobs, speak almost entirely in 1337. They constantly refer to Mario and Luigi as 'N00BZ', and say that they will 'R0XX0R', 'HAX0R', and 'PWN' them. When their mind-control helmets are removed, one of them comments, "Can you believe what was coming out of my mouth? Who talks like that?"

• Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney

In this game, in the third case, there is a NPC called Sal Monella. His speech is almost entirely comprised of 1337. When Sal Monella mentions the word 'sux0rz', a common 1337 word, your assistant, Maya, asks what "sock sores" are. This is never answered in the game. She also asks what "rock sores" means.

• Pocket Kingdoms

N-Gage MMORPG Pocket Kingdom: 0wn the W0rld makes heavy use of Leet and gamer slang in its Non-player character's dialogue. It does so with a comic intent: the game's tagline is "Own the W0rld," which is in itself a reference to the Leet phenomenon. This is partly due to the game being based upon the online community.

• Psychonauts

In Psychonauts, there is a cheat code which, when activated, translates all the captions to 1337speak, and replaces the character names with those of people who worked on the game. (such as Coach Oleander translating into Tim Schafer.)

• Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando

On the back cover it says: Kicking @$$, one planet at a time.

• RuneScape

In RuneScape, there's a cutscene in the members' version where players watch a video recording of a bank robbery. There are several fake players in the cutscene. One of them is called "1337Sp34kr". Everything that he says is in leet. He eventually gets destroyed by the bank robber, but not without a resounding "Hakr!".

• Star Wars: Republic Commando

In Star Wars: Republic Commando, one of the commandos named Delta-62 "Scorch", when ordered to slice a terminal, will sometimes say "no terminal can withstand my l33t h4x0r ski11z".

• Tony Hawk's Underground

One of the characters on Tony Hawk's Underground says "l33t" and "r00l" and an online message says "I own3d j00." In its sequel, one of the objectives in the story mode is "Berlin Gets Owned", in which the player needs to destroy a billboard so that it reads "owned."

• World of Warcraft

One mini-boss in Blizzard's World of Warcraft, Rend Blackhand, will sometimes shout "Woot!" when the battle goes in his favor: Screenshot with additional 1337speek Another boss, Postmaster Malown, will yell that someone has just been "Malowned" when he kills a character. There is a sub-boss in the low level instance "The Deadmines" called Rhahk'Zor, pronounced the same as "R0XX0R". Additionally, a quest in Un'Goro Crater invents a plane that the goblin proposes to call "Pwned". Also before patch 1.5(?) players of the Horde and Alliance were able to communicate using non-alphabetical characters to talk between factions. For example Alliance could say hi by typing "[-]1". Using l33t in World Of Warcraft is now discouraged as it takes away the language barrier between different classes and tribes.

• Warcraft 3

If you use Thrall's far seer viewing ability and get lucky on the tutorial's first level, you see Scurvy Pirates guarding Phat lewt, un 13373d leet. Also, one of the Night Elf Archers' acknowledgements when she is clicked on is: "Phear my leet skills".

• Worms 4: Mayhem

Sometimes when a crate drops, the message on the top of the screen says "OMG ITS A CRATE!!111 LOL"

Sociological aspects

A hidden message on the display device page.

Leetspeak can be said to be an expression of some general laws of sociology as it applies to small tribes or cliques which strive to maintain a sense of elitist cultural identity and uniqueness in the midst of the 'ignorant masses' by inventing linguistic and fashion styles. Such behavior is deeply ingrained in the human psyche, perhaps to the point of being encoded in the genes. In literature, the book Lord of the Flies depicts the evolution of such behavior.

Leetspeak can be thought to represent an intermediate stage in a user's familiarity with the Internet. First there is the "[[newbie]inter]" stage, where the user is ignorant about the customs and language of the Internet. Next there is the Leet stage, where the user has obtained enough information to "speak leet" to prove his superiority over "n00bs" or to simply shorten typing time. Grammar is often ignored. The third and final stage is a more orthodox stage, where most words are spelt in full and grammar is used correctly. Most major websites seeking mainstream credibility and wide readership are maintained by people in this stage—highly Internet savvy people who only use leet sarcastically.

Another view is that obsessive attention to grammar, vocabulary, and spelling is increasingly outmoded on the current medium (the Internet) or the current period (of increasing internationalism). Underemployed academics - a group that is well known for fastidious attention to spelling - may constitute a large portion of the group that assesses themselves as highly Internet-savvy, and (conversely) leet users somehow less-savvy. While the academy, (the prime locus of the aforementioned group) may serve as a conservatory for Standard English, live languages are known to evolve (sometimes rapidly).

Additionally, stating that use of leet is indicative of level of Internet mastery may represent a thinly-veiled nationalist or ethnocentric urge (cf. the English-Only movement; the Ebonics Controversy).

One of the currently important uses of such devices as Leetspeak is to allow some legitimate discourse on some subjects that cross the boundary of 'political correctness' in many tightly controlled communication media. It is also sometimes used as a way to imply certain impolite expressions without causing offense (the emotive impact of these words in raw language overwhelm their denotive meaning), such as "pr0n" for pornography, similar to the !@!*@$% type expressions commonly seen in cartoons to indicate cursing (the desire being to interject the meaning without the negative impact). Another common use is to avoid activating automatic filtering systems which will intercept many expressions that are thought to indicate illicit content. Again the normal objective is to exercise free speech, not illicit activity in the general sense of the word. Banning of forms of expression by authorities has made the use of alternate language forms a common tool of expression down through the ages. The use of "pr0n" to refer to pornography while avoiding automated filters is a common example. However, this is not encouraged, and a user that is caught using Leetspeak to evade filters may be given a Warning Bar Increase.

See also

• ASCII art
• Canting
• Emoticon
• Internet slang
• Jeff K.
• Hexspeak
• Kirby dance
• Pig Latin
• Megatokyo, a webcomic in which some characters speak in L33t
• Txt msg

• Typographical error
• Verlan
• Volapuk encoding
• Script kiddie
• BattleDuck
• Tales for the L33t
• Diablospeak
• Newspeak

Examples of leetspeak

Cover art for Journey's 1981 album E5C4P3.

• B1FF, the stereotypical newbie
• The cover art for the 1981 Journey album E5C4P3.
• Pwn, a verb meaning 'to beat' (someone)
• Reanimation, Linkin Park's album of remixed songs (the singles are written in leet)
• Teh, a common misspelling now used for superlative form
• w00t, an exclamation used in gaming circles
• l33t programming language
• Roxor Games, video game publisher
• S1m0ne, the title of a 2002 science-fiction drama film
• b3ta, humorous British website, described as a "puerile digital arts community"
• p3n0r, an alternative spelling of penis.
• tath, A common misspelling that was accepted as a 1337 term.
• Hax0r, Refering to a Hacker.
• pr0n, Typo-deleberation of porn, or pornography.
• b4k4, Originating from the Japanese word for idiot or stupid ie. b4k4 |\|00|3
• L0lz0rdz, Commonly referred to as "L4\/\/L" or "lol"
• 0MFGZ0RZ, Newb way of saying "Oh my fucking god".
• The cover art for the Beastie Boys album Licensed To Ill has "3MTA3" which is "EAT ME" spelled backwards.

References

• Lexical tensions in Internet English: 1337 as language? (by Kristof Van de Velde and Jeroen Meuleman)
• 'L33t' as Dialect? A History and Analysis by Sasha Dyck

External links

• Introductions and guides:
  • A Leet Primer by Anthony Mitchell looks at drivers behind leet’s popularity, international trends, and security issues.
  • 2600 Article by StankDawg that provides an account of the origins and is referenced by other articles.
  • An h2g2 Explanation of l33t Speak
  • A Basic History of l337 Sp3aK @aquarionics.com
  • The Straight Dope: What the heck is "leetspeak?"
  • A parent's primer to computer slang: Understand how your kids communicate online to help protect them — Microsoft's guide to computer slang
  • A B Leet — a children's story introducing the concepts of l33t speak

• Translation tools:
  • The Ultra-1337 Translator lets you convert words into basic or advanced 1337-speak and back.
  • Generator for L33Tspeak typographical filler text
  • External Windows L33T/English Translation Program
  • Firefox Leet Key extension allows typing in leet, as well as allowing transformation of static HTML text into l33t and back into English.

• Leet versions of other sources:
  • Leet Google Google in Leet
  • NHV (New Hacker Version) Bible Transliteration by the Christian Hackers' Association
  • Chris Coutts 'Hamlet' (in Macromedia Flash), a humorous yet faithful version of William Shakespeare's play, Hamlet, animated and translated into Leet.

• Other:
  • The Anti 1337 Manifesto
  • 1337crew German website of people who are 1337
  • Moo The Cow, a webcomic where each strip exists in both Normal and 1337 version