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{{Other people|Norman Foster}}
{
{{Infobox architect
|name=The Lord Foster of Thames Bank
|image=Norman_Foster.jpg
|nationality=British
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1935|6|1|df=y}}
|birth_place= [[Manchester]],<ref name="manchester">{{Cite news |title=Norman Foster |url=http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Team/SeniorPartners/11/Default.aspx |work=Foster+Partners |accessdate=27 September 2011}}</ref> [[Lancashire|Lancs]], England
|practice=[[Foster + Partners]]
|significant_buildings=[[30 St Mary Axe]], London<br>
[[Willis Building (Ipswich)|Willis Faber andfre Dumas Headquarters]], [[Ipswich]] <br> [[Wembley Stadium]]
|significant_projects=American Air Museum at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]]
|awards=[[Stirling Prize]], [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]], [[Minerva medal|Minerva Medal]], [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]]
|}}

'''Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank''', [[Order of Merit|OM]] [[Knight Bachelor|Kt.]] (born 1 June 1935) is a British [[architect]] whose company maintains an international design practice, [[Foster + Partners]].

Foster was raised in Manchester in a working-class family and was intrigued by design and engineering from a young age. His years observing [[Architecture of Manchester|Mancunian architecture]] subsequently influenced his works, and was inspired to pursue a career in Architecture after a treasurer clerk noticed his tendency to sketch and venture around Manchester to view buildings while he worked at [[Manchester Town Hall]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Norman Foster: A life in architecture |page=30 |last=Sudjic |first=Deyan |publisher=Weidenfeld |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-29785-868-3}}</ref>

Foster managed to gain an internship at a local architects office before submitting a portfolio for a place at the [[University of Manchester]] [[Manchester School of Architecture|School of Architecture]]. He won a place at Manchester and then won a scholarship to continue his studies at the [[Yale School of Architecture]] in the United States of America.

Foster returned to the United Kingdom in 1963 and set up his own practice, [[Team 4]] before changing its name to Foster + Partners. His breakthrough building was arguably the [[Willis Building (Ipswich)|Willis Building]] in [[Ipswich]] in 1975 and has since gone on to design landmark structures such as the new [[Wembley Stadium]] and [[30 St Mary Axe]]. His buildings have made him one of Britain's most prolific architects of his generation.<ref>Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006</ref> In 2009 Foster was awarded the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] in the Arts category.

==Biography==
===Early life in Manchester===
Foster was born to Robert Foster and Lilian Smith<ref name="Sudjic 11">{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=11}}</ref> in 1935 in [[Reddish]] (now part of Greater Manchester), [[Stockport]]. Foster himself stated he has no recollection of Reddish<ref name="Sudjic 11"/> as within months of being born, his parents rented a terraced house, 4 Crescent Grove in [[Levenshulme]] for fourteen-[[shillings]] a week.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture by Deyan Sudjic |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/may/23/norman-foster-biography-book-review |newspaper=The Observer |date=23 May 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2011 |location=London |last=Moore|first=Rowan}}</ref>

Foster's parents were diligent, hard workers - so diligent that Foster, an only child without siblings, felt their heavy workload restricted his relationship with his parents and would often be looked after by neighbours or other family members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=19}}</ref> He attended Burnage Grammar School (now [[Burnage High School]]) in [[Burnage]]. Foster stated he always felt 'different' at school and was bullied.<ref name="bio">{{Cite news |title=The Guardian Profile: Sir Norman Foster: The master builder |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1999/jan/02/books.guardianreview10 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 January 1999 |accessdate=6 October 2011 |location=London}}</ref> He often retired into the world of books and was quiet and awkward in his early years often making faux pas.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Book review: Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture |url=http://www.scotsman.com/features/Book-review-Norman-Foster-A.6357545.jp |work=scotsman.com |date=13 June 2010 |accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Manchester town hall 2009 wide angle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alfred Waterhouse]]'s [[Manchester Town Hall]], where Foster worked as a junior clerk.]]
[[File:Daily Express Building.jpg|thumb|right|Foster would often venture around Manchester observing buildings. The [[art deco]] [[Daily Express Building, Manchester|Daily Express Building in Manchester]] was a building that intrigued Foster. Foster later incorporated a dark, black façade into his breakthrough building, the Willis Building in Ipswich.]]

Manchester was 'one of the workshops of the world'<ref name="bio"/> during his childhood, as Foster later put it and was 'the embodiment of a great city'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=32}}</ref> His father, Robert, worked at [[Metropolitan Vickers]] at the [[Trafford Park]] plant - both helped fuel his interest in engineering and design.<ref name="bio"/> As a youngster, he was fascinated with engineering marvels and the process of designing which ultimately spurred his wish to pursue a career in designing buildings.<ref name="inspire">{{Cite news |title=Taller, higher, bigger, Foster |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2005/oct/24/architecture |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 October 2005 |accessdate=5 October 2011 |location=London}}</ref> Specific interests included aircraft, a keen hobby he maintains to this day;<ref name="inspire"/> and trains, an interest generated by viewing passing trains on the railway track outside his terrace home in Manchester during his childhood.<ref name="inspire"/>

During his O-Levels in his later school years, Foster's father convinced him to take the entrance to get on the Manchester Town Hall's trainee scheme.<ref name="twentyseven">{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=27}}</ref> He passed in 1951 and landed a job as an office junior in the Manchester Treasurer Department.<ref name="twentyseven"/> Foster's parents were pleased, but their son was disappointed. Bored of office work, Foster would often venture out into Manchester to observe buildings during lunch breaks and sketch designs while at his desk. This trait alerted a town hall clerk, who Foster refers to by the name of Mr Cobb. Cobb's son was studying architecture and after discussions with the clerk Foster soon considered a career in architecture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=30}}</ref> He worked on a permanent basis in the Manchester City Treasurer's office, before completing the compulsory [[National Service]] in 1953. Foster chose to do Service in the [[Royal Air Force]], a choice inspired by his passion for aircraft.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=34}}</ref>

Foster returned to Manchester, and did not wish to return to work at the town hall as his parents wanted him to and remained unsure of the path to follow.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=35}}</ref> With 7 O-levels, he applied for a job at a duplicating office machine company and when asked by the interviewer why he applied, Foster replied: 'mainly because it offered the prospect of a company car, and a £1,000 salary.'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sujic |page=36}}</ref> Foster was searching for a world away from his working-class roots, and much to the alienation of his parents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=37}}</ref>

===Education===
After failing to gain a job, Foster was led to John Beardstow, a local architect in Manchester. After a successful interview, he gained a job as an assistant to a contract manager at the practice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=36}}</ref> Foster was unsure how to become an architect, and if it was even possible coming from a working class background where money for tuition was slim. Nevertheless, he queried colleagues at the architecture practice for advice on how to become an architect. Advised to create a portfolio to hand to an architecture school, he took various drawings, such as [[perspective drawing|perspective]] and [[shop drawing]]s from Beardstow's practice as inspiration.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=39}}</ref> Foster intended to submit this portfolio to an architectural school in the hope of gaining, however inadvertently Beardstow was so impressed with the drawings he promoted the young Foster to the drawing department of the practice.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudjic |page=40}}</ref> However after trying to convince Foster to stay and learn his trade as an architect at Beardstow's, Foster declined and wanted to pursue a place at an architecture school.

After he was discharged, in 1956 Foster won a place at the [[University of Manchester]] [[Manchester School of Architecture|School of Architecture]] and City Planning. Foster failed to get a grant to help fund his studies, and being from a working-class background money was at a minimum. He took up a number of part time jobs to fund his studies in Architecture.<ref name="jobs">{{Cite news |title=Norman Foster: Building the future |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/742087.stm |work=BBC News |date=9 May 2000 |accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref> His jobs in his teenage years included being an ice-cream salesman, night-club bouncer<ref name="jobs"/> and working night shifts at the local bakery to make [[crumpets]].<ref name="bio"/> He combined these with self-tuition via visits to the local library in Levenshulme.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Architect's Levenshulme inpsiration |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1076763_architects_levenshulme_inpsiration |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=30 October 2008 |accessdate=5 October 2011|last=Thistlethwaite|first=Laura|publisher=M.E.N. Media}}</ref> Foster took a keen interest in the works of [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[Le Corbusier]] and [[Oscar Niemeyer]] and graduated from Manchester in 1961.<ref name="manchester"/>

Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the [[Yale School of Architecture]], where he met future business partner [[Richard Rogers]] and earned his Master's degree. [[Vincent Scully]] encouraged Foster and Rogers to travel in America for a year.<ref name=sf2011>[http://www.sendungen.sf.tv/sternstunden/Nachrichten/Archiv/2011/11/29/sternstundeneinzel/Sternstunde-Kunst-vom-4.-Dezember-2011 How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster?], Sternstunde Kultur, Schweizer Fernsehen, 4 December 2011.</ref> After returning to the UK in 1963 he set up an architectural practice as Team 4 with Rogers and the sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman. Georgie (later Wolton) was the only one of the team that had passed her RIBA exams allowing them to set up in practice on their own. Team 4 quickly earned a reputation for high-tech industrial design.

===Foster and Partners===
[[File:Foster - Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters Ipswich.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Willis Building (Ipswich)|Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters]] in [[Ipswich]] was one of Foster's earliest commissions after founding [[Foster Associates]].]]
After Team 4 went their separate ways, in 1967 Foster and Wendy Cheesman founded Foster Associates, which later became [[Foster and Partners]]. 1968 saw the beginning of a long period of collaboration with American architect [[Richard Buckminster Fuller]], which continued until Fuller's death in 1983, on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design – including the Samuel Beckett Theatre project.

Originally not having contacts to get big contracts, they concentrated on industry buildings. The turning point was the 1969 administrative and leisure center for Fred Olsen, Ltd., in London, where workers and managers are not separated any more.<ref name=sf2011/> Foster + Partners' breakthrough building in the UK was the [[Willis Building (Ipswich)|Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters]] in [[Ipswich]], from 1974, where they used the experience of the Olsen Building. The client was a family firm insurance company which wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. Foster created open-plan office floors long before open-plan became the norm. In a town not over-endowed with public facilities, the roof gardens, 25m [[swimming pool]] and gymnasium greatly enhanced the quality of life of the company's 1200 employees.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/nationaltreasures/2188199/Lord-Norman-Foster-portrait.html|title=Lord Norman Foster portrait|work=The Telegraph|date=24 June 2008|accessdate=1 October 2011|location=London|publisher=Telegraph Media Group}}</ref> The building is wrapped in a full-height glass facade which moulds itself to the medieval street plan and contributes real drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing backlit transparency as the sun sets. This black glass design was inspired by the Daily Express Building in Manchester which featured black [[vitrolite]], a work Foster admired in his youth. The building is now [[Listed building|Grade One listed]].

[[File:HK HSBC Main Building 2008.jpg|thumb|right|The HSBC Building in Hong Kong. Designed by Foster in the 1980s]]
Foster soon gained a reputation as an architect specialising in the design of office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the [[HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong|HSBC Main Building]] in [[Hong Kong]] for the banking firm, [[HSBC]]. The building is marked by a high level of light transparency for its inhabitants, as all 3500 workers have a view out to [[Victoria Peak]] or a view over the Hong Kong bay and Chinese mainland from the north side.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Norman Foster |last=Treiber |first=Daniel |publisher=E & FN Spon |year=1995 |page=76}}</ref> Foster later says that if they had not won the contract the bureau would probably have been bankrupt. Foster believes that attracting young talent is essential, and is proud that the average age of the people working for Foster and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967.<ref name=sf2011/>

===Present day===
[[File:30 St Mary Axe, 'Gherkin'.JPG|thumb|left|upright|View of [[30 St Mary Axe]]. The building serves as the London headquarters for [[Swiss Re]] and is informally known as '[[The Gherkin]]'.]]
Foster was assigned with a brief to create a new development on the former site of the Baltic Exchange in the 1990s. The Exchange was bombed beyond repair by the IRA and so a new building was considered. Foster + Partners first submitted a plan for a 385m skyscraper which would be called the [[Millennium Tower (London)|London Millenium Tower]], but the skyscraper's height was seen as excessive and out of touch with London's skyline.<ref>{{Cite news |title=London Millenium Tower |url=http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&lng=3&id=102960 |work=Emporis |accessdate=10 October 2011}}</ref>

The Millenium Tower proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, which gained the nickname of "the gherkin" due to its design which alluded to its shape. Foster worked with its engineering collaborators to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as [[convection]] when designing St Mary Axe. Green, sustainable energy ideas include the complex facade which lets in air for passive cooling and then vents it as it warms and rises.

Foster's earlier designs reflected a sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision. His style has since evolved into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the [[List of tallest bridges in the world|tallest bridge in the world]], the [[Millau Viaduct]] in southern France, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/4091813.stm|title=France shows off tallest bridge|work=BBC News|date=14 December 2004|accessdate=1 October 2011}}</ref>

In January 2007, ''[[The Sunday Times (UK)|The Sunday Times]]'' reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but sell his 80–90% holding in the company valued at £300M to £500M.<ref name="Foster puts £500m firm up for sale">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/newspaper/0,,176-2559000,00.html|title=Foster puts £500m firm up for sale | location=London | work=The Times | date=21 January 2007 | first=Fiona | last=Hamilton}}</ref>

In 2007, he worked with [[Philippe Starck]] and [[Sir Richard Branson]] of the [[Virgin Group]] for the [[Virgin Galactic]] plans.<ref>''Carré d'Art'', [[Jean-Pierre Thiollet]], Anagramme Ed., 2008, p. 134</ref>

Foster currently sits on the Board of Trustees at architectural charity [[Article 25]] who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of [[The Architecture Foundation]].
{{clear}}

==Recognition==
Foster was [[knight]]ed in 1990 and appointed to the [[Order of Merit (Commonwealth)|Order of Merit]] in 1997. In 1999, he was created a [[life peer]], as '''Baron Foster of Thames Bank''', of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester.<ref>{{cite web|author=Minute Office, House of Lords |url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199899/minutes/991103/ldminute.htm |title=Announcement of Foster's introduction at the House of Lords |publisher=Publications.parliament.uk |date= |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> As a resident of Switzerland, in 2010 he stepped down from his seat in the House of Lords in order to maintain his [[Non-dom|non-domiciled status]], and so be able to avoid paying UK residents' taxes on income earned abroad.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jul/12/norman-foster-house-of-lords|title=Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been|work=guardian.co.uk|date=12 July 2010|last=Glancey|first=Jonathan|accessdate=12 July 2010|location=London|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/politics/10535852.stm |title=Tory donor Lord Ashcroft gives up non-dom tax status |work=BBC News | date=7 July 2010}}</ref> Foster was also criticised by some in the Architecture world for not advocating the importance of high standards of architecture and planning in the House of Lords.<ref name="lords">{{Cite news |title=Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2010/jul/12/norman-foster-house-of-lords |newspaper=guardian.co.uk |date=12 July 2010 |accessdate=7 October 2011 |location=London |last=Glancey|first=Jonathan|publisher=Guardian News and Media}}</ref> Foster last gave a speech to the Lords in 2003 before his resignation in 2010.<ref name="lords"/>

He is the second British architect to win the [[Stirling Prize]] twice: the first for the American Air Museum at the [[Imperial War Museum Duxford]] in 1998, and the second for 30 St Mary Axe in 2004. In consideration of his whole portfolio, Foster was awarded the [[Pritzker Architecture Prize]] in 1999. He is also a [[Fellow (society)|Fellow]] of the [[Chartered Society of Designers]] and winner of the Minerva Medal, the Society's highest award. Foster is a Senior Fellow of the [[Design Futures Council]].<ref>Design Futures Council Senior Fellows http://www.di.net/about/senior_fellows/</ref>

In Germany, Lord Foster received the Order [[Pour le Mérite]]; in Malaysia he was awarded the [[Aga Khan Award for Architecture]], for the [[Universiti Teknologi Petronas|University of Technology Petronas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.akdn.org/akaa_award10.asp |title=The Tenth Award Cycle 2005–2007
|publisher=The Aga Khan Development Network |accessdate=21 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosterandpartners.com/News/302/Default.aspx
|publisher=Foster + Partners |title=Petronas University of Technology receives 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture
|date=9 April 2007 |accessdate=21 January 2009}}</ref> and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at the [[University of Dundee]]. In 2009 he received the [[Prince of Asturias Awards|Prince of Asturias Award]] in the category ''Arts''.

In 1986, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the [[University of Bath]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/ |title=Honorary Graduates 1989 to present | publisher = [[University of Bath]] |work=bath.ac.uk |accessdate=18 February 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Château vevey.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Château de l'Aile at ''Grand-Place'']]
Foster married business partner Wendy Cheesman. She died from cancer in 1989, leaving him with four sons. He was divorced from [[Sabiha Rumani Malik]] in 1998 and is currently married to [[Elena Ochoa Foster]], Lady Foster of Thames Bank.

A qualified pilot, Foster flies his own private jet and helicopter between his home above the London offices of Foster + Partners, as well to his homes in France and Switzerland.<ref name="Foster puts £500m firm up for sale"/> In 2007, Foster bought the 1846 constructed Château de l’Aile in [[Vevey]], Switzerland from the German industrialist Charles Grohe. It became his home from late 2008.<ref>[http://www.bilanz.ch/people/die-reichsten-und-ihre-schloesser-burgherren Die Reichsten und ihre Schlösser: Burgherren], bilanz.ch, 2009-12-04</ref>

==Selected projects==
{{Main|List of Norman Foster works}}
Foster has established an extremely prolific career in the span of four decades. The following are some of his major constructions:

===Proposed or under construction===
[[File:Torre Caja Madrid (CTBA) 08a.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Torre Caja Madrid]], in [[Madrid]], (Spain).]]

*[[Florence TAV Station]], [[Florence]], Italy (2003–2010)
*[[York University (TTC)|York University subway station]]- [[Toronto]], Canada (Opening 2015)
*[[Palmer Tompkinson Building]], [[Longslade]] 2012
*[[South Beach, Singapore]], Singapore, 2012
* Centro Cultural, [[Bogota]], Colombia (2013)
*[[APIIC Tower]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], India (2007–2020)
* Black Sea Gardens, [[Byala, Varna Province|Byala]], Bulgaria (2008)
* Tower, [[Cork (city)|Cork]], Republic of Ireland, (2008–2011)
* Culture and Leisure Centre, [[Ciudad del Motor de Aragón]][http://www.laciudaddelmotor.com], [[Alcañiz]], Spain (2007) (competition won)
* Tivoli Hotel, [[Copenhagen]], Denmark (2010) (competition won)
* Museum of Aviation, [[Getafe]], Spain (currently in design phase)
* [[200 Greenwich Street]], Tower 2 of the planned reconstruction of the [[World Trade Center]] in New York City, United States (under construction)
* Reconstruction of [[New Holland Island]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (ongoing)
* [[U2 Tower]], Dublin, Ireland (2008–2011) (competition won) (construction postponed)
* Spinningfield Square, [[Manchester]], UK (2005–2010)
* [[1 Hardman Square]], Manchester, UK (2011–2014)<ref>{{Cite news |title=1 Hardman Square |url=http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=215 |work=skyscrapernews.com |accessdate=4 December 2011}}</ref>
* [[Dallas Center for the Performing Arts]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], United States (2009)
* [[The Bow (Calgary)|The Bow]], [[Calgary]], Canada (2007–2011)
* [[Jameson House (Vancouver)|Jameson House]], [[Vancouver]], Canada
* The Troika [http://www.troika.com.my], [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia (2004–2009)
* Queen's Dock, [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]], Glasgow, Scotland (2004–2007)
* [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom]], [[Middlesex Guildhall]], London, United Kingdom (2009)
* [[Khan Shatyry]] in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan.
* [[Masdar City]], [[Abu Dhabi]] (2007–2023)
* New [[Yale School of Management]] campus, [[New Haven, CT]] (announced 4 September 2007)
* [[Crystal Island]], Moscow, Russia<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/science/article3087365.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Foster plans worlds biggest building | first1=Chris | last1=Gourlay | first2=Robert | last2=Watts | date=23 December 2007 | accessdate=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inhabitat.com/2007/12/26/tallest-skyscraper-in-the-world-coming-to-moscow/ |title=World’s Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island |publisher=Inhabitat |date= |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>
* Zagreb Airport, [[Zagreb]], Croatia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.d-a-z.hr/?sec=natjecajirezultat&id=37 |title=The results of the international urban-architectural competition for the new passenger terminal airport Zagreb |publisher=D-a-z.hr |date= |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>
* [[Hermitage Plaza]], Paris ([[La Défense]]), France (2010–2014)
* Dubai Towers, Melbourne (TBD)
* Future [[Apple Campus]] in [[Cupertino]], California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/2639712/11/10/Norman-Foster-trabaja-en-el-diseno-de-la-nueva-Ciudad-de-Apple-en-Cupertino.html |title=TNorman Foster trabaja en el diseño de la nueva 'Ciudad de Apple' en Cupertino |publisher=Eleconomista.es |date=29 November 2010 |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>

===Completed===
[[File:Germany berlin reichstag-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Reichstag dome]] at night]]
[[File:Berlin reichstag CP.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The restored [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] in Berlin, housing the [[German parliament]]. The [[Reichstag dome|dome]] is part of Foster's redesign.]]
[[File:Hearstowernyc.JPG|thumb|right|180px|The [[Hearst Tower (New York City)|Hearst Tower]] in New York City.]]
[[File:Cg1 expo exterior.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The [[Expo MRT Station]], part of the [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit]] system in [[Singapore]].]]
[[File:Dresden-Germany-Main station.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dresden Hauptbahnhof roof and cupola]]

*1970–1971, IBM Pilot Head Office, [[Cosham]], [[Portsmouth]], UK
*1971–1975, [[Willis Building (Ipswich)|Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters]], [[Ipswich]], UK
*1973-1977, Beanhill Housing Estate, [[Milton Keynes]], UK<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8418263.stm | work=BBC News | title=10 things tourists should know about Milton Keynes | date=18 December 2009}}</ref>
*1974–1978, [[Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts]] at the [[University of East Anglia]], [[Norwich]], UK<ref name="news.bbc.co.uk"/>
*1983, Renault Distribution Centre, [[Swindon]], United Kingdom
*1979–1986, [[HSBC Main Building, Hong Kong]]
*1981–1991, Terminal building at [[London Stansted Airport]], UK
*1992, [[Torre de Collserola]], Barcelona, Spain
*1984–1993, [[Carré d'Art]], [[Nîmes]], France
*1993, Kings Norton Library, [[Cranfield University]], UK
*1993, Lycée Albert Camus, [[Fréjus]], France
*1994, [[Joslyn Art Museum]], [[Omaha, Nebraska]]
*1988–1995, [[Bilbao metro|Metro]] of [[Bilbao]], Spain
*1995, [[Faculty of Law, Cambridge]]
*1995–1997, The [[Clyde Auditorium]], part of the [[Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre]] in [[Glasgow]], Scotland
*1996, [[National Sea Life Centre]], Birmingham. UK
*1991–1997, [[Commerzbank Tower]], Frankfurt, Germany
*1992–1998, [[Hong Kong International Airport]], [[Chek Lap Kok]], Hong Kong
*1993–1998, Valencia Congress Centre, [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], Spain
*1999, Redevelopment of the [[Queen Elizabeth II Great Court|Great Court]] of the [[British Museum]], London, United Kingdom
*1999, Social Sciences Division, Manor Road Building, University of Oxford, UK
*1999, [[Reichstag (building)|Reichstag]] restoration, Berlin, Germany
*2000, [[City Hall (London)|Greater London Authority Building]] (London City Hall), London, United Kingdom
*1996–2000, [[London Millennium Bridge|Millennium Bridge]], London, United Kingdom
*2000, Center for Clinical Science Research, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
*2001, [[Expo MRT Station]], Singapore
*2001, [[Al Faisaliyah Center]], [[Riyadh, Saudi Arabia]]
*2001, La Poterie [[rapid transit|metro]] station, [[Rennes]], France
*2001, [[J Sainsbury]] headquarters, [[Holborn|Holborn Circus]], London
*1999–2001, Lionel Robbins Building renovation, [[British Library of Political and Economic Science]], [[London School of Economics]], London, United Kingdom
*2002, [[8 Canada Square]] ([[HSBC Group]] Head Office), London
*1997–2003, Metropolitan Building in [[Warsaw]]
*2003, Clark Center, Stanford University, [[Palo Alto, CA]]
*2003, [[Universiti Teknologi Petronas]] main campus, [[Malaysia]]
*2003, Capital City Academy, London UK
*1997–2004, [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Swiss Re]] London headquarters, London, United Kingdom
*2004, The [[Sage Gateshead]], [[Gateshead]], UK
*2004, [[McLaren Technology Centre]], [[Woking]], United Kingdom
*2004, [[Tanaka Business School]], [[Imperial College London]]
*2004, The [[Millau Viaduct]], near [[Millau]], France
*2005, [[Supreme Court of Singapore#The new Supreme Court building|Supreme Court Building]], Singapore
*2005, [[Årstabroarna|Western Årsta Bridge]], Stockholm, Sweden
*2005, 40 luxury apartments, [[St. Moritz]], Switzerland
*2005, [[National Police Memorial]], [[The Mall (London)|The Mall]], London, United Kingdom
*2005, The [[Philological Library]] at the [[Free University of Berlin]], Germany
*2005, [[Deutsche Bank Place]], Sydney, Australia (the first Sir Norman Foster building in the Southern Hemisphere)
*2002–2006, [[Dresden Hauptbahnhof]] reconstruction, [[Dresden]], Germany
*2006, [[Hearst Tower (New York City)|Hearst Tower]],<ref>[http://www.hearstcorp.com/tower/ Hearst Tower, New York City]</ref> New York City, United States
*2006, The Leslie L. Dan Pharmacy Building<ref>[http://www.greatspaces.utoronto.ca/projects/pharmacy.htm University of Toronto Capital Projects]</ref> at the [[University of Toronto]], Canada
*2006, [[Palace of Peace and Reconciliation]],<ref>{{cite news|author=By YURI ZARAKHOVICH | Astana Monday, 25 Sept. 2006 |url=http://www.time.com/time/europe/magazine/article/0,13005,901061002-1538845,00.html |title=TIME Europe magazine |work=TIME |date=25 September 2006 |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> [[Astana]], Kazakhstan
*2002–2007, [[Wembley Stadium]], London, United Kingdom
*2004–2007, [[51 Lime Street|The Willis Building]], City of London, United Kingdom
*2005–2007, [[Thomas Deacon Academy]]
*2004–2007, Kogod Courtyard, Center for American Art and Portraiture at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]], Washington, DC<ref>[http://www.npg.si.edu/inform/courtyard.htm ]{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref>
*2007, International Terminal, [[Beijing Capital International Airport]], Beijing, China
*2006–2008, Lumiere residences, Regent Place, Sydney, Australia
*2006–2008, [[John Spoor Broome Library]], [[California State University Channel Islands]].
*2007–2008, New Elephant House, [[Copenhagen Zoo]], Copenhagen, Denmark
*2004–2008, [[Torre Caja Madrid]], Madrid, Spain
*2010, Art of the Americas Wing at the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]], Boston, Massachusetts, US

===Non-architectural projects===
Foster's other design work has included the Nomos desk system for Italian manufacturer Tecno,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0350/Default.aspx |title=Foster + Partners |publisher=Fosterandpartners.com |date= |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> and the motor yacht ''Izanami'' (later ''Ronin'') for Lürssen Yachts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fosterandpartners.com/Projects/0555/Default.aspx |title=Foster + Partners |publisher=Fosterandpartners.com |date= |accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Thin-shell structure]]
* [[Peter Rice]]

==References==
;Footnotes
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{Cite book |title=Norman Foster: A life in architecture |last=Sudjic |first=Deyan |publisher=Weidenfeld |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-29785-868-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Foster and Partners}}
* [http://www.fosterandpartners.com/ Foster and Partners]
* [http://www.pritzkerprize.com/pdf99/Sec2.pdf Bio at the Pritzker Prize]
* {{Structurae person|id=d000042|name=Lord Norman Robert Foster}}
* [http://www.wtc.com/media/videos/Norman%20Foster Interview with Norman Foster(video)]
* [http://proyecto.localizarq.es/etiquetas/foster-norman/ Foster's projects on the map], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/gallery/2010/may/23/norman-foster-architecture?picture=362938462 Guardian gallery of 16 projects]
* [http://www.artfilm.ch/buildingthegherkin.php?lang=e&id=buildingthegherkin&suche=dvds Building "The Gherkin" (film)]
* [http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2003/october22/clark-video-1022.html A (video) tour of the Clark Center]
* Norman Foster's building [http://www.palcongres-vlc.com/index_eng.asp/ Valencia Conference Centre]
* [http://www.worldarab.net/content/norman-foster Foster and Partners Projects in the Middle East]
* [http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/174 TED Talks: Norman Foster's green agenda] at [[TED (conference)|TED]] in 2007
* [http://rbth.ru/articles/2007/12/18/pushkin_museum.html Foster chosen for iconic redevelopment] Mikhail Bode, [[Russia Beyond the Headlines]] 18 December 2007
* [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7be3dd92-2b0f-11e0-a65f-00144feab49a.html#axzz1Ee9VrCC6 "Driven designer constructs a global empire,"] ''Financial Times'', 30 January 2011
* [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/7aca44fc-6f65-11df-9f43-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Ee9VrCC6 "Norman Foster" (Review of Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture, by Deyan Sudjic)], ''Financial Times'', 5 June 2010

{{Pritzker Prize laureates}}
{{Stirling Prize laureates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}

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| NAME =Foster, Norman
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =1 June 1935
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Stockport]], Cheshire, England
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Norman}}
[[Category:Norman Foster buildings| ]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Stirling Prize laureates]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:English architects]]
[[Category:English designers]]
[[Category:Modernist architects]]
[[Category:Pritzker Prize winners]]
[[Category:Chartered designers]]
[[Category:Crossbench life peers|Foster of Thames Bank, Norman Foster, Baron]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Merit]]
[[Category:People from Reddish]]
[[Category:Knight Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)]]
[[Category:Prince Philip Designers Prize]]
[[Category:Norman Foster (architect)| ]]
[[Category:High-tech architecture]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Royal Gold Medal]]

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Revision as of 06:23, 29 February 2012

For other people named Norman Foster, see Norman Foster (disambiguation).
The Lord Foster of Thames Bank
File:Norman Foster.jpg
Born (1935-06-01) 1 June 1935 (age 89)
Manchester,[1] Lancs, England
NationalityBritish
OccupationArchitect
AwardsStirling Prize, Pritzker Architecture Prize, Minerva Medal, Prince of Asturias Award
PracticeFoster + Partners
Buildings30 St Mary Axe, London
Willis Faber andfre Dumas Headquarters, Ipswich
Wembley Stadium
ProjectsAmerican Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford

Norman Robert Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank, OM Kt. (born 1 June 1935) is a British architect whose company maintains an international design practice, Foster + Partners.

Foster was raised in Manchester in a working-class family and was intrigued by design and engineering from a young age. His years observing Mancunian architecture subsequently influenced his works, and was inspired to pursue a career in Architecture after a treasurer clerk noticed his tendency to sketch and venture around Manchester to view buildings while he worked at Manchester Town Hall.[2]

Foster managed to gain an internship at a local architects office before submitting a portfolio for a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture. He won a place at Manchester and then won a scholarship to continue his studies at the Yale School of Architecture in the United States of America.

Foster returned to the United Kingdom in 1963 and set up his own practice, Team 4 before changing its name to Foster + Partners. His breakthrough building was arguably the Willis Building in Ipswich in 1975 and has since gone on to design landmark structures such as the new Wembley Stadium and 30 St Mary Axe. His buildings have made him one of Britain's most prolific architects of his generation.[3] In 2009 Foster was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award in the Arts category.

Biography

Early life in Manchester

Foster was born to Robert Foster and Lilian Smith[4] in 1935 in Reddish (now part of Greater Manchester), Stockport. Foster himself stated he has no recollection of Reddish[4] as within months of being born, his parents rented a terraced house, 4 Crescent Grove in Levenshulme for fourteen-shillings a week.[5]

Foster's parents were diligent, hard workers - so diligent that Foster, an only child without siblings, felt their heavy workload restricted his relationship with his parents and would often be looked after by neighbours or other family members.[6] He attended Burnage Grammar School (now Burnage High School) in Burnage. Foster stated he always felt 'different' at school and was bullied.[7] He often retired into the world of books and was quiet and awkward in his early years often making faux pas.[8]

Alfred Waterhouse's Manchester Town Hall, where Foster worked as a junior clerk.
Foster would often venture around Manchester observing buildings. The art deco Daily Express Building in Manchester was a building that intrigued Foster. Foster later incorporated a dark, black façade into his breakthrough building, the Willis Building in Ipswich.

Manchester was 'one of the workshops of the world'[7] during his childhood, as Foster later put it and was 'the embodiment of a great city'.[9] His father, Robert, worked at Metropolitan Vickers at the Trafford Park plant - both helped fuel his interest in engineering and design.[7] As a youngster, he was fascinated with engineering marvels and the process of designing which ultimately spurred his wish to pursue a career in designing buildings.[10] Specific interests included aircraft, a keen hobby he maintains to this day;[10] and trains, an interest generated by viewing passing trains on the railway track outside his terrace home in Manchester during his childhood.[10]

During his O-Levels in his later school years, Foster's father convinced him to take the entrance to get on the Manchester Town Hall's trainee scheme.[11] He passed in 1951 and landed a job as an office junior in the Manchester Treasurer Department.[11] Foster's parents were pleased, but their son was disappointed. Bored of office work, Foster would often venture out into Manchester to observe buildings during lunch breaks and sketch designs while at his desk. This trait alerted a town hall clerk, who Foster refers to by the name of Mr Cobb. Cobb's son was studying architecture and after discussions with the clerk Foster soon considered a career in architecture.[12] He worked on a permanent basis in the Manchester City Treasurer's office, before completing the compulsory National Service in 1953. Foster chose to do Service in the Royal Air Force, a choice inspired by his passion for aircraft.[13]

Foster returned to Manchester, and did not wish to return to work at the town hall as his parents wanted him to and remained unsure of the path to follow.[14] With 7 O-levels, he applied for a job at a duplicating office machine company and when asked by the interviewer why he applied, Foster replied: 'mainly because it offered the prospect of a company car, and a £1,000 salary.'[15] Foster was searching for a world away from his working-class roots, and much to the alienation of his parents.[16]

Education

After failing to gain a job, Foster was led to John Beardstow, a local architect in Manchester. After a successful interview, he gained a job as an assistant to a contract manager at the practice.[17] Foster was unsure how to become an architect, and if it was even possible coming from a working class background where money for tuition was slim. Nevertheless, he queried colleagues at the architecture practice for advice on how to become an architect. Advised to create a portfolio to hand to an architecture school, he took various drawings, such as perspective and shop drawings from Beardstow's practice as inspiration.[18] Foster intended to submit this portfolio to an architectural school in the hope of gaining, however inadvertently Beardstow was so impressed with the drawings he promoted the young Foster to the drawing department of the practice.[19] However after trying to convince Foster to stay and learn his trade as an architect at Beardstow's, Foster declined and wanted to pursue a place at an architecture school.

After he was discharged, in 1956 Foster won a place at the University of Manchester School of Architecture and City Planning. Foster failed to get a grant to help fund his studies, and being from a working-class background money was at a minimum. He took up a number of part time jobs to fund his studies in Architecture.[20] His jobs in his teenage years included being an ice-cream salesman, night-club bouncer[20] and working night shifts at the local bakery to make crumpets.[7] He combined these with self-tuition via visits to the local library in Levenshulme.[21] Foster took a keen interest in the works of Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer and graduated from Manchester in 1961.[1]

Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture, where he met future business partner Richard Rogers and earned his Master's degree. Vincent Scully encouraged Foster and Rogers to travel in America for a year.[22] After returning to the UK in 1963 he set up an architectural practice as Team 4 with Rogers and the sisters Georgie and Wendy Cheesman. Georgie (later Wolton) was the only one of the team that had passed her RIBA exams allowing them to set up in practice on their own. Team 4 quickly earned a reputation for high-tech industrial design.

Foster and Partners

The Willis Faber and Dumas Headquarters in Ipswich was one of Foster's earliest commissions after founding Foster Associates.

After Team 4 went their separate ways, in 1967 Foster and Wendy Cheesman founded Foster Associates, which later became Foster and Partners. 1968 saw the beginning of a long period of collaboration with American architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, which continued until Fuller's death in 1983, on several projects that became catalysts in the development of an environmentally sensitive approach to design – including the Samuel Beckett Theatre project.

Originally not having contacts to get big contracts, they concentrated on industry buildings. The turning point was the 1969 administrative and leisure center for Fred Olsen, Ltd., in London, where workers and managers are not separated any more.[22] Foster + Partners' breakthrough building in the UK was the Willis Faber & Dumas headquarters in Ipswich, from 1974, where they used the experience of the Olsen Building. The client was a family firm insurance company which wanted to restore a sense of community to the workplace. Foster created open-plan office floors long before open-plan became the norm. In a town not over-endowed with public facilities, the roof gardens, 25m swimming pool and gymnasium greatly enhanced the quality of life of the company's 1200 employees.[23] The building is wrapped in a full-height glass facade which moulds itself to the medieval street plan and contributes real drama, subtly shifting from opaque, reflective black to a glowing backlit transparency as the sun sets. This black glass design was inspired by the Daily Express Building in Manchester which featured black vitrolite, a work Foster admired in his youth. The building is now Grade One listed.

The HSBC Building in Hong Kong. Designed by Foster in the 1980s

Foster soon gained a reputation as an architect specialising in the design of office buildings. In the 1980s he designed the HSBC Main Building in Hong Kong for the banking firm, HSBC. The building is marked by a high level of light transparency for its inhabitants, as all 3500 workers have a view out to Victoria Peak or a view over the Hong Kong bay and Chinese mainland from the north side.[24] Foster later says that if they had not won the contract the bureau would probably have been bankrupt. Foster believes that attracting young talent is essential, and is proud that the average age of the people working for Foster and Partners is 32, just like it was in 1967.[22]

Present day

View of 30 St Mary Axe. The building serves as the London headquarters for Swiss Re and is informally known as 'The Gherkin'.

Foster was assigned with a brief to create a new development on the former site of the Baltic Exchange in the 1990s. The Exchange was bombed beyond repair by the IRA and so a new building was considered. Foster + Partners first submitted a plan for a 385m skyscraper which would be called the London Millenium Tower, but the skyscraper's height was seen as excessive and out of touch with London's skyline.[25]

The Millenium Tower proposal was scrapped and instead Foster proposed 30 St Mary Axe, which gained the nickname of "the gherkin" due to its design which alluded to its shape. Foster worked with its engineering collaborators to integrate complex computer systems with the most basic physical laws, such as convection when designing St Mary Axe. Green, sustainable energy ideas include the complex facade which lets in air for passive cooling and then vents it as it warms and rises.

Foster's earlier designs reflected a sophisticated, machine-influenced high-tech vision. His style has since evolved into a more sharp-edged modernity. In 2004, Foster designed the tallest bridge in the world, the Millau Viaduct in southern France, with the Millau Mayor Jacques Godfrain stating; "The architect, Norman Foster, gave us a model of art."[26]

In January 2007, The Sunday Times reported that Foster had called in Catalyst, a corporate finance house, to find buyers for Foster + Partners. Foster does not intend to retire, but sell his 80–90% holding in the company valued at £300M to £500M.[27]

In 2007, he worked with Philippe Starck and Sir Richard Branson of the Virgin Group for the Virgin Galactic plans.[28]

Foster currently sits on the Board of Trustees at architectural charity Article 25 who design, construct and manage innovative, safe, sustainable buildings in some of the most inhospitable and unstable regions of the world. He has also been on the Board of Trustees of The Architecture Foundation.

Recognition

Foster was knighted in 1990 and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1997. In 1999, he was created a life peer, as Baron Foster of Thames Bank, of Reddish in the County of Greater Manchester.[29] As a resident of Switzerland, in 2010 he stepped down from his seat in the House of Lords in order to maintain his non-domiciled status, and so be able to avoid paying UK residents' taxes on income earned abroad.[30][31] Foster was also criticised by some in the Architecture world for not advocating the importance of high standards of architecture and planning in the House of Lords.[32] Foster last gave a speech to the Lords in 2003 before his resignation in 2010.[32]

He is the second British architect to win the Stirling Prize twice: the first for the American Air Museum at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in 1998, and the second for 30 St Mary Axe in 2004. In consideration of his whole portfolio, Foster was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1999. He is also a Fellow of the Chartered Society of Designers and winner of the Minerva Medal, the Society's highest award. Foster is a Senior Fellow of the Design Futures Council.[33]

In Germany, Lord Foster received the Order Pour le Mérite; in Malaysia he was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, for the University of Technology Petronas.[34][35] and in 2008 he was granted an honorary degree from the Dundee School of Architecture at the University of Dundee. In 2009 he received the Prince of Asturias Award in the category Arts.

In 1986, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) from the University of Bath.[36]

Personal life

Château de l'Aile at Grand-Place

Foster married business partner Wendy Cheesman. She died from cancer in 1989, leaving him with four sons. He was divorced from Sabiha Rumani Malik in 1998 and is currently married to Elena Ochoa Foster, Lady Foster of Thames Bank.

A qualified pilot, Foster flies his own private jet and helicopter between his home above the London offices of Foster + Partners, as well to his homes in France and Switzerland.[27] In 2007, Foster bought the 1846 constructed Château de l’Aile in Vevey, Switzerland from the German industrialist Charles Grohe. It became his home from late 2008.[37]

Selected projects

Main article: List of Norman Foster works

Foster has established an extremely prolific career in the span of four decades. The following are some of his major constructions:

Proposed or under construction

Torre Caja Madrid, in Madrid, (Spain).

Completed

Reichstag dome at night
The restored Reichstag in Berlin, housing the German parliament. The dome is part of Foster's redesign.
The Hearst Tower in New York City.
The Expo MRT Station, part of the Mass Rapid Transit system in Singapore.
Dresden Hauptbahnhof roof and cupola

Non-architectural projects

Foster's other design work has included the Nomos desk system for Italian manufacturer Tecno,[48] and the motor yacht Izanami (later Ronin) for Lürssen Yachts.[49]

See also

References

Footnotes
  1. ^ a b "Norman Foster". Foster+Partners. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
  2. ^ Sudjic, Deyan (2010). Norman Foster: A life in architecture. Weidenfeld. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-29785-868-3.
  3. ^ Chris Roberts, Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme, Thorndike Press,2006
  4. ^ a b Sudjic. p. 11. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  5. ^ Moore, Rowan (23 May 2010). "Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture by Deyan Sudjic". The Observer. London. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  6. ^ Sudjic. p. 19. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d "The Guardian Profile: Sir Norman Foster: The master builder". The Guardian. London. 2 January 1999. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  8. ^ "Book review: Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture". scotsman.com. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  9. ^ Sudjic. p. 32. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ^ a b c "Taller, higher, bigger, Foster". The Guardian. London. 24 October 2005. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  11. ^ a b Sudjic. p. 27. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. ^ Sudjic. p. 30. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ^ Sudjic. p. 34. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ^ Sudjic. p. 35. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  15. ^ Sujic. p. 36. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ^ Sudjic. p. 37. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ^ Sudjic. p. 36. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  18. ^ Sudjic. p. 39. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ^ Sudjic. p. 40. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ a b "Norman Foster: Building the future". BBC News. 9 May 2000. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  21. ^ Thistlethwaite, Laura (30 October 2008). "Architect's Levenshulme inpsiration". Manchester Evening News. M.E.N. Media. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  22. ^ a b c How much does your building weigh, Mr. Foster?, Sternstunde Kultur, Schweizer Fernsehen, 4 December 2011.
  23. ^ "Lord Norman Foster portrait". The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  24. ^ Treiber, Daniel (1995). Norman Foster. E & FN Spon. p. 76.
  25. ^ "London Millenium Tower". Emporis. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  26. ^ "France shows off tallest bridge". BBC News. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2011.
  27. ^ a b Hamilton, Fiona (21 January 2007). "Foster puts £500m firm up for sale". The Times. London.
  28. ^ Carré d'Art, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2008, p. 134
  29. ^ Minute Office, House of Lords. "Announcement of Foster's introduction at the House of Lords". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  30. ^ Glancey, Jonathan (12 July 2010). "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 12 July 2010.
  31. ^ "Tory donor Lord Ashcroft gives up non-dom tax status". BBC News. 7 July 2010.
  32. ^ a b Glancey, Jonathan (12 July 2010). "Norman Foster in the Lords: what might have been". guardian.co.uk. London: Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  33. ^ Design Futures Council Senior Fellows http://www.di.net/about/senior_fellows/
  34. ^ "The Tenth Award Cycle 2005–2007". The Aga Khan Development Network. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
  35. ^ "Petronas University of Technology receives 2007 Aga Khan Award for Architecture". Foster + Partners. 9 April 2007. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
  36. ^ "Honorary Graduates 1989 to present". bath.ac.uk. University of Bath. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
  37. ^ Die Reichsten und ihre Schlösser: Burgherren, bilanz.ch, 2009-12-04
  38. ^ "1 Hardman Square". skyscrapernews.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  39. ^ Gourlay, Chris; Watts, Robert (23 December 2007). "Foster plans worlds biggest building". The Times. London. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
  40. ^ "World's Biggest Building Coming to Moscow: Crystal Island". Inhabitat. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  41. ^ "The results of the international urban-architectural competition for the new passenger terminal airport Zagreb". D-a-z.hr. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  42. ^ "TNorman Foster trabaja en el diseño de la nueva 'Ciudad de Apple' en Cupertino". Eleconomista.es. 29 November 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  43. ^ a b "10 things tourists should know about Milton Keynes". BBC News. 18 December 2009.
  44. ^ Hearst Tower, New York City
  45. ^ University of Toronto Capital Projects
  46. ^ By YURI ZARAKHOVICH (25 September 2006). "TIME Europe magazine". TIME. Retrieved 29 April 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "Astana Monday, 25 Sept. 2006" ignored (help)
  47. ^ [1][dead link]
  48. ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  49. ^ "Foster + Partners". Fosterandpartners.com. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
Bibliography
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