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{{Infobox language |name=Sundanese |nativename= ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ Basa Sunda |states=Indonesia |region=West Java, Banten, Jakarta, parts of western Central Java |ethnicity=Sundanese, Bantenese, Cirebonese, Badui |speakers = 38 million |date = 2007 |ref = ^[1] |familycolor=Austronesian |fam2=Nusantaran |fam3=[[Nuclear Nusantaran languages|Nuclear Nusantaran] |fam4=Malayo-Sumbawan ?
Lampung–Sunda?^[2] |script=Cacarakan (historical)
Latin (present)
Pranagari (historical)
Pegon alphabet (religious use)
Sundanese script (present)
Vatteluttu (historical) |nation=West Java (as a regional language) |iso1=su |iso2=sun |lc1=sun|ld1=Sunda |lc2=bac|ld2=Badui |glotto=sund1251 |notice=IPA }}

Sundanese /sʌndəˈniːz/^[3] (Basa Sunda /basa sʊnda/, in Sundanese script ᮘᮞ ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ, literally "language of Sunda") is the language of about 39 million people from the western third of Java or about 15% of the Indonesian population.

Dialects

Sundanese appears to be most closely related to Madurese and Malay, and more distantly related to Javanese. It has several dialects, conventionally described according to the locations of the people:

Western dialect, spoken in the provinces of Banten & some parts of Lampung,
Northern dialect, spoken in Bogor & northern coastal area of West Java,
Southern or Priangan dialect (Bandung & its surroundings),
Mid-east dialect, spoken in Majalengka & Indramayu,
Northeast dialect, spoken in Kuningan, Cirebon & Brebes (Central Java),
Southeast dialect, spoken in Ciamis, Banjar & Cilacap (Central Java).

Priangan, which covers the largest area of Sunda (Tatar Pasundan in Sundanese), is the most widely spoken type of Sundanese language, taught in elementary till senior-high schools (equivalent to twelfth-year school grade) in West Java and Banten Province.

Writing

Sundanese can be written in different writing systems, the Old Sundanese script (Aksara Sunda Kuno) and Pegon in historical times, and in modern times the Latin script and the modern Sundanese script.

Phonology

Sundanese orthography is highly phonetic (see also Sundanese script). There are five pure vowel sounds: a /ɑ/, é /ɛ/, i /i/, o /ɔ/, u /ʊ/, and two neutral^{[clarification needed]} vowels; e /ə/, and eu /ɤ/. The consonantal phonemes are transcribed with the letters p, b, t, d, k, g, c (pronounced /tʃ/), j, h, ng (/ŋ/), ny /ɳ/, m, n, s /s/, w, l, r (trilled or flapped), and y /j/. Other consonants that originally appear in Indonesian loanwords are mostly transferred into native consonants: f → p, v → p, sy → s, sh → s, z → j, and kh /x/ → h.

According to Yayat Sudaryat (1991,35) there are 16 consonants in Sundanese phonology: /b/, /tʃ/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /dʒ/, /k/, /l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /ŋ/, /t/; /ɳ/, however, influences from foreign languages have introduced several additional consonants such as /f/, /v/, /z/ (as in fonem, qur'an, xerox, zakat).

There are also /w/ and /j/ as semi vowels, they function as glide sound between two different vowels, as in the words:

kuéh - /kuwɛh/
muih - /muwih/
béar - /bejar/
miang - /mijaŋ/

Phonemes /w/ and /j/ function as glide sounds between two different vowels as in the words:^{[clarification needed]}

wa - rung
wa - yang
ba - wang
ha - yang
ku - ya

Basic grammar

Root word

Root verb

English	Sundanese (normal)	Sundanese (polite)
eat ..	dahar ..	tuang ..(for other) neda ..(for myself)
drink ..	inum ..	leueut ..
write ..	tulis ..	serat ..
read ..	maca ..	maos ..
forget ..	poho ..	hilap ..
remember ..	inget ..	emut ..
sit ..	diuk ..	calik .. linggih
stand ..	tangtung ..	adeg ..
walk ..	leumpang ..	papah ..

Plural form

If other Austronesian languages commonly uses replication (duplifix) to create its plural form, Sundanese language insert ar infix in stem word to create plural form. If the stem words contains r after the infix, or starts with l, the infix ar becomes al. Also, as with other Sundanese infix (such as um), if the word starts with vowel, the infix becomes prefix. Example:

"Mangga A, tarahuna haneut keneh" (Please sir (offering), the tofus are still warm/hot), formed from tahu (tofu) inserted with ar to create plural form of tofus.
"Barudak leutik lalumpatan" (Small children running around), formed from budak (child) inserted with ar and modified to barudak to create plural child (children), also lumpat (run) inserted with ar (becomes al because lumpat starts with l) to create plural form.
"Ieu kaen batik aralus sadayana" (All of this batik clothes are beautiful), formed from alus (nice, beautiful, good) with infix ar that becomes prefix because alus starts with vowel. It denotes adjective "beautiful" on plural subjects/noun (batik clothes).
"Siswa sakola eta mah balageur" (The students of that school are good-behaving), formed from bageur (good-behaving, nice, polite, helpful) inserted with infix ar (becomes al because of r in the end of the word) to denote adjective "good-behaving" on plural students.

The prefix can be repeated twice to denote very-, or plural of groups. For example, "bararudak" denotes many, many child or many groups of children ("budak" is child in Sundanese). Another example, "balalageur" denotes plural adjective of "very good-behaving".

Active form

Most of active form in Sundanese verb are in their root verb like 'diuk' or 'dahar'. Some other depend on first phonem in root verb:

first phoneme in 'd' is eliminated and changed to prefix 'nga' like in 'ngadahar'
first phoneme in 'i' is eliminated and changed to prefix 'ng' like in 'nginum'
first phoneme in 'b' is eliminated and changed to prefix 'm' like in 'maca'

Negation

(to be written). "Abdi henteu acan neda". (I have not eaten yet.) Explanation: From the above example, "henteu" is used for negative term. "Buku abdi mah sanes nu ieu". (My book is not this one.) Explanation: From the above example, "sanes" is used for negative term.

Question

(to be written).

Dupi -(question)

example:saya

Polite-

Dupi Bapa aya di bumi? (is your father at home?)
Dupi bumi di palih mana? (where do you live?)

Passive form

(to be written.) "Buku dibantun ku abdi". (The book is brought by me.) Explanation: "dibantun" (to be brought/passive) and "ngabantun" (active) The other examples: "Pulpen ditambut ku abdi". (The pen is borrowed by me.) "Soal ieu digawekeun ku abdi". (This problem is done by me.)

Adjectives

(to be written). example:

teuas (hard), tiis (cool), hipu (soft), lada (hot, usually for foods), haneut (warm), etc.

Prepositions

Place

English	Sundanese (normal)	Sundanese (polite)
above ..	diluhureun ..	diluhureun ..
behind ..	ditukangeun ..	dipengkereun ..
under ..	dihandapeun ..	dihandapeun ..
inside ..	di jero ..	di lebet ..
outside ..	di luar ..	di luar ..
between .. and ..	di antara .. jeung ..	di antawis .. sareng ..
front ..	hareup ..	payun ..
back ..	tukang ..	pengker ..

Time

English	Sundanese (normal)	Sundanese (polite)
before	saacan	sateuacan
after	sanggeus	saparantos
during	basa	nalika
past	baheula	kapungkur

Miscellaneous

English	Sundanese (normal)	Sundanese (polite)
from	tina	tina
for	jang	kanggo

References

^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
^ Karl Andebeck, 2006. 'An initial reconstruction of Proto-Lampungic'
^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

External links

http://unicode-table.com/en/sections/sundanese/

[1] Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007

[2] Karl Andebeck, 2006. 'An initial reconstruction of Proto-Lampungic'

[3] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 |ref      = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref>
 |familycolor=Austronesian
-|fam2=[[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
+|fam2=[[Nusantaran languages|Nusantaran]]
-|fam3=[[Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages|Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian]]
+|fam3=[[Nuclear Nusantaran languages|Nuclear Nusantaran]
 |fam4=[[Malayo-Sumbawan languages|Malayo-Sumbawan]] ?<br>[[Lampungic languages|Lampung]]–Sunda?<ref>Karl Andebeck, 2006. [http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/anderbeck-Initial%20reconstruction%20of%20Proto-Lampungic.pdf 'An initial reconstruction of Proto-Lampungic']</ref>
 |script=[[Javanese script|Cacarakan]] (historical)<br>[[Latin script|Latin]] (present)<br>[[Nāgarī script|Pranagari]] (historical)<br>[[Pegon (writing system)|Pegon alphabet]] (religious use)<br>[[Sundanese script]] (present)<br>[[Vatteluttu]] (historical)