Proto-Turkic language: Difference between revisions
'Hypothetical' --> 'reconstructed', since we know the Proto-Turkic existed. |
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The sounds denoted by ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' refer to [[palatalized]] sounds and have been claimed by Altaicists to be direct inheritances from [[Proto-Altaic]]. The last two can be reconstructed with the aid of the [[Oghur languages]], which show {{IPA|/r, l/}} for *ŕ, *ĺ, while [[Common Turkic]] has *z, *š. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as '''Lir-Turkic''' and Common Turkic as '''Shaz-Turkic'''. |
The sounds denoted by ''ń, ĺ, ŕ'' refer to [[palatalized]] sounds and have been claimed by Altaicists to be direct inheritances from [[Proto-Altaic]]. The last two can be reconstructed with the aid of the [[Oghur languages]], which show {{IPA|/r, l/}} for *ŕ, *ĺ, while [[Common Turkic]] has *z, *š. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as '''Lir-Turkic''' and Common Turkic as '''Shaz-Turkic'''. |
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An alternate analysis reconstructs Proto-Turkic *z, *š, holding that Common Turkic remains closer to the original state of affairs. The separation into r-dialects and z-dialects is generally thought to have occurred during the Altaic period, at least dating to the 2nd millennia BCE.<ref name="Bayat">[http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/790182865_bayat.pdf Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Sayı 3 (Güz 2004), s.71-77. Fuzuli BAYAT: Oğuz kelimesinin etimolijisi. UZ ~ ĞUZ ~ OĞUZ ~ KAVIM ADININ ETIMOLOJISI. Page 74.]</ref> According to some linguists the r-sound was before the z-sound, others think it was the opposite.<ref name="Bayat"/> The glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of [[isoglosses]] and Sinicisms points to the lower limit timing of the ''r/z'' split at around 400 BCE.<ref name="Dybo"/> This, as A. V. Dybo puts it may be associated with: |
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<blockquote>the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the [[Huns]]' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,...the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.</blockquote> |
<blockquote>..... the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the [[Huns]]' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,...the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.</blockquote> |
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Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from western [[Mongolia]] through southern [[Xinjiang]] into the north's [[Dzungaria]] and then finally into Kazakhstan's [[Zhetysu]] until the 5th century.<ref>Dybo A.V., ''"Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks"'', Moskow, 2007, p. 770, [http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf] (''In Russian'')</ref> |
Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from western [[Mongolia]] through southern [[Xinjiang]] into the north's [[Dzungaria]] and then finally into Kazakhstan's [[Zhetysu]] until the 5th century.<ref>Dybo A.V., ''"Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks"'', Moskow, 2007, p. 770, [http://altaica.narod.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf] (''In Russian'')</ref> |
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Revision as of 00:38, 13 May 2015
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2011) |
The Proto-Turkic language is the reconstructed proto-language of the family of Turkic languages that predates the separation of the Turkic peoples and separation into Oghuz and Oghur branches.
The oldest records of a Turkic language, the Old Turkic Orkhon inscriptions of the 7th century Göktürk khaganate, already show characteristics of the Eastern branch of Turkic, and reconstruction of Proto-Turkic must rely on comparisons of Old Turkic with early sources of the Western branches, Oghuz and Kypchak, as well as the Oghur branch (Bulgar, Chuvash, Hunnic, Khazar, Turkic Avar). Because attestation of these non-Eastern languages is much more sparse, reconstruction of Proto-Turkic still rests fundamentally on East Old Turkic of the Göktürks.
Phonology
Proto-Turkic exhibited vowel harmony, a feature sometimes also ascribed to Proto-Altaic, distinguishing vowel qualities e, i, o, u vs. ë, ï, ö, ü besides a, as well as two vowel quantities.
The consonant system had a two-way contrast of stop consonants (fortis vs. lenis), k, p, t vs. g, b, d, with verb-initial b- becoming h- still in Proto-Turkic. There was also an affricate consonant, č; at least one sibilant s; and sonorants m, n, ń, ŋ, r, ŕ, l, ĺ with a full series of nasal consonants.
The sounds denoted by ń, ĺ, ŕ refer to palatalized sounds and have been claimed by Altaicists to be direct inheritances from Proto-Altaic. The last two can be reconstructed with the aid of the Oghur languages, which show /r, l/ for *ŕ, *ĺ, while Common Turkic has *z, *š. Oghuric is thus sometimes referred to as Lir-Turkic and Common Turkic as Shaz-Turkic.
An alternate analysis reconstructs Proto-Turkic *z, *š, holding that Common Turkic remains closer to the original state of affairs. The separation into r-dialects and z-dialects is generally thought to have occurred during the Altaic period, at least dating to the 2nd millennia BCE.[1] According to some linguists the r-sound was before the z-sound, others think it was the opposite.[1] The glottochronological reconstruction based on analysis of isoglosses and Sinicisms points to the lower limit timing of the r/z split at around 400 BCE.[2] This, as A. V. Dybo puts it may be associated with:
..... the historical situation that can be seen in the history of the Huns' division onto the Northern and Southern [groups]: the first separation and withdrawal of the Northern Huns to the west has occurred, as was stated above, in 56 BC,...the second split of the (Eastern) Huns into the northern and southern groups happened in 48 AD.
Dybo suggests that during that period, the Northern branch steadily migrated from western Mongolia through southern Xinjiang into the north's Dzungaria and then finally into Kazakhstan's Zhetysu until the 5th century.[3]
Grammar
Nouns
Pronouns
Numbers
| 1 | *bir |
| 2 | *ėki |
| 3 | *üč |
| 4 | *tȫrt |
| 5 | *bēš |
| 6 | *altï |
| 7 | *yeti |
| 8 | *sekiz |
| 9 | *tokuz |
| 10 | *on |
| 20 | *yėgirmi |
| 30 | *otuz |
| 40 | *kïrk |
| 50 | *elig |
| 60 | *altmïš |
| 70 | *yetmïš |
| 80 | *sekizon |
| 90 | *tokuzon |
| 100 | *yǖz |
Notes
- ^ a b Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Sayı 3 (Güz 2004), s.71-77. Fuzuli BAYAT: Oğuz kelimesinin etimolijisi. UZ ~ ĞUZ ~ OĞUZ ~ KAVIM ADININ ETIMOLOJISI. Page 74.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Dybowas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Dybo A.V., "Chronology of Türkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Türks", Moskow, 2007, p. 770, [1] (In Russian)
References
- Antonov, Anton; Jacques, Guillaume (2012). "Turkic kümüš 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate". Turkic Languages. 15.2: 151–170.
- Gyula Décsy, The Turkic Protolanguage: A Computational Reconstruction (1998).
- Edward J. Vajda, review of Décsy (1998), Language (2000), 473–474.
- Gerard Clauson, Etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford, Clarendon Press (1972).
- Vilhel Gronbech, Preliminary Studies in Turkic Historical Phonology (Uralic & Altaic), RoutledgeCurzon (1997), ISBN 0-7007-0935-5.
- András Róna-Tas, 'The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genetic Question', in The Turkic Languages, edited by Lars Johanson and Éva Csató, Routledge Language Family Descriptions, London: Taylor & Francis, Inc. (1998), ISBN 0-415-08200-5, pp. 67–80.