Egyptian Army

Egyptian Army Egyptian Ground Forces
القوات البرية المصرية
Egyptian Ground Forces Insignia
Active	3200 BC (Founded) 1805–present (219 years)
Country	Egypt
Type	Army
Role	Land warfare
Size	310,000 active (As of 2014) 375,000 Reserve (As of 2014) 685,000 Total (As of 2014)
Part of	Egyptian Armed Forces
Headquarters	Kobri El Oubba, Cairo, Egypt
Motto(s)	Victory or Martyrdom
Colors	Red, White, Black and Gold
March	"We painted on the heart the face of our nation" (Arabic: رسمنا على القلب وجه الوطن, rasamna ala al qalb wagh al watan)
Mascot(s)	Golden eagle, Sword
Anniversaries	6 October
Equipment	Equipment of the Egyptian Army
Engagements	See list French campaign in Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) Mahdist War (1881–1899) Greek War of Independence (1821–1832) First Egyptian-Ottoman War (1831–1833) Second Egyptian-Ottoman War(1839–1841) Ethiopian–Egyptian War (1875–1876) 'Urabi Revolt (1879–1882) Anglo-Egyptian War (1882) World War I (1914–1918) World War II (1939–1945) 1948 Arab–Israeli War (1948–1949) Suez Crisis (1956) North Yemen Civil War (1962–1970) Six-Day War ( 5–10 June 1967) Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) War of Attrition (1967–1970) Yom Kippur War (1973–1974) Egyptian bread riots (18–19 January 1977) Libyan–Egyptian War ( 21–24 July 1977) Gulf War (1990–1991) Egyptian Crisis (2011–14) Sinai insurgency (2011 – present) Second Libyan Civil War (2014 – present) Military intervention against ISIL (16 February 2015 – present) Intervention in Libya (16 February 2015 – present) Intervention in Yemen (25 March 2015 – present) Other
Website	www.mod.gov.eg

The Egyptian Army also called Egyptian Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية المصرية; Arabic pronunciation: [el qowat el brih el masriya]) is the land-based and largest component of the Egyptian Armed Forces. Along with the Egyptian Air Force, the Egyptian Navy and the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, is the largest army in Africa, and the Middle East.

The Egyptian army is one of the oldest armies in history, the first of its wars began to unite Egypt at the hands of King Menes in 3200 BC, and have fought major wars and battles over the centuries, from the Pharaonic era and through Ptolemaic and Romania, Islamic and even modern era. The Egyptian army have fought battles and wars in many parts of the world, mostly defensive. with the most notable being during antiquity: the Battle of Pelusium, Battle of Carchemish, Battle of Hamath, Battle of Megiddo, Fall of Ashdod, Battle of Qarqar, Battle of Bitter Lakes, Battle of Bitter Lakes, Battle of Kadesh, Egyptian-Sea People wars, Battle of the Delta, Battle of Djahy, Battle of Al Mansurah.

The modern army was established during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1849), who is considered to be the "founder of modern Egypt", the modern Egyptian army fought many of the wars in the era of Muhammad Ali Pasha the most notable being: French campaign in Egypt and Syria, Mahdist War, Greek War of Independence, First Egyptian-Ottoman War, Second Egyptian-Ottoman War, Ethiopian–Egyptian War, 'Urabi Revolt, Anglo-Egyptian War, World War I, World War II.

Its most significant engagements in the 20th Century were in Egypt's five wars with the State of Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967.1967 to 1970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the armies of Britain, and France. The Egyptian army was also engaged heavily in the protracted North Yemen Civil War, and the brief Libyan-Egyptian War in July 1977. Its last major engagements was Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, in which Egyptian army constituted the second largest contingent of allied forces. The Egyptian army has also been involved in political conflicts and revolutions in Egypt, among these revolutions and conflicts: Egyptian Revolution of 1952, Egyptian bread riots, 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot, Egyptian crisis (2011–14) and the Sinai insurgency.

Military equipment varies in the Egyptian Army between eastern and western armament, coming from several countries through mutual military cooperation, including the United States, Russia, France, Italy, Ukraine, China, as well as locally from the AOI, NSPO, NARSS, EIDS, EAEA and MMP.

As of 2014, the army has an estimated strength of 310,000 soldiers, of which, approx. 90-120,000 are professionals with the rest being conscripts.

History

Founding 32nd century BC

For military arrangements in antiquity, see Military history of Ancient Egypt.

Ahmose I the Egyptian army commander fighting the Hyksos in 1700 BC.

First regular army in the world was established in Egypt around the year 3200 BC. After the unification of King Menes of Egypt, sitting on her throne. And it became the most powerful army in the world and thanks to him the Egyptians created the first empire in the world stretching from Turkey in the north to the south of Somalia and Iraq in the east to the west of Libya, was this is the golden age of the Egyptian army. Ancient Egyptian military and made many great leaders, and the Egyptian army force that the main point was the texture of the Egyptians, not foreign mercenaries, and through the compulsory service system and call for service during the war. The army consists of infantry and horse-drawn carriages, Spears, soldiers bayonets and other branches and the fleet, which was protected marine coast of Egypt are all in addition to the Nile River.

After the Macedonian conquest of Egypt in 332 BC. By Alexander the Great, that's just passed away on June 13, 323 BC. The third has not been thirty years old. In the wake of his death divided the states of Macedonian Empire between his commanders, Egypt was named commander of the share of Ptolemy, and so Egypt has entered the era of the Ptolemies. During that era he brought the first Ptolemy and his successors the Greeks and the like to serve in the Ptolemaic belligerent forces. So boarding Ptolemy IV throne of Egypt, and attacking Antiochus III of the limits of the Ptolemaic state in Syria, terrifying Ptolemy IV organizing the army and incorporated for the first time a large number of Egyptians in the army and trained and armed them according to the assets arts of modern warfare was credited in his victory over his enemy in the battle of Rafah in 217 BC.

Alexander oversees the demarcation set the foundations of the city of Alexandria.

and proved to the Egyptians during their competence battle in the field of war and their superiority on the pad martial arts in this era of the Greeks and the Macedonians stimulate victory in those Egyptians battle to do in the face of their rulers tyrants and Revolution them, as increased external threats against the Ptolemies, and increased conflicts between the family ruling, and worked to get close to Rome, paving her way to extend its influence on Egypt as a result of the weakness inherent in the Ptolemaic rulers nights, so even elevated to the throne of Egypt Cleopatra last rulers of the Ptolemies, which seized control of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar and later Marc Antony, and remained on the throne of Egypt Even the victory of Octavius on Marc Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, and that ended the Ptolemaic era and the beginning of the Roman era in Egypt. During this era the Romans did not use the Egyptians in the ranks of the military and their protection in Egypt but to the citizens of Greek cities due to the ongoing revolutions Egyptians against them. After the split the Romanian Empire to East and West, Egypt became a subsidiary of the Empire Romania and East known about the Byzantine Empire in 323 AD during the reign of Emperor Constantine I.

7th century

A 15th-century depiction of Saladin

Following the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 640, the army and the tasks of defense became confined to Muslims only exempted non-Muslims peer-annual tribute, and bring with the establishment of government offices in the reign of ʿUmar ibn Al-Khattāb, the 'Amr ibn al-'As who became ruler of Egypt, the establishment of the Office of the Soldiers of them, where he was the soldiers and their salaries names registered for the first time, due to the importance of Egypt's location has been interest in the establishment of garrison where and strengthened until it reached 13 thousand, and in the reign of Uthman launched Byzantines war freely against Egypt saved by Abdallah ibn Sa'd and to Egypt at the time, and was able to win the battle of the masts, and in the reign of Caliph Uthman began the first attempts to open the neighboring countries, where it began in Cyrenaica and in the era of Muawiya managed to open African Egypt and the founding of the city of Kairouan, Egypt was the time to launch the norm these conquests.

In the era of Tulunid state use of Egyptian, Turkish and Sudanese elements it began, and began Ahmad ibn Tulun in the establishment of its own and separate from the Abbasid Caliphate Army, and the military reached Tulunid in Amjad days 100 thousand fighters, and in the era of the Fatimids cared well the affairs of the army and fortify the city of Cairo, which they founded and have created walls around the famous gates, expanded bureaucracy which oversees the army, where he became a Court called Diwan army was created Office of salaries and the Office of feudalism, and it was the military commander of the so-called time to «Asefhslar soldiers» and was also called the help of principalities and the mastermind of the army, and it was the princes of the army who oversee the military running things and devoted a third of the Fatimids abscess for the army, and in the era of the Fatimids, Egypt witnessed a wide wars with Qaramita, Byzantines, Crusaders, including the Battle of Ascalon and Bilbes in 1099.

Saladin and Guy of Lusignan after Battle of Hattin

In the era of Nasser Saladin interest increased army military facility to establish a strong army capable of addressing the attacks of the Crusaders, where Saladin, the completion of construction of the walls and the founding of the mountain (Castle, which was named in his name) as well as the Castle Pharaoh's Island in Taba to protect the Gulf of Aqaba, also divided the army into teams and named each one of them the name of one of the great leaders such as stamens and fitness and others, and the number of Knights of the army during his reign to 8640 horsemen, and was able to Saladin with his army, consisting of Egypt soldiers and sham victory in the battle of Hittin and fight battles in Tyre, Acre, Ramle, and was able to complete the King to address attacks Crusaders at Damietta and Cairo, and in the reign of good King began to rely on the Mamluks, and Trkoa in positions until they reached the top leadership of the army, and was able to Egyptian forces from the victory over the Crusaders at the battle of Mansura in 1250, and in the Mamluk able Saifuddin Qutuz preparing a strong army and the victory over the Mongols in a battle named Goliath, and was able to recover the Baybars complete cities in the Levant of the crusaders, and in 1517 the Ottoman from the victory over the Mamluks in the Battle of Ridaniya underwent Egypt after the rule of the Ottoman Empire.

19th century

Main articles: History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty and Muhammad Ali's seizure of power

File:Mouhamed ali army&navy.jpg

Muhammad Ali pasha of Egypt displaying his army and navy.

Because of the ambitions of Muhammad Ali expansion should have a strong army can go ahead with opening and carries the burden of securing the homeland from the inside, I've tapped that idea after Fraser expedition and then the massacre of the castle and start opening the Arabian Peninsula and came on the back of the Egyptian army, which was led in the Hijaz war, which consists of Kurds, Albanians, Circassians who was a so-called form (Albahbozk) Any militia by Bedouins who join army as mercenaries, but they were not fluent in only technology (hit and run) among arts irregular warfare. The first attempts to Muhammad Ali to establish a modern army upon his return from the campaign against the Wahhabis in 1815 after noticing that the army fighting style is still outdated and does not rise to the modern art of war. Met Muhammad Colonel Soliman Pasha al-Faransawi one of the commanders of Napoleon Bonaparte who came to Egypt in 1819 and was very impressive Mohammed Ali mandated him to the education of five hundred Mamluks martial arts and modern so Aswan where he founded the Muhammad Ali's first military school in 1820, and joined by others from the Mamluks five hundred men of the governor, are the first nucleus of the army of modern Egypt.

Masacre de mamelucos en El Cairo ordenada por Mehmet Ali in 1811.

Muhammad Ali of his son Isma'il Pasha requested that extends about twenty thousand of Sudanese to be trained in the art of fighting in Bani Udai School, but the experiment failed to disease outbreaks among the Sudanese climate variation. I went in kind Muhammad Ali Egyptian peasants who strongly resisted the recruitment of sense that recruitment is only a sweatshop in addition to leaving their land and their farming, but after a while they felt the usefulness of what they are doing so in addition to the sense of dignity under the banner of Egypt. The advent of the month of January 1823 the formation of the first six verses of the first Egyptian regular army to begin hard training for a year and a half of the officers and soldiers together, to witness Muhammad Ali in Cairo the first military parade in June 1824 for the officers and soldiers of the Egyptian army, and issue the governor ordered him to establish the first camp in Khanka housed between twenty and twenty-five thousand soldiers, then established them Muhammad Ali a military hospital in Abu Zaabal.

Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt, with newly formed Egyptian army.

Then School of Medicine and later established a military school for pedestrians and School Staff in Khanka and started counting until the military strength reached 169 thousand officers and soldiers in 1833 and amounted to 236 thousand in 1839 established the Muhammad Ali Deewana army called the (Office of jihadist) put on his head Col. Suleiman Pasha Elfrinswe and entrusted with organizing the affairs of the army and secure the needs of ammunition and supplies. Fought the Egyptian army in the era of Muhammad Ali several wars organization, including the campaign against Sudan condemned all allegiance to the Egyptians ends in 1822. The second organization wars were Morh war, interspersed by the fall of the whole of Greece in the hands of the Egyptians, even endowed with England, Russia and France to restore Greece, and they besieged the Ottoman and Egyptian fleets and beat until sink all ships. After the Greek War of Independence sent Muhammad Ali's son Ibrahim Pasha at the head swept Sham campaign and denounced him all the cities of loyalty until he arrived at Konya and became the capital of the caliphate on the threshold of the European powers forced him to abandon the Levant and Egypt by virtue of retaining genetically to offspring.

Most modern wars

Main article: List of conflicts in Egypt

Egyptian army entering the castle Adana, During the First Egyptian-Ottoman War.

Egyptian army soldiers during the Fraser campaign in 1807

Throughout history, the Egyptian army fought many wars since the Pharaonic era and through the Islamic era and ending the era of the modern Egyptian state for several different reasons, including the expansion of influence in order to protect strategic depth to the Egyptian border, and to assist allies in the wars, but repel the invaders and aggressors attacks remain the most important defense of Egypt. In the era of Muhammad Ali the Egyptian army launched a campaign against Sudan with a view to forming a unity of the Nile Valley and the strengthening of national unity between the two countries. And it ended with the extension of Egyptian influence throughout the Sudan, He also participated the Greek War of Independence in order to help the Ottoman army put down the revolt in Greece and expand the Egyptian state and extend its influence overseas, Egyptian Army launched a crackdown on Syria's 30,000-strong fighters under the leadership of Ibrahim Pasha, it succeeded in the annexation of Syria and achieve the goals of Muhammad Ali and expansionary economic and refute the Ottoman army sent by the Ottoman sultan to stop the Egyptian army, And went crawling to the Anatolia arrived in Astana, which limits the Ottoman Sultan was forced to acquiesce to Ibrahim Pasha, and agree on a Magistrate in what is known Kutahya Convention, which ruled that abandons the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad Ali for Syria and the province of Adana to install it on Egypt and the island of Crete and the Hijaz in return for the Egyptian army Galloway from the rest Anatolia. During the reign of Abbas Pasha he made the Egyptian army with the help of the Ottoman Empire in its war against the Russian Empire called "Crimean War" fleet Marine consisting 12 vessels, and 6850 Marine troops under the command of Amir Hassan Pasha of Alexandria, and the army of ground consisting 72 cannon, and 19,722 ground troops under the command of the team properly Fathi Pasha, and the war ended with the victory of the Ottoman Empire and the defeat of the Russians. During the reign of Said Pasha Posted aorta 453-strong Egyptian-Sudanese troops to Mexico to help France in its war against the Mexican government after being abandoned by both England and Spain. The Egyptian army also participated in the defense of Palestine and Arabism and fought five wars against Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967.1967 to 1970, and 1973). And wars against the British army and the French army. The Egyptian army also participated significantly in the North Yemen Civil War, and Libyan–Egyptian War in July 1977. It had a big part in Operation Desert Storm to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991.

World War I

Main articles: Middle Eastern theatre of World War I and World War I

Units of the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps crossing the Jordan River by the pontoon bridge at Ghoraniyeh in March 1918

World War I (WWI), also known as the First World War, or the Great War, was a global war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. Egyptian army participated in the war with the Allies in the August 5, 1914, more than 1,200,000 thousand troops at a time when Egypt's population is estimated it with 14 million people, came to joining the Allies because of the occurrence of Egypt under the influence of the British occupation since 1882 and the Declaration of Britain's protection to Egypt in 1914 and separated from the Ottoman Empire. Egyptian army were killed in three continents "Asia, Africa and Europe," and ranked eighth in terms of the number of troops, And it fell more than half a million troops in the war,

World War II

Main article: Egypt during World War II

Before World War II, military service was compulsory for men between the ages of nineteen and twenty-seven, but because of the limited size of the army--about 23,000 in 1939--few were actually conscripted.

1948 Arab–Israeli War

Main article: 1948 Arab–Israeli War

The Israeli prisoners of war from the Battle of Nitzanim, presumably in Egypt. Picture taken between June 7, 1948, and March 7, 1949.

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War or the First Arab–Israeli War was fought between the Israel and a military coalition of Arab states. There had been tension and conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and between each of them and the British forces, ever since the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 creation of the British Mandate of Palestine. British policies dissatisfied both Arabs and Jews. The Arabs' opposition developed into the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, There had been tension and conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, and between each of them and the British forces, ever since the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the 1920 creation of the British Mandate of Palestine. British policies dissatisfied both Arabs and Jews. The Arabs' opposition developed into the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine, while the Jewish resistance developed into the Jewish insurgency in Palestine (1944–1947). In 1947 these ongoing tensions erupted into civil war, following the 29 November 1947 adoption of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine which planned to divide Palestine into three areas: an Arab state, a Jewish state and the Special International Regime for the cities of Jerusalem and Bethlehem. The war ended with the defeat of Arab armies, Israel's occupation of Palestine and for several reasons the most important of the suffering of most of the Arab country at the time of colonialism and lack of national sovereignty, and the lack of arming the armies sufficient in addition to the weakness of the tactical organization.

Tripartite Aggression

Main article: Tripartite Aggression

An 'Archer' in position at Rafah, Sinai War, 1956.

The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power. After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. The episode humiliated Great Britain and France and strengthened Nasser. Represented the causes of aggression in the forced England to leave submissively for the Suez Canal after heavy losses in lives and materiel in the June 13, 1956, and France's desire for revenge from Egypt because they strongly supported Algerian War, in addition to Israel, which wants to destroy the Egyptian army, which has started to recover and is armed with one of the most from the source.

The pretext for an attack is to secure President Gamal Abdel Nasser, the Suez Canal, a decision taken after the withdrawal of the United States, Britain and the World Bank to finance the deal by the Aswan High Dam, which was dreamed created to be the center of development. Aggressive Faced fierce resistance from the Egyptian people, The Soviet Union and the Arab countries and China threatens to intervene by sending volunteers to Egypt, The United Nations is pressing the attacking nations. Ended aggression in the April 9, 1957 the withdrawal of all forces of the three countries aggressor from Egyptian territory and the opening of the Suez Canal to navigation after it closed lasted nearly five months.

North Yemen Civil War

Main article: North Yemen Civil War

Egyptian army in Sanaa 1962.

The North Yemen Civil War, was fought in North Yemen from 1962 to 1970 between royalist partisans of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom and supporters of the Yemen Arab Republic. The war began with a coup d'état carried out in 1962 by revolutionary republicans led by the army under the command of Abdullah as-Sallal, who dethroned the newly crowned Imam Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to the Saudi Arabian border where he rallied popular support from northern Shia tribes to retake power, escalating shortly to a full-scale civil war. Nasser realized during the three months to send Egyptian troops to Yemen that it takes more than predicted. In early 1963, he found himself compelled to send more troops, and continue to support the rebels with certainty that the differences between the outbreak began in baskets camp pro-Nasser and tribal elders supporters of the revolution, particularly Sheikh Abdullah bin Hussein al-Ahmar,

The number of troops is less than 5,000 troops in October 1963. Two months later, the number of regular troops there rose to 15,000. At the end of 1963, the number of troops amounted to 36,000 troops, and at the end of 1964, reached the 55,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen, and the figure peaked at the end of 1965 the number of troops stationed there are 70,000 Egyptian soldier, were divided into 13 infantry brigade attached to an artillery brigade, division tanks and several Saika brigades and Paratroopers. War reached a dead end and its impact on the Egyptian army through the level in 1967 and Nasser realized the difficulty of keeping the Egyptian army in Yemen. The war ended in victory for Republicans and remove the royal siege on the Sanaa in February 1968.

Six-Day War

Main article: Six-Day War

Clashes between Israeli and Egyptian forces during the Six-Day War.

The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War, or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between June 5 and 10, 1967 by Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt (known at the time as the United Arab Republic), Jordan, and Syria. Relations between Israel and its neighbours had never fully normalized following the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. In the period leading up to June 1967, tensions became dangerously heightened. As a result, in reaction to the mobilisation of Egyptian forces along the Israeli border in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel launched a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields on June 5. followed by a ground invasion of the Sinai by the Israeli army, and then the Battle of Abu-Ageila between Egyptian and Israeli forces in which Egyptian forces have shown fierce resistance, but eventually took control of Israeli forces in the region.

It was ordered by the Egyptian leadership to withdraw troops toward the channel without a prior plan for it, which led to the deaths of thousands of Egyptian soldiers during their withdrawal from central Sinai, as they had to cut the 200-km walk in a dry desert environment and exposed to the enemy. The war ended with the defeat of Arab and Israel's occupation of the Sinai to the Gaza Strip and the West Bank as a result of several reasons was the weakness of the military leadership and the low level of military technical performance, Having lured the war in Yemen 40% of the finest Egyptian army, and the lack of the Egyptian armed forces to the presence of specific objectives and dimensions, it means working to mobilize potential available militarily, economically, politically and morally clear-cut military strategy, And the lack of mobilization plan in place to meet any sudden developments and the failure of the system and procedures of general mobilization, contrary to the Israeli army, which mainly depends on the mobilization of reservists, Also, individualism resulted in decisions crucial to the disaster on the ground, the United States has played an active role, by becoming its arsenal of weapons open to all the needs of Israel, and that was as of 1964.

War of Attrition

Main article: War of Attrition

Egyptian Soldiers during the War of Attrition.

The War of Attrition or a thousand-day war is a war lasted three and a half years, following the defeat of the Six-Day War. The war is not based on direct confrontation, but on the basis of the depletion of the Israeli army's capabilities. This war included three main stages is the stage of steadfastness, confrontation and then the defense phase, and finally the stage of deterrence and decisiveness.

Egypt has succeeded during that period to complete the construction of the Egyptian Air Defense Forces, And moving the wall of air defense missiles to the West Bank, near the edge of the channel, And completing several processes cross the eastern shore of the channel deep inside the Sinai and get important prisoners and carry out operations inside Israel itself, Egyptian Air Force also has regained her self-confidence has proved its efficiency and rebuild its structure. The objectives of the war: take down the biggest possible losses to the enemy on the east bank of the canal, prevent the enemy from reaching the west of the canal, Reorganization of the armed forces, restore confidence in the soldiers themselves and their leaders, And re-discipline, re-training of troops and organizing units.

October War

Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert.

The October War or the Yom Kippur War was the fourth Arab-Israeli war launched by Egypt and Syria against Israel in 1973. The war began on October 6, 1973 surprise attack by the Egyptian Army and the Syrian Army on the Israeli troops who were stationed in the Sinai and the Golan Heights. Where Egypt saw 300,000 troops from Land Forces, Air Force and Navy, the Egyptian forces opened the war with an air strike was formed from about 222 fighter aircraft crossed the Suez Canal line radar detected the Israeli army targeted stations, airports and batteries air defense, gatherings of individuals, armor, tanks, artillery, fortified points in the Bar Lev Line, petroleum refineries, and ammunition stores.

Soldiers move to man a BS-3 anti-tank gun. The Egyptians employed conventional, recoilless, rocket-propelled and guided anti-tank weapons as well as tanks to counter Israeli armored forces.

Followed by the release of more than two thousand cannon to hand Square Israeli fortifications on the east bank of the canal, Egyptian forces later managed to cross the channel. Some Arab countries in the war contributed military might are Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Sudan, King Faisal also decided with several other Gulf states, oil cut for collaborating with Israel countries, led by the United States of America.

It achieved the Egyptian and Syrian armies desired strategic objectives behind military surprise for Israel, and there have been significant achievements in the first days after the war, where Egyptian troops penetrated 20 km east of the Suez Canal, Syrian troops managed to enter into the depth of the Golan Heights down to the Hula Valley and the Sea of Galilee, followed by the recovery of the Israeli army on the Egyptian front was able to open a gap Deversoir and across the West Bank of the channel and surrounded the Third Army, and on the Syrian front, managed to expel the Syrians from the Golan Heights.

Egyptian soldiers celebrate the successful crossing of the Suez canal

The United States and the Soviet Union then intervened, issuing United Nations Security Council Resolution 338 which provides for cessation of all hostilities starting on October 22, 1973. Egypt accepted the decision and implemented with effect from the evening of the same day, but Israeli forces violated the cease-fire, the UN Security Council issued a resolution last on October 23, 1973 obliges all parties to the ceasefire.

After accepting Egypt's ceasefire decision to sign the separation of forces agreement, Syria did not comply with the cease-fire, and started a new war after the withdrawal of Egypt from the fight this war lasted for 82 days. At the end of the month of May 1974 the fighting stopped after an agreement was reached for the separation of forces, Israel, which evacuated the city of Kenitra and parts of the territories it occupied in 1967. The results of the war for Import Egypt full sovereignty over the Suez Canal, and recovery of all land in the Sinai Peninsula. Syria also recover part of the Golan Heights, including the city of Kenitra. The crash resulted in the myth that Israel's army is not invincible, Paved the way for the Camp David Accords between Egypt and Israel.

Gulf War

Main article: Gulf War

Egyptian soldiers man M-2 .50-caliber machine guns atop M-113 armored personnel carriers during a demonstration for visiting dignitaries, part of Operation Desert Shield

The Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991), codenamed Operation Desert Shield (2 August 1990 – 17 January 1991) for operations leading to the buildup of troops and defense of Saudi Arabia and Operation Desert Storm (17 January 1991 – 28 February 1991) in its combat phase, was a war in the Persian Gulf region waged by coalition forces from 34 nations led by the United States against Ba'athist Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.

The war is also known under other names, such as the Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War before the term "Iraq War" became identified instead with the 2003 Iraq War.

An Egyptian ranger battalion stands in formation during a live-fire and troop demonstration for visiting dignitaries during Operation Desert Shield.

Egypt's position was supportive of Kuwait in terms of responsibility and in line with the pan-Arab region, has settled the Egyptian position appeared since the first glance at the political and military levels Egypt declared its support for the legitimate and tried to contain the crisis and resolving political and diplomatic means, but the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein did not respond, and when stranded in Egypt means not hesitate to use the military option with the Arab states and friendly forces from the coalition forces for the return of the right and to put matters right.

Egyptian armed forces arrived to participate in the war to liberate Kuwait to Hafr Al-Batin area of eastern Saudi Arabia on four stages, represented in: the arrival of the special forces, and arrival of the Third Band Mechanical, the arrival of the Fourth Armoured Division, and finally the arrival of units of the administrative and technical reference, Egypt participated in a major strength of 35 thousand troops forces, and summarize the role of Egypt in a rush on the axis of Hafr al-Batin in Ali Al Salem Air Base and then left to circumvent the border, in order to isolate the north from the south of Kuwait, Hence it clashes with Iraqi forces clash in a violent battle tanks and artillery during the stage of opening gaps. The war ended the exit of the Iraqi army out of Kuwait and the victory of coalition forces in the February 28, 1991.

Sinai insurgency

Main article: Sinai insurgency

File:Египетская армия входит на Синай.jpg

Egyptian Rapid deployment Forces heading to the Sinai 27 October 2014.

Terror war in the Sinai is a war declared by the Egyptian armed forces against Islamist militants in the Sinai Peninsula who carried out several terrorist operations in Sinai and several other provinces. Terrorist operations began in early 2011 as a result of repercussions of the January 25 revolution and lawlessness that followed, It was met with harsh response operations of the armed forces, represented in the operation known as Operation Eagle, which began in August 2011, followed by the Operation Sinai in 2012, In the wake of escalating violence in Sinai after the overthrow of former President Mohamed Morsi.

Rolled counter-terrorism operations in the region, it was the start of "Operation Desert Storm", which lasted for 48 hours with the participation of formations of the Second and Third armies and Air Forces and the Navy. Then the Operation Martyr's Right in September 2015 in order to eliminate the tails of terrorist groups.

Structure

Main articles: Structure of the Egyptian Army, First Field Army, Second Army (Egypt), and Third Army (Egypt)

Under the Ministry of Defence is the Egyptian Military Operations Authority with its headquarters in Cairo. The Egyptian Armed Forces' Chief of Staff's office is in Cairo. He is also chief of staff of the army. Formally, he is also chief of staff of the air force and navy as well, but apparently the commanders of the other two services frequently report directly to the Minister of Defence/Commander-in-Chief. From the Chief of Staff's office are directed three command-and-control headquarters and nine command-and-control field headquarters.

• The First Field Army was a branch of the Egyptian armed forces as the United Arab Republic and was based in Syria and called the name of President Gamal Abdel Nasser.
• The Second Field Army is a military formation and a corps command of the Egyptian Army, formed in 1968. Army headquarters is at Ismailia.
• The Third Field Army is one of the Egyptian armed forces, armies, and located his headquarters in Suez. Currently consists of 7 teams each consisting of a number of band brigades representing all branches of the armed forces.

Structure of the First Field Army (click to enlarge)

Structure of the Second Field Army (click to enlarge)

Structure of the Third Field Army (click to enlarge)

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Egyptian Army ranks

Egyptian Army ranks
	Commissioned Officers & Enlisted personnel
Shoulder straps	—-
Patches	Private	Expert/Specialist	Raqīb	First Raqīb	Assistant	First Assistant	Lieutenant	First Lieutenant	Captain	Major	Lieutenant Colonel	Colonel	Brigadier General	Major General	Lieutenant General	Colonel General	Field Marshal
Code NATO	OF-1	OF-2	OF-3	OF-4	OF-5	OF-6	OF-7	OF-8	OF-9	OF-10	OF-11	OF-12	OF-13	OF-14	OF-15	OF-16	OF-17

Uniform

Main article: Egyptian Army Uniform

The Egyptian Army uses a British style ceremonial outfit, and a desert camouflage overall implemented in 2012. The Identification between different branches in the Egyptian Army depends on the branch insignia on the left upper arm and the color of the beret. Also, the airborne, Thunderbolt, and republican guard each has its own camouflage overall.

Camouflage

Army	Airborne	Thunderbolt	Republican Guard

Equipment

Main article: Equipment of the modern Egyptian Army

Egypt's varied army weapons inventory complicates logistical support for the army. National policy since the 1970s has included the creation of a domestic arms industry (including the Arab Organization for Industrialization) capable of indigenous maintenance and upgrades to existing equipment, with the ultimate aim of Egyptian production of major ground systems. This target was finally met with the commencement of M-1 Abrams production in 1992. (Egypt had received permission to build an M-1 factory in 1984.) Prior to this, large acquisitions had included nearly 500 AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank guided missiles.

Zaloga writes that Egypt bgan receiving T-34s and SU-100s from Czechoslovakia, with Soviet approval, in 1956. By 1967, T-54As were arriving, and thus while the 4th Armoured Division was still partially equipped with the T-34/85, most were in tank regiments supporting infantry formations. Nordeen and Isby write that some 750 M60A3s were transferred to Egypt by 1987 and a further 150 in 1987-93. They were issued '..first to the two independent tank brigades and then to the 4th and 9th Armoured Divisions.' As with the T-62s, the Egyptians re-equipped their troops a brigade at a time. One of the independent armoured brigades was incorporated into the 33rd Mechanised Division when that division was formed in the early 1980s.

See also

• Egyptian Military museum
• List of Battles of Egypt
• Central Security Forces
• List of countries by number of active troops

Further reading

• Kenneth Pollack, Arabs at War
• Steve Rothwell, Military Ally or Liability, The Egyptian Army 1936-42, accessed February 2009