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Coalition of the Gulf War

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Coalition of the Gulf War
1990–1991
Flag of Coalition of the Gulf War
  Coalition countries
  Iraq
TypeMilitary coalition
MembershipPrimary countries:
Other contributors:
Historical eraGulf War
2–4 August 1990
• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 678
29 November 1990
14 January 1991
• Beginning of Gulf War air campaign
17 January 1991
24 February 1991
• Adoption of UNSC Resolution 686
2 March 1991

On 29 November 1990, the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 678 authorized the assembly of a multinational military coalition to liberate Iraqi-occupied Kuwait by "all necessary means" if Iraq did not withdraw its forces by 15 January 1991. Iraq failed to do so, and the coalition began an aerial bombardment against targets in Iraq and Kuwait on 17 January 1991. At this time, the coalition consisted of 42 countries and was spearheaded by the United States. The central command was led by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom; the marine command was led by the United States; the Joint Forces East Command was led by Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Poland, and Czechoslovakia; and the Joint Forces North Command was led by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, and Turkey.

On 23 February 1991, the aerial bombardment campaign came to an end and the coalition began a large-scale ground offensive into Iraqi-occupied Kuwait and parts of Iraq. The Iraqi military was devastated in the fighting, and Kuwait was declared completely free of Iraqi troops on 28 February 1991.

Multinational group (Qatari F1 Mirage & Alpha Jet, French F1 Mirage, U.S. F-16, and Canadian CF-18 Air Forces) of fighter jets during Operation Desert Shield

Member states

[edit]

Argentina

[edit]

Argentina contributed 500 troops, two corvettes, a destroyer, two cargo planes and three helicopters.[1] The operations of Argentinian forces were codenamed Operation Alfil.

Australia

[edit]
Main article: Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War

Australia contributed at least one[clarification needed] guided missile frigate, one destroyer and one supply ship.[2] Limited numbers of Australian troops were imbedded in British and American formations, and RAAF photo interpreters were based in Saudi Arabia. Soldiers of the Royal Australian Artillery provided air defence to the Australian supply ships, as they had none of their own. [3]

Bahrain

[edit]

Bahraini troops played a limited role in the conflict, with the Bahraini Army providing troops to the Gulf Cooperation Council contingent (exclusively embedded with Saudi Arabian and Kuwaiti troops), which played a support role in the conflict. The Bahraini government also allowed their territory to be used as a logistical hub for coalition forces.[4][5]

Bangladesh

[edit]

The Bangladeshi contribution to the coalition contained about 2300 personnel.[6] Their operation was codenamed Operation Moruprantar and involved security personnel, including two field Ambulance teams. After the war, Bangladeshi forces inspected and cleared land mines lain by the Iraqi forces.[7] In 2015, there were still up to 5000 Bangladeshi troops stationed in Kuwait to aid with mine clearance.[8] The Bangladeshi commander was Zubayr Siddiqui.

Belgium

[edit]

Belgium had a limited deployment of troops and aircraft to Türkiye, and several ships deployed to the gulf.[9]

Two minesweepers of the Tripartite class, the Iris and the Myostis along with the Command and Logistics ship Zinnia, deployed to the gulf, and conducted mine clearing operations. The Belgian government later decided to send an additional minesweeper, the Dianthus. When the ceasefire took place, clearing operations moved to the coast off Kuwait.[9]

Eighteen Mirage 5s of 8th Fighter Squadron and six C-130s of the 15th Air Transport Wing were deployed to Türkiye as part of the NATO preventative deployment of aircraft.

Medical personnel were attached to a British Field Hospital in Cyprus, and were also deployed in Türkiye alongside 75 soldiers.[10]

Canada

[edit]
Main article: Operation Friction

Canada's contribution included 4,600 personnel, and their activities were codenamed Operation Friction. Royal Canadian Navy vessels took part in the war, the Royal Canadian Air Force conducted patrols and bombing missions, and the army deployed a field hospital. Canadian aircraft and ground forces also attacked retreating Iraqi military forces along the Highway of Death.[11][12][13]

Czechoslovakia

[edit]
Main article: Czechoslovakia in the Gulf War

The Czechoslovak contribution included a specialised 200-man chemical defence unit and 150 medical personnel.[14] The lead Czechoslovak commander was Ján Való.[15] The war was notable as the first time Czechoslovakian troops had taken part in an armed conflict since the Second World War, and would be the last time before the breakup of Czechoslovakia in 1993.[16]

Denmark

[edit]

Denmark deployed the HDMS Olfert Fischer (a Niels Juel-class Corvette) alongside 100 personnel.[14]

Egypt

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Egypt contributed around 40,000 soldiers and 400 tanks. Their commander was Salah Mohammed Atia Halabi.[citation needed][17]

France

[edit]
Main article: Opération Daquet

The French contingent consisted of around 20,000 personnel led by Lieutenant General Michel Roquejeoffre, and their activities were codenamed Opération Daguet. France also contributed 14 ships, more than 75 aircraft, and 350 tanks.[14]

Germany

[edit]

Germany sent one fighter squadron to Türkiye to show solidarity with operations in Kuwait and make its presence felt on NATO's southern flank.[14][18] Restrictions on the use of NATO airbases in Germany were removed so they could be used for logistics. Germany also provided $6 billion in cash and materiel to aid the coalition.[19]

Greece

[edit]

Greek forces included Hellenic Air Force pilots and ground support staff and the frigate Limnos in the Red Sea. The Greek Merchant Marine Service aided the Coalition in the movement of fuel and equipment with their large fleet, and most Greek airfields were made available for US and allied use.[20][21][14]

Honduras

[edit]

Honduras sent 400 personnel to the join the coalition.[22]

Hungary

[edit]

Hungary contributed approximately 40 personnel, including a medical team.[23]

Italy

[edit]
Main article: Operazione Locusta

The Italian contribution included about 1,950 personnel; their operation mostly involved aircraft, and the air operation was known as Operazione Locusta. Italy deployed eight Panavia Tornado aircraft, which conducted sorties over the 42 days of war, and a cell of RF-104G Starfighter tactical reconnaissance aircraft,[24] which operated from Turkey to monitor the coalition's flank. Six F-104s were stationed in Türkiye. 4 ships were sent to the gulf.[14] The Italian commander of the operation was Mario Arpino.[25]

Japan

[edit]

Japan contributed no personnel or equipment to the coalition force as it was prohibited from doing so by its constitution. However, the Japanese government made a financial contribution of approximately $13bn to fund Coalition operations.[26]

Kuwait

[edit]

The contribution of Kuwaiti forces in exile included around 9,900 personnel.[citation needed]

Luxembourg

[edit]

Luxembourg provided financial support. After the war, Luxembourgish soldiers were deployed to deliver humanitarian aid to Kurdish civilians taking refuge in the mountains along the Turkish-Iraqi border.[27][28]

Morocco

[edit]

Morocco contributed around 13,000 personnel.[citation needed]

New Zealand

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New Zealand provided two Lockheed C-130 Hercules transporter aircraft and 100 personnel.[29]

The Netherlands

[edit]

The Dutch navy sent two frigates to help maintain the UN embargo on Iraq, and three minehunters to clear mines off the coast of Kuwait. The army provided a field hospital and medical team for the coalition, while the air force sent two MIM-23 Hawk squadrons and three MIM-104 Patriot squadrons - one of which was deployed in Israel to defend against Iraqi Scud missiles.[30]

Niger

[edit]

Niger deployed about 480 troops to guard shrines in Mecca and Medina.[14]

Norway

[edit]

Norway contributed 280 personnel, one naval vessel, a field hospital, and intelligence capabilities.[citation needed]

A Royal Saudi Air Force Tornado F3 during Operation Desert Storm.

Oman

[edit]

Oman contributed about 6,300 personnel.[citation needed]

Pakistan

[edit]

The Pakistani contingent was 4,900–5,500 strong.[citation needed] Mirza Aslam Beg, then-Pakistani Chief of the Army Staff, endorsed the campaign against Iraq. In a briefing given to president Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Beg maintained the assessment that once the ground battle with the Iraqi Army began, the Iraqi Army would comprehensively repel and defeat the US Army.[31] Beg accused Western countries of encouraging Iraq to invade Kuwait, but supported the armed forces fighting Iraq in support of Saudi Arabia.[32][33] In 1990, he held state dinner for United States Central Command commander General Norman Schwarzkopf where, alongside Chairman of the Joint Chiefs Admiral Iftikhar Sirohey, he briefed US commanders on Pakistani preparations and military operational capabilities.[34] The war was a polarizing political issue in Pakistan.[33][35]

Beg predicted that popular opinion[where?] would favor Iraq, as anti-American sentiment in the Middle East was growing.[31]

Philippines

[edit]

The Philippines sent around 200 medical personnel.[citation needed]

Poland

[edit]

The Polish contribution included approximately 320 personnel.[citation needed] Poland also conducted intelligence operations, such as Operation Simoom.

Portugal

[edit]

Portugal provided one logistics ship and two C-130 transport aircraft.[36][37]

Qatar

[edit]

Qatar contributed around 2,600 personnel. Qatari forces participated in the Battle of Khafji.[citation needed]

Romania

[edit]

Romania deployed 363 medical personnel and 21 soldiers. As part of Britain's Operation Granby, a field hospital was deployed to al-Jubayl.[38][39][40]

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

An estimated 60,000 to 100,000 Saudi troops participated in operations against Iraq, led by Khalid bin Sultan, Saleh Al-Muhaya and Sultan Al-Mutairi.[citation needed]

Senegal

[edit]

Senegal contributed approximately 500 troops.[14]

Singapore

[edit]

Singapore sent 30 personnel to provide medical and humanitarian services under Operation Nightingale, as well as nine military support teams.[41]

South Korea

[edit]

The South Korean contingent was 314-strong, including medical and logistical support.[citation needed]

Spain

[edit]

Spain deployed 500 ground troops (mostly engineers) with another 3,000 participating in naval operations: two corvettes and one destroyer patrolled near the strait of Bab al Mandeb.[14]

Syria

[edit]
Coalition troops from Egypt, France, Oman, Syria, and Kuwait stand for review during Operation Desert Storm.

Syria's contributed around 14,500 troops, led by Mustafa Tlass.[citation needed]

Sweden

[edit]

The Swedish contingent numbered about 525 and included a field hospital.[42]

Turkey

[edit]

Turkey contributed to the air campaign against Iraq.[43]

United Arab Emirates

[edit]

The UAE contributed one army battalion and a squadron of Mirage fighters. They also provided facilities to deploy over 255 aircraft, and gave the coalition access to practically all of their ports and shipyards. [44]

United Kingdom

[edit]
Main article: Operation Granby

The UK participated in Operation Granby and the Battle of Norfolk. The total British contribution included 16 ships, 58 aircraft, and 53,462 personnel, including 1st Armoured Division, 7th Armoured Brigade, 4th Armoured Brigade.[14][45] British commanders included: Patrick Hine, commander of all British forces; Michael Graydon, Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Strike Command; Peter de la Billière - Commander-in-Chief of British Forces and John Chapple, Chief of the General Staff.

United States

[edit]

The United States was the largest contributor to the coalition, with some 697,000 personnel.[46] Its forces participated in Operation Desert Shield, the Battle of Khafji, the Battle of 73 Easting, the Battle of Al Busayyah, the Battle of Phase Line Bullet, the Battle of Medina Ridge, Battle of Wadi al-Batin, and the Battle of Norfolk, among other engagements. American commanders included Colin Powell, Calvin Waller, Charles Horner, Walt Boomer, Stan Arthur, Frederick Franks, Buster Glosson. Norman Schwarzkopf led all coalition forces in the battle against Iraq.

Afghan and Kurdish militias

[edit]

According to sources, 300 members of the anti-communist militias, Afghan mujahideen, joined the coalition towards the end of the war on 11 February 1991.[47][48] Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups also reportedly rebelled against Saddam.[49]

Member states by equipment

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United States

[edit]

Tanks

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Armored vehicles

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  • M2A2 Bradley IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
  • M3A2 Bradley CFV (Cavalry Fighting Vehicle)
  • AAVP7A1 Assault Amphibian Vehicle Personnel (USMC)
  • LAV-25 Light Armored Vehicle (USMC)
  • LAV-AT Light Armored Vehicle (Anti-Tank) (USMC)
  • M113A2/A3 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)
  • TPz Fuchs APC NBC and EW variants (UOR acquisition from Germany)
  • M901A1 ITV (Improved TOW Vehicle)

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]
  • LAV-M Light Armored Vehicle (Mortar) (USMC)
  • M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
  • M109A2/A3/A4 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
  • M110A2 8 inch SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
  • M270 MLRS Multiple Launch Rocket System

Anti-aircraft

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Artillery and mortars

[edit]

Engineering and recovery vehicles

Command vehicles

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  • M577A2 ACP (Armored Command Post) Carrier
  • AACV7A1 (Assault Amphibian Vehicle Command) (USMC)
  • LAV-25C2 Light Armored Vehicle (Command & Control) (USMC)
  • M981 FISTV (Fire Support Team Vehicle)

Other vehicles

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Helicopters

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Aircraft

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Aircraft carriers

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Battleships

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Submarines

[edit]

Amphibious assault ships

[edit]

Guided missile cruisers

[edit]

Destroyer tenders

[edit]

Destroyers

[edit]

Guided missile destroyers

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Frigates

[edit]

Amphibious transport docks

[edit]

Ammunition ships

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Dock landing ships

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Tank landing ships

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Fast sealift ships

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  • SL-7 Type (USS Algol, USNS Bellatrix, USS Denebola, USS Pollux, USNS Altair, USS Regulus, USS Capella)

Fleet oilers

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  • Neosho class (USS Neosho, USS Hassayampa, USS Ponchatoula)
  • Cimarron class (USS Platte)
  • Henry J. Kaiser class (USS Joshua Humphreys, USNS Andrew J. Higgins, USS Walter S. Diehl)

Combat stores ships

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Fast combat support ships

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Replenishment oiler ships

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  • Wichita class (USS Kansas City, USS Kalamazoo)

Minesweepers

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Repair ships

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  • Vulcan class (USS Vulcan, USS Jason)

Rescue and salvage ships

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  • Edenton class (USS Beaufort)

Sealift ships

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  • Wright class (USS Wright, USS Curtiss)

Hospital ships

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Amphibious cargo ships

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  • Charleston class (USS Durham, USS Mobile)

Mine countermeasure ships

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Survey ships

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  • Chauvenet class (USS Chauvenet)

Light watercraft

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United Kingdom

[edit]

Tanks

[edit]

Armoured vehicles

[edit]

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]

Anti-aircraft

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Artillery and mortars

[edit]

Engineering and recovery vehicles

[edit]

Command vehicles

[edit]

Other vehicles

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Aircraft

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Destroyers

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Frigates

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Submarines

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Mine countermeasure vessels

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Fleet support vessels

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Hospital ship

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  • RFA Argus - "Primary casualty reception vessel"

Saudi Arabia

[edit]

Tanks

[edit]

Armoured vehicles

[edit]

Self-propelled artillery/mortars/rockets

[edit]
  • M109A2 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
  • AMX-GCT 155 mm SPH (Self-Propelled Howitzer)
  • ASTROS-II MLRS (Multiple Launch Rocket System)
  • M106A2 Self-Propelled Mortar Carrier
  • Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 81 mm)
  • Cadillac Gage V-150 Commando (Mortar 90 mm)

Artillery and mortars

[edit]

Anti-aircraft

[edit]
  • M163 VADS Vulcan Air Defence System
  • AMX-30SA Shahine Self-Propelled SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
  • AMX-30SA SPAAA (Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
  • MIM-23 Improved Hawk SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
  • Shahine Stationary SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) Launcher
  • Bofors 40 mm L/70 AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
  • Oerlikon-Buhrle Twin 35 mm GDF AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)

Other vehicles

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Helicopters

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Aircraft

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Frigates

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Corvettes

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Patrol ships

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  • Al Sadiq class (Al-Siddiq, Al-Farouq, Abdul-Aziz, Faisal, Khalid, Amr, Tariq, Ouqbah, Abu Obadiah)

Replenishment ships

[edit]

Kuwait

[edit]

Tanks

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  • M-84AB MBT (Main Battle Tank) Cheiftain MBT (Main Battle Tank)

Armoured vehicles

[edit]
  • BMP-2 IFV (Infantry Fighting Vehicle)
  • M113A1 APC (Armored Personnel Carrier)

Helicopters

[edit]

Aircraft

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Fast attack craft

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  • Lürssen FPB-57 (unknown number)
  • Lürssen TNC-45 (unknown number)

France

[edit]

Tanks

[edit]

Other armoured vehicles

[edit]
  • GIAT AMX-10RC armoured car
  • Panhard AML-90 armoured car
  • Panhard ERC-90F4 Sagaie armoured car
  • GIAT VAB (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé) wheeled troop carrier
  • GIAT VAB-PC (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Poste de Commandement) command vehicle
  • GIAT VAB-VCAC/HOT (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule de Combat Anti-Char) ATGM (Anti-Tank Guided Missile) launch vehicle
  • GIAT VAB-VTM (Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé - Véhicule Tracteur de Mortier) mortar tractor

Artillery and mortars

[edit]
  • TR-F1 155 mm towed howitzer
  • MO-81-61C 81 mm mortar
  • MO-120-RT-61 120 mm mortar

Anti-aircraft

[edit]
  • GIAT 20 mm 53T2 towed AAA (Anti-Aircraft Artillery)
  • Mistral SAM (Surface-To-Air Missile) launcher

Other vehicles

[edit]
  • Peugeot P4 4WD
  • VLRA (Vehicle de Liaison et Reconnaissance de L'Armee) truck

Helicopters

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Aircraft

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Aircraft carriers

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Amphibious transport docks

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Cruisers

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Destroyers

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Corvettes

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Minehunters

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Replenishment ships

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Support ships

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Qatar

[edit]

Tanks

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  • AMX-30S MBT (Main Battle Tank)

Italy

[edit]

Fighter jets

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Destroyers

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Frigates

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Replenishment ships

[edit]

Poland

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Hospital ship

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Salvage ship

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Czechoslovakia

[edit]

Other vehicles

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  • Tatra T-815 (Heavy truck)
  • UAZ-4629 (All-terrain vehicle mounted with chemical reconnaissance probes)
  • ARS-12M (De-contamination truck based on Praga V3S)
  • POP (Mobile field medical truck based on Praga V3S)

Canada

[edit]

Destroyers

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Fighter aircraft

[edit]

Transport aircraft

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Helicopters

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Patrol, surveillance aircraft

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Supply/replenishment ship

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Argentina

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[51]

Destroyers

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  • 1 MEKO 360 (Almirante Brown class): ARA Almirante Brown (D-10) (CF A. Tierno). ARA Almirante Brown navigated 25.000 NM in the designated area for operations, as part of GT 88, together with ARA Spiro. Returned to Argentina on 25 April, 1991.

Frigates

[edit]
  • 2 MEKO 140 A16 (Espora class): ARA Spiro (P-43) (CF O. Gonzalez), ARA Rosales (P-42) (CC Tebaldi / CC Rossi). ARA Spiro returned to Argentina on 23 May 1991, together with ARA Almirante Brown (D-10). It had navigated 23000 NM in the operations area during the conflict.

Amphibious cargo ships

[edit]
  • 1Costa Sur class: ARA Bahia San Blas (B-5). Loaded with medicine and food, for humanitarian aid. This ship along with ARA Rosales (P-42) formed GT 88.1, and replaced GT 88.0 formed by ARA Almirante Brown and ARA Spiro.

Helicopters

[edit]
  • 2 Alouette III (3-H-109 and 3-H-112), from 1° Esc. Aeronaval de Helicopteros (EA1H) (C.C. Alomar). Totalling 67 flights. Operated initially with P-43 and D-10. One of the Alouette suffered an accident, with no casualties.

Transport aircraft

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Australia

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HMAS Sydney during January 1991

Destroyers

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Frigates

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Replenishment ships

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Transport aircraft

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Norway

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Patrol ships

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Denmark

[edit]

Corvettes

[edit]

Greece

[edit]

Frigates

[edit]

Spain

[edit]

Destroyers

[edit]

Frigates

[edit]

Corvettes

[edit]
  • Descubierta-class corvettes, Descubierta, Diana, Infanta Cristina, Cazadora, Vencedora

The Netherlands

[edit]

[54]

Frigates

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Minehunters

[edit]

Replenishment ships

[edit]

Mobile field hospital

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  • 53 medical personnel stationed on site

Maritime patrol aircraft

[edit]

Belgium

[edit]

[55]

Frigates

[edit]

Minehunters

[edit]

Support ships

[edit]

Turkey

[edit]

Destroyers

[edit]

References

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  1. ^ "The time Argentina participated in the (first) war against Iraq (spanish)". Univision. June 5, 2017. Archived from the original on June 4, 2023.
  2. ^ Navy, corporateName=Royal Australian. "HMAS Darwin - Part 2". seapower.navy.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2024-06-20. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  3. ^ "Gulf War & Iraq War | Australian War Memorial". www.awm.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
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  5. ^ "The Gulf: Future Security and British Policy". HRH Prince Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Official Website. 1998-04-29. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  6. ^ Hossain, Ishtiaq (April 1997). "Bangladesh and the Gulf War: Response of a Small State". Pakistan Horizon. 50 (2). Pakistan Institute of International Affairs: 42. JSTOR 41393571.
  7. ^ "Bilateral Relationship between Bangladesh and the State of Kuwait". kuwait.mofa.gov.bd. Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  8. ^ BanglaNews24.com (2015-12-07). "Bangladesh helps reconstruct Kuwait". banglanews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 2024-09-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  10. ^ Tripnaux, Eric (23 June 2024). "Belgian Medals and Bars for the Persian Gulf War 1990-1991: Comments and Corrections" (PDF). Orders and Medals society of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2024. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
  11. ^ Taylor, Scott (2004). Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq. Esprit de Corps Books. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-895896-26-8. Canadian CF-18 fighters based in Qatar were only equipped with air-to-air missiles, as their role was to provide rear area combat air patrols. However, upon hearing from allied pilots that there was a massive 'turkey shoot' taking place in Kuwait, unofficial arrangements were made to equip the Canadians with U.S. bombs.
  12. ^ https://obiter-dicta.ca/2021/03/10/highway-of-death/
  13. ^ https://legionmagazine.com/the-43-day-war/
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  18. ^ "The Bundeswehr as an Army on Operations". www.bundeswehr.de. Archived from the original on 2024-03-16. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
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  20. ^ Curtis, Glenn.E (December 1994). Greece a country study (4th ed.). US: Federal Research Division. pp. 258 & 288 & 300. ISBN 0844408565.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  21. ^ "HS LIMNOS (F 451)". Πολεμικό Ναυτικό - Επίσημη Ιστοσελίδα. Retrieved 2024-09-04.
  22. ^ "Honduras denies helping Iraq during Gulf War - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 2024-06-23.
  23. ^ Lieutenant Colonel Joseph P. Englehardt. "DESERT SHIELD AND DESERT STORM A CHRONOLOGY AND TROOP LIST FOR THE 1990–1991 PERSIAN GULF CRISIS" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2016.
  24. ^ "25 years since the "Locusta" operation". DIFESA. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
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  26. ^ Kelly, Tim; Kubo, Nobuhiro (20 December 2015). "Gulf war trauma began Japan's retreat from pacifism". Reuters. Retrieved 23 September 2024.
  27. ^ "Luxembourg (09/06)". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 2023-08-04. Retrieved 2023-08-07.
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  29. ^ "RNZAF - the Post War Years". Archived from the original on 2010-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-26. Royal New Zealand Air Force website
  30. ^ Defensie, Ministerie van (2017-09-12). "The Dutch contribution to the Gulf war - Historical missions - Defensie.nl". english.defensie.nl. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
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Works cited

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  • McDowall, David (2004). A modern history of the Kurds (3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-85043-416-6.
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