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Thousands accompany a caravan of aid trucks towards the Colombia–Venezuela border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/qvye4x/inside-the-violent-battle-on-the-venezuela-colombia-border|title=INSIDE THE VIOLENT BATTLE ON THE VENEZUELA-COLOMBIA BORDER|author=Megan Janetsky|date=25 February 2019|work=Vice News}}</ref> Guaidó headed a caravan of 300 people, briefly appearing on the lead truck as it left Cúcuta for Venezuelan territory.<ref name="Caravana">{{cite news|url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/orbe/caravana-de-300-personas-acompana-entrada-de-ayuda-humanitaria-a-venezuela-videos/|title=Caravana de 300 personas acompaña entrada de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela: Videos|date=23 February 2019|work=Herald of Mexico|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref> Maduro announces the severing of diplomatic relations with Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/maduro-rompe-relaciones-diplomaticas-con-colombia/|title=Maduro rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Colombia|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Pro-Maduro paramilitaries fired upon demonstrators demanding aid in [[San Antonio del Táchira]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-paramilitares-de-maduro-disparan-a-manifestantes-pacificos-en-san-antonio-del-tachira/|title=EN FOTOS: Paramilitares de Maduro disparan a manifestantes pacíficos en San Antonio del Táchira|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> According to opposition official Gaby Arellano, of the five trucks that attempted to enter Venezuela from Colombia, two were burned, two were stolen by Maduro loyalists and one returned to Colombia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/23/venezuelan-soldiers-defect-troops-fire-tear-gas-protesters-colombia/|title=Venezuela's Juan Guaido says 'all options open' after soldiers set fire to aid convoys in deadly border clashes|last=Alexander|first=Harriet|date=2019-02-23|work=[[The Telegraph]]|access-date=2019-02-25|last2=Sabur|first2=Rozina|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|last3=Graham|first3=Chris}}</ref> Both Colombia and Venezuela closed their joint border, leaving many Venezuelans trapped in Colombia and seeking shelter in make-shift camps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://efectococuyo.com/la-humanidad/campamento-en-tienditas-resguarda-a-venezolanos-varados-tras-cierre-fronterizo/|title=Campamento en Tienditas resguarda a venezolanos varados tras cierre frontera|author=Fermin Kancev, Maria Vicotoria|date=24 February 2019|work=Efecto Cocuy0|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref>
Thousands accompany a caravan of aid trucks towards the Colombia–Venezuela border.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/qvye4x/inside-the-violent-battle-on-the-venezuela-colombia-border|title=INSIDE THE VIOLENT BATTLE ON THE VENEZUELA-COLOMBIA BORDER|author=Megan Janetsky|date=25 February 2019|work=Vice News}}</ref> Guaidó headed a caravan of 300 people, briefly appearing on the lead truck as it left Cúcuta for Venezuelan territory.<ref name="Caravana">{{cite news|url=https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/orbe/caravana-de-300-personas-acompana-entrada-de-ayuda-humanitaria-a-venezuela-videos/|title=Caravana de 300 personas acompaña entrada de ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela: Videos|date=23 February 2019|work=Herald of Mexico|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref> Maduro announces the severing of diplomatic relations with Colombia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/maduro-rompe-relaciones-diplomaticas-con-colombia/|title=Maduro rompe relaciones diplomáticas con Colombia|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Pro-Maduro paramilitaries fired upon demonstrators demanding aid in [[San Antonio del Táchira]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-paramilitares-de-maduro-disparan-a-manifestantes-pacificos-en-san-antonio-del-tachira/|title=EN FOTOS: Paramilitares de Maduro disparan a manifestantes pacíficos en San Antonio del Táchira|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> According to opposition official Gaby Arellano, of the five trucks that attempted to enter Venezuela from Colombia, two were burned, two were stolen by Maduro loyalists and one returned to Colombia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/23/venezuelan-soldiers-defect-troops-fire-tear-gas-protesters-colombia/|title=Venezuela's Juan Guaido says 'all options open' after soldiers set fire to aid convoys in deadly border clashes|last=Alexander|first=Harriet|date=2019-02-23|work=[[The Telegraph]]|access-date=2019-02-25|last2=Sabur|first2=Rozina|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|last3=Graham|first3=Chris}}</ref> Both Colombia and Venezuela closed their joint border, leaving many Venezuelans trapped in Colombia and seeking shelter in make-shift camps.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://efectococuyo.com/la-humanidad/campamento-en-tienditas-resguarda-a-venezolanos-varados-tras-cierre-fronterizo/|title=Campamento en Tienditas resguarda a venezolanos varados tras cierre frontera|author=Fermin Kancev, Maria Vicotoria|date=24 February 2019|work=Efecto Cocuy0|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref>


On the Francisco de Paula de Santander Bridge, Venezuelan National Police wept while being confronted by Venezuelans begging for the entrance of international aid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/venezuela-uniformados-lloraron-frontera-ayuda-humanitaria-cnne/|title=Venezolanos le imploran a uniformados que abran la frontera|date=2019-02-23|website=[[CNN]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Venezuelan National Police on the bridge then retreated further into Venezuelan territory as the aid caravan approached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/pnb-ciudadana-puente-francisco-de-paula-23feb/|title=Momento en que la PNB retrocede ante la avalancha de venezolanos en el puente Francisco de Paula Santander #23Feb (VIDEO)|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> As trucks crossed the bridge, Venezuelan authorities fired tear gas upon the protesters and some trucks burst into flames; eyewitness accounts attribute the source of the fire to gas canisters fired by the Venezuelan personnel.<ref name="mh2402">{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article226723564.html|title=Venezuela border skirmishes continue as questions swirl around torched aid bus|last=Wyss|first=Jim|date=24 February 2019|work=Miami Herald|access-date=26 February 2019|last2=Chang|first2=Daniel|quote=Eyewitnesses to the event said the trucks were stopped just over the Venezuelan border and then faced a barrage of teargas. One man ... said he saw one of the gas canisters ignite the tarp stretched over the aid. As the opposition retreated, the truck burst into flames. Three other eyewitnesses provided similar versions.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-tres-camiones-con-ayuda-humanitaria-fueron-incendiados-con-bombas-lacrimogenas-por-funcionarios-del-regimen/|title=EN FOTOS: Tres camiones con ayuda humanitaria fueron incendiados con bombas lacrimógenas por funcionarios del régimen|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23|quote=Three trucks carrying humanitarian aid were set ablaze by falling tear gas bombs that were thrown by officials of the Maduro regime on the Francisco de Paula de Santander border bridge}}</ref> Journalist Karla Salcedo Flores denounced state-run [[Telesur (TV channel)|Telesur]] for plagiarism and the manipulation of her photos for propaganda purposes after the network claimed protesters burned the supply vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/25/periodista-denuncia-plagio-de-sus-fotos-para-tergiversar-quema-de-camiones-en-la-frontera/|title=Periodista denuncia plagio de sus fotos para tergiversar quema de camiones en la frontera|last=|first=|date=2019-02-25|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref>Grayzone reported on February 24 that guarimbero set on fire the aid truck.<ref></ref> [[The New York Times]] reported on March 10 that, based on a newly obtained, unpublished footage of the incident, the fire was in fact started by a homemade bomb thrown by one of the anti-government protesters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Footage Contradicts U.S. Claim That Maduro Burned Aid Convoy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/world/americas/venezuela-aid-fire-video.html |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref> Aid volunteers formed a human chain and removed humanitarian packages from the burning trucks to prevent their destruction,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-con-las-manos-desnudas-y-valentia-venezolanos-intentan-salvar-la-ayuda-de-las-llamas/|title=EN FOTOS: Con las manos desnudas y valentía, venezolanos intentan salvar la ayuda de las llamas|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> with a good portion of the supplies being saved and returned to Colombia.<ref name="Incindieron">{{cite news|url=https://www.clarin.com/mundo/incendiaron-camiones-llevaban-ayuda-humanitaria-venezuela_0_J0Fl0lFDi.html|title=Incendiaron tres camiones que llevaban ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela|date=23 February 2019|work=Clarin|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref> Later in the day, protesters began to attack Venezuelan authorities with molotov cocktails and stones.<ref name="AidDevolves2">{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/on-the-venezuela-border-aid-push-devolves-into-bloodshed-chaos/|title=On the Venezuela border, aid push devolves into bloodshed, chaos|author=Wyss, Jim|first=|date=23 February 2019|work=Seattle Times|accessdate=24 February 2019|publisher=Miami Herald|quote=As the day went on, the crowds in Colombia grew more belligerent, hauling rocks and Molotov cocktails to the front line to battle pro-government gangs, called 'Colecitvos,' and the military.}}</ref>
On the Francisco de Paula de Santander Bridge, Venezuelan National Police wept while being confronted by Venezuelans begging for the entrance of international aid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/video/venezuela-uniformados-lloraron-frontera-ayuda-humanitaria-cnne/|title=Venezolanos le imploran a uniformados que abran la frontera|date=2019-02-23|website=[[CNN]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> Venezuelan National Police on the bridge then retreated further into Venezuelan territory as the aid caravan approached.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/pnb-ciudadana-puente-francisco-de-paula-23feb/|title=Momento en que la PNB retrocede ante la avalancha de venezolanos en el puente Francisco de Paula Santander #23Feb (VIDEO)|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> As trucks crossed the bridge, Venezuelan authorities fired tear gas upon the protesters and some trucks burst into flames; eyewitness accounts attribute the source of the fire to gas canisters fired by the Venezuelan personnel.<ref name="mh2402">{{cite news|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article226723564.html|title=Venezuela border skirmishes continue as questions swirl around torched aid bus|last=Wyss|first=Jim|date=24 February 2019|work=Miami Herald|access-date=26 February 2019|last2=Chang|first2=Daniel|quote=Eyewitnesses to the event said the trucks were stopped just over the Venezuelan border and then faced a barrage of teargas. One man ... said he saw one of the gas canisters ignite the tarp stretched over the aid. As the opposition retreated, the truck burst into flames. Three other eyewitnesses provided similar versions.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-tres-camiones-con-ayuda-humanitaria-fueron-incendiados-con-bombas-lacrimogenas-por-funcionarios-del-regimen/|title=EN FOTOS: Tres camiones con ayuda humanitaria fueron incendiados con bombas lacrimógenas por funcionarios del régimen|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23|quote=Three trucks carrying humanitarian aid were set ablaze by falling tear gas bombs that were thrown by officials of the Maduro regime on the Francisco de Paula de Santander border bridge}}</ref> Journalist Karla Salcedo Flores denounced state-run [[Telesur (TV channel)|Telesur]] for plagiarism and the manipulation of her photos for propaganda purposes after the network claimed protesters burned the supply vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/25/periodista-denuncia-plagio-de-sus-fotos-para-tergiversar-quema-de-camiones-en-la-frontera/|title=Periodista denuncia plagio de sus fotos para tergiversar quema de camiones en la frontera|last=|first=|date=2019-02-25|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-26}}</ref> The Grayzone reported on February 24 that guarimbero set on fire the aid truck.<ref>https://thegrayzone.com/2019/02/24/burning-aid-colombia-venezuela-bridge/</ref> [[The New York Times]] reported on March 10 that, based on a newly obtained, unpublished footage of the incident, the fire was in fact started by a homemade bomb thrown by one of the anti-government protesters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Footage Contradicts U.S. Claim That Maduro Burned Aid Convoy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/10/world/americas/venezuela-aid-fire-video.html |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=10 March 2019}}</ref> Aid volunteers formed a human chain and removed humanitarian packages from the burning trucks to prevent their destruction,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/23/en-fotos-con-las-manos-desnudas-y-valentia-venezolanos-intentan-salvar-la-ayuda-de-las-llamas/|title=EN FOTOS: Con las manos desnudas y valentía, venezolanos intentan salvar la ayuda de las llamas|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=[[La Patilla]]|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}</ref> with a good portion of the supplies being saved and returned to Colombia.<ref name="Incindieron">{{cite news|url=https://www.clarin.com/mundo/incendiaron-camiones-llevaban-ayuda-humanitaria-venezuela_0_J0Fl0lFDi.html|title=Incendiaron tres camiones que llevaban ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela|date=23 February 2019|work=Clarin|accessdate=24 February 2019|lang=es}}</ref> Later in the day, protesters began to attack Venezuelan authorities with molotov cocktails and stones.<ref name="AidDevolves2">{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/on-the-venezuela-border-aid-push-devolves-into-bloodshed-chaos/|title=On the Venezuela border, aid push devolves into bloodshed, chaos|author=Wyss, Jim|first=|date=23 February 2019|work=Seattle Times|accessdate=24 February 2019|publisher=Miami Herald|quote=As the day went on, the crowds in Colombia grew more belligerent, hauling rocks and Molotov cocktails to the front line to battle pro-government gangs, called 'Colecitvos,' and the military.}}</ref>


While addressing the UN Security Council days later, the Venezuelan Foreign Minister [[Jorge Arreaza]] claimed that the trucks carrying humanitarian supplies were also allegedly "loaded with nails and wire", showing what he described as photos of seized cargo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/452507-venezuela-aid-nails-wires/|title=‘Aid trucks’ carry nails & wire for barricades, Venezuelan FM says, showing photos|date=26 February 2019|work=RT}}</ref> Before his speech, the United States and a number of other nations staged a walkout, boycotting the minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-others-boycott-venezuela-speech-at-un-disarmament-conference/4806421.html|title=US, Others Boycott Venezuela Speech at UN Disarmament Conference|author=Lisa Schlein|date=27 February 2019|work=Voice of America}}</ref>
While addressing the UN Security Council days later, the Venezuelan Foreign Minister [[Jorge Arreaza]] claimed that the trucks carrying humanitarian supplies were also allegedly "loaded with nails and wire", showing what he described as photos of seized cargo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rt.com/news/452507-venezuela-aid-nails-wires/|title=‘Aid trucks’ carry nails & wire for barricades, Venezuelan FM says, showing photos|date=26 February 2019|work=RT}}</ref> Before his speech, the United States and a number of other nations staged a walkout, boycotting the minister.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-others-boycott-venezuela-speech-at-un-disarmament-conference/4806421.html|title=US, Others Boycott Venezuela Speech at UN Disarmament Conference|author=Lisa Schlein|date=27 February 2019|work=Voice of America}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:39, 10 March 2019

2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela
Part of the crisis in Venezuela and 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis
Top to bottom, left to right:
Blocking of Tienditas Bridge ordered by Maduro to prevent the entry of aid. Aid for Venezuela sent by the United States to Colombia. USAID observing the blockade of the Tienditas Bridge.
Date11 February 2019 (2019-02-11) – present
(5 years, 8 months and 28 days)
Location
Venezuela
StatusIn progress
Parties
Crisis in Venezuela
Causes
Effects
Events
Elections
Protests
Timeline
Armed violence
flag Venezuela portal

During the presidential crisis between the Venezuelan governments of Nicolás Maduro and Juan Guaidó, a coalition of Colombia, Brazil, the United States and the Netherlands attempted to bring essential goods to the most critical points of extreme need of the Venezuelan population.[1] The three main bases used for the operation are: the Colombian city of Cúcuta,[2] the Brazilian state of Roraima,[3] (specifically Boa Vista and Pacaraima),[4] and the island of Curaçao, of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[5]

Maduro has denied the existence of a humanitarian crisis in the country, claiming that the problems in Venezuela are due to the economic sanctions against the state-run oil company PDVSA.[unbalanced opinion?][6]

On 11 February 2019, Guaidó and Miguel Pizarro made partial delivery of the first shipment of humanitarian aid to the Association of Health Centers (ASSOVEC).[7][8][9] A joint operation from all coalition countries by land and sea attempted to deliver humanitarian aid to Venezuela on 23 February 2019.[10][11][12][13]

Background

Further information: Shortages in Venezuela

Shortages in Venezuela have occurred since the presidency of Hugo Chávez, with the country experiencing a scarcity rate of 24.7% in January 2008.[14] The scarcity rate decreased in the country until 2012, when shortages became commonplace in the country.[15] Since Maduro attained the presidency in 2013, he has denied that there was a humanitarian crisis in the country and refused international aid, making conditions in Venezuela worse.[16][17][18] Instead, Maduro blamed the shortages on an economic war being waged by foreign adversaries, such as the United States.[19]

The National Assembly of Venezuela, with an opposition majority, declared a "humanitarian health crisis" on 24 January 2016, in view of "the serious shortage of medicines, medical supplies and deterioration of the humanitarian infrastructure", demanding from the government of Nicolás Maduro "guarantee immediately access to the list of essential medicines that are basic, indispensable and imprescindible and must be accessible at all times".[20]

In an September 2017 Al Jazeera interview with president of the Constituent Assembly Delcy Rodríguez, she stated, "I have denied and continue denying that Venezuela has a humanitarian crisis". As a result, international intervention in Venezuela would not be justified. She also described statements by Venezuelans calling for international assistance as "treasonous".[21]

On 18 October 2018, the United States sent the USNS Comfort hospital ship to South America to assist those affected by the Venezuelan migration crisis.[22] The main goal was to relieve health systems in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Honduras which faced the arrival of thousands of Venezuelan migrants.[23][24][25][26][27][28] 3 months later on 29 January 2019, the United States announced its intention to open a humanitarian corridor in Venezuela.[29]

In a February 2019 BBC News interview with corespondent Orla Guerin, President Maduro has stated that "Venezuela is not a country of famine. It has very high levels of nutrients and access to food". He also claimed that the United States was intending to create a humanitarian crisis in order to justify a military intervention there.[30] Joint studies shared that same month by ENCOVI, a group of researchers from Andrés Bello Catholic University, Central University of Venezuela and Simón Bolívar University, showed that in Venezuelan households, multidimensional poverty affected 51%, 80% suffered from food insecurity and 90% did not have an income to purchase any food.[31]

Creation of the coalition

On 2 February 2019, Juan Guaidó, the interim President proclaimed by the opposition, announced the existence of a "humanitarian aid coalition" that comes from Colombia, Brazil and a Caribbean island.[32]

On 5 February 2019 the foreign ministers of the United States, Brazil and Colombia met in the White House, in which Secretary of State Mike Pompeo and National Security Advisor John R. Bolton were also present to discuss the issue of possible humanitarian aid. In their official message they showed that the opposition government of Guaidó was willing to support them in the land entry to Venezuela.[33]

Guaidó called the operation a test of the military: "In a few weeks they will have to choose if they let much needed aid into the country, or if they side with Nicolas Maduro."[34] Guaidó also warned that the Maduro administration had plans to "steal the products for humanitarian purposes that entered the country".[35] This included plans to distribute these products through the government's food distribution program CLAP[35]—a program from which, according to the 2017 Venezuelan Attorney General and Mexican prosecutors, Maduro personally profits.[a]

VoluntariosXVenezuela

In mid-February, Guaidó reported that a web page called www.voluntariosxvenezuela.com had been set up for the registration of any person who wanted to volunteer to enter the humanitarian aid planned for 23 February. Days later, in the act of swearing in of thousands of volunteers present in the parking lot of the headquarters of the newspaper El Nacional, Guaidó indicated that in "a few hours" some 600,000 Venezuelans had already registered; in addition, several guilds among them belonging to the transport and health sectors, demonstrated at the event to show their support for the movement.[39][40]

Between 12 and 13 February, users of state-run internet provider CANTV that tried to access the website were victims of phishing schemes. This manipulation was denounced as a technique to identify dissidents to the government.[41][42][43][44] Following the phishing incident, the official site was completely blocked for CANTV users on 16 February.[45]

Humanitarian aid

2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela is located in Venezuela
Cúcuta
Colombia Cúcuta
Pacaraima
Brazil Pacaraima
Curaçao
Kingdom of the Netherlands Curaçao
class=notpageimage|
Location of the proposed entry points for humanitarian aid.
The U.S. President Donald Trump delivers remarks to the Venezuelan American community at the Florida International University Ocean Bank Convocation Center Monday, in Miami, Florida.
Vice President of the United States Mike Pence speaks to reporters in front of U.S. aid shipments and Venezuelan migrants in Bogota, Colombia

On 5 February, the government of Nicolás Maduro deployed police officers at all land borders, and in response to this decision, the United States threatened to send military personnel to Colombia and Brazil to protect those in charge of delivering the aid.[46] Shortly after the announcement that international humanitarian aid would enter via the Colombia–Venezuela border, PSUV politician and former elite policeman Freddy Bernal appeared at the border with members of the armed forces and the FAES.[47] On 6 February, humanitarian aid from the United States arrived in Colombia, which will be distributed once inside Venezuela.[48] That same day, Brazilian Foreign Minister Ernesto Araújo hinted that the base of operations of humanitarian aid in Brazil would be Pacaraima.[49] In parallel, the government of Nicolás Maduro blocked the Tienditas International Bridge with cargo containers, already closed since its completion in 2016,[50] which connects Cúcuta and the Venezuelan municipality of Ureña.[51]

On February 7 at 2:43 pm (7:43 pm EDT) the Colombian government transported cargoes to Cúcuta, on the border with Venezuela, a group of Venezuelan refugees received them with support signs with the phrase "Ayuda humanitaria ya" ("Humanitarian aid now").[52]

On 8 February 2019, under case file SC-2017-003, the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile announced the authorization for the entry of an international military coalition to secure the entry and protection of humanitarian aid to Venezuela.[53]

Leaders of Pemon groups stated on 9 February that they would not abide by Maduro's orders and would allow aid into Venezuela through its border with Brazil.[54] Mayor Emilio Gonzalez of Gran Sabana stated that "Neither the National Guard not the government can stop this" while another Pemon leader Angel Paez stated "If humanitarian aid arrives and is prevented from entering, we will suspend the entry of government trucks too".[54]

During an 11 February BBC interview, Maduro said, "[t]he Ku Klux Klan that governs the White House today wants to seize Venezuela" and that "Venezuela is not a country of famine. It has very high levels of nutrients and access to food."[55]

On 13 February, Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez claimed that humanitarian aid provided by the United States was considered "carcinogenic" and part of a plot to kill Venezuelan citizens.[56] She also claimed that "this so-called food from the United States aims to poison our population with chemicals" and described it as "biological weapons".[56] USAID administrator Mark Green described the allegations as "absurd".[57] Venezuelan deputy and medic José Manuel Olivares dismissed her claims, clarifying that "the aid has quality control and sanitary registry of Colombia, Brazil and the United States."[58] Delcy's remarks were also dismissed by the United States, saying that the Maduro government "would go to any length to lie and deny reality".[59]

Former Amazonas governor Liborio Guarulla announced on 14 February that the humanitarian aid started entering in the Amazonas state through the Guainía, Atabapo and Orinoco rivers with help of NGO's, the Colombian government and indigenous organizations.[60]

Humanitarian campsites were installed in at least ten states across Venezuela by 17 February; the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence detained seven people that were installing the awnings, chairs and sound equipment of the humanitarian campsite in Maracay.[61] Maduro's government closed airways and its maritime borders with the Dutch Caribbean islands of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao on 19 February, in a move that Curacao officials say is to prevent aid from entering.[62]

A plane of the Brazilian Air Force carrying humanitarian aid to Venezuelans traveled to Boa Vista on 20 February, capital of the border state of Roraima providing 23 tons of powdered milk and 500 first-aid kits.[63] Brazil has pledged to make humanitarian aid available at the town of Pacaraima on the its side of the Brazil–Venezuela border so Venezuelans can drive it into their country.[64]

British businessman and philanthropist Richard Branson produced a charity concert called Venezuela Aid Live on 22 February to raise funds for humanitarian aid and raise awareness of the crisis in Venezuela.[65] The Maduro government responded by saying it would hold a rival concert called "Hands off Venezuela" on the Simón Bolívar International Bridge on 22 February.[66]

Incidents

Pemon confrontations

On 22 February, in the Gran Sabana Municipality, the Venezuelan National Guard attempted to block the entry of humanitarian aid and was confronted by the indigenous Pemon community of Kumarakapay. As a result of the confrontation, fifteen Pemon were injured and two were killed.[67][68] Deputy Américo de Grazia, denounced the lack of medicine and ambulances to transport the wounded.[69] Those injured were transported into Brazil for treatment due to the shortage of medical goods in Venezuela.[70]

23 February confrontations

The Venezuelan Almirante Brión, a Mariscal Sucre-class frigate, deployed to prevent the 23 February entry of aid from Puerto Rico.

Template:Venezuela Colombia military defections By the end of the day, a preliminary report by the Organization of American States (OAS) reported more than 285 injured, and former governor Andrés Velásquez reported as many as 14 deaths in the clashes.[71] Reuters said that no aid destined for Venezuelan was able to enter the country.[72] While violence was unfolding on Venezuela's borders, Maduro danced salsa with his wife at a rally, which the CNN reporter mentioned was attended by public employees whose jobs depend on Maduro.[73]

Brazilian border

Colectivos and the Venezuelan National Guard killed at least four and injured twenty-four more during border conflicts in Santa Elena de Uairén in the early day.[74][75] A Venezuelan army post near Santa Elena de Uairén was attacked with molotov cocktails and stones.[76] Aid trucks destined to travel from Brazil into Venezuela did not enter Venezuela and returned to their departure points.[76] The Brazilian Army reported that Venezuelan authorities fired live ammunition at those attempting to accept aid[76] and that tear gas from Venezuela was fired into the Brazilian border city of Pacaraima.[77] By the end of the conflict, Romel Guzamana, a representative of the indigenous community in Gran Sabana, stated that at least 25 Pemon were killed in what NTN24 described as a "massacre" by Venezuelan troops.[78]

Colombian border

Thousands accompany a caravan of aid trucks towards the Colombia–Venezuela border.[79] Guaidó headed a caravan of 300 people, briefly appearing on the lead truck as it left Cúcuta for Venezuelan territory.[80] Maduro announces the severing of diplomatic relations with Colombia.[81] Pro-Maduro paramilitaries fired upon demonstrators demanding aid in San Antonio del Táchira.[82] According to opposition official Gaby Arellano, of the five trucks that attempted to enter Venezuela from Colombia, two were burned, two were stolen by Maduro loyalists and one returned to Colombia.[83] Both Colombia and Venezuela closed their joint border, leaving many Venezuelans trapped in Colombia and seeking shelter in make-shift camps.[84]

On the Francisco de Paula de Santander Bridge, Venezuelan National Police wept while being confronted by Venezuelans begging for the entrance of international aid.[85] Venezuelan National Police on the bridge then retreated further into Venezuelan territory as the aid caravan approached.[86] As trucks crossed the bridge, Venezuelan authorities fired tear gas upon the protesters and some trucks burst into flames; eyewitness accounts attribute the source of the fire to gas canisters fired by the Venezuelan personnel.[87][88] Journalist Karla Salcedo Flores denounced state-run Telesur for plagiarism and the manipulation of her photos for propaganda purposes after the network claimed protesters burned the supply vehicles.[89] The Grayzone reported on February 24 that guarimbero set on fire the aid truck.[90] The New York Times reported on March 10 that, based on a newly obtained, unpublished footage of the incident, the fire was in fact started by a homemade bomb thrown by one of the anti-government protesters.[91] Aid volunteers formed a human chain and removed humanitarian packages from the burning trucks to prevent their destruction,[92] with a good portion of the supplies being saved and returned to Colombia.[93] Later in the day, protesters began to attack Venezuelan authorities with molotov cocktails and stones.[94]

While addressing the UN Security Council days later, the Venezuelan Foreign Minister Jorge Arreaza claimed that the trucks carrying humanitarian supplies were also allegedly "loaded with nails and wire", showing what he described as photos of seized cargo.[95] Before his speech, the United States and a number of other nations staged a walkout, boycotting the minister.[96]

Puerto Rican shipment

A Vanuatuan[further explanation needed] ship departed from Puerto Rico to deliver humanitarian aid via the port at Puerto Cabello, Venezuela.[97] Six vessels of the Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela, including the Mariscal Sucre-class frigate Almirante Brion and patrol boats, were deployed to prevent the entry of the aid shipment.[98] The ship, carrying civilians, returned to Puerto Rico after the Venezuelan Navy threatened to "open fire" on it.[97] Governor of Puerto Rico Ricardo Rosselló, who ordered the return of the ship, stated that the act by the Venezuelan Navy was "unacceptable and shameful" and that Puerto Rico "notified our partners in the U.S. government about this serious incident".[72]

Reactions

Nations

The US pledged $20 million,[99] and Canada pledged $53 million Canadian dollars in humanitarian aid, saying most of it would go to Venezuela's neighbors and trusted partners.[100] Germany,[101] Sweden,[102] Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Puerto Rico, and the European Commission also pledged aid.[103] At the Conference on Humanitarian Assistance in Support of Venezuela hosted by the OAS in Washington, D.C., John Bolton announced that 25 countries pledged US$100 million for humanitarian aid to be delivered to Venezuela via centers in Curacao, Colombia and Brazil.[104]

In support

  •  Argentina: The Argentine government highlighted the creation of a "help unit" to face the humanitarian crisis in Venezuela, this unit will serve as a bridge between donations from the country to the collection centers located on the border with Venezuela.[105]
  •  Canada: The Canadian government announced that it will provide US$39 million of humanitarian aid in Venezuela during a meeting of the Lima Group in early February 2019.[106]
  •  Chile: Undersecretary of Interior of the Chilean government, Rodrigo Ubilla, reported on the preparation of 17 tons of food and medicine to Venezuela; said shipment would be sent directly to Venezuela once it is allowed to enter the country.[107]
  •  Germany: The German government destined €5 million for humanitarian aid in Venezuela, to deliver it "as soon as the political circumstances permit".[108]
  •  Italy: The Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Enzo Moavero Milanesi, agreed to send two million euros for humanitarian aid in Venezuela.[109]
  •  Japan: Foreign Minister of Japan Tarō Kōno condemned the Maduro government for violently repressing the attempted entrance of aid and stated that Japan supports the shipment of international aid to Venezuelans in need.[110]
  •  Spain: The government of Spain, through the Office of Humanitarian Action of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), indicated that it would allocate €2 million in humanitarian aid for Venezuela by the year 2019.[111]
  •  Sweden: The Swedish government destined 53 million Swedish krona (about US$7 million) for the humanitarian aid requested by Guaidó.[112]
  •  Taiwan: The government of Taiwan destined 500 thousand dollars for the humanitarian aid to Venezuela and the chancellor Joseph Wu declared that "Venezuela needs democracy and an immediate economic stability".[113]
  •  United Kingdom: The government of the United Kingdom indicated that it will initially allocate £6.5 million in emergency assistance packages that will supply children's nutrients, vaccines and clean water for the most vulnerable communities affected by the crisis in Venezuela.[114]
  •  United States: The United States government, through is Agency for International Development (USAID) sent several shipments of food and medicine to Cúcuta, hoping it can enter Venezuela as soon as possible.[115] In turn, Puerto Rico sent 2.5 tons of food and medicines to the collection center located in Cúcuta.[116]

Against

  •  Bolivia: President Evo Morales described the humanitarian aid shipments as a “Trojan horse” and a pretext for military intervention.[117]
  •  China: Spokesman for China's Foreign Ministry said that humanitarian aid should not be forced into Venezuela, which can cause violence and clashes.[118] Following the clashes over humanitarian aid shipments, China said it hoped that the international community can provide “constructive” help to Venezuela under the precondition of respecting the country’s sovereignty.[119]
  •  Cuba: The Cuban government called humanitarian aid "an attack on the sovereignty of the region".[120]
  •  Russia: The Russian Foreign Ministry indicated that the humanitarian aid was only a "cover" for a US military intervention.[121] On March 1, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov told Venezuelan Vice President Delcy Rodríguez that Russia will continue assist the Venezuelan authorities in resolving social and economic problems, including through the provision of legitimate humanitarian aid. It was also considering to send “mass supplies” of wheat to Venezuela, claiming those shipments will help normalize the humanitarian situation in the country.[122]

Organizations

See also

Notes

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2019 shipping of humanitarian aid to Venezuela.
  1. ^ Luisa Ortega Díaz, Chief Prosecutor of Venezuela from 2007 to 2017, revealed that Maduro profited from the food crisis. CLAP made contracts with Group Grand Limited, a Mexican entity owned by Maduro through frontmen. Group Grand Limited would sell foodstuffs to CLAP and receive government funds.[36][37][38]

References

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  107. ^ "Chile prepara envío de 17 toneladas de ayuda humanitaria para Venezuela" [Chile prepares 17 tons of humanitarian aid for Venezuela]. T13 (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  108. ^ Carballo, Betzimar (4 February 2019). "Alemania otorgará 5 millones de euros en ayuda humanitaria para Venezuela" [Germany will grant 5 million euros in humanitarian aid for Venezuela]. Caraota Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  109. ^ "Italia destina dos millones de euros en ayuda humanitaria para Venezuela" [Italy destines two million euros in humanitarian aid for Venezuela]. Punto de Corte (in Spanish). 14 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  110. ^ "Kono condemns Maduro govt. for blocking aid". NHK. 26 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  111. ^ "España destinará al menos 2 millones en ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela en 2019" [Spain will allocate at least 2 million in humanitarian aid to Venezuela in 2019]. El Diario (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  112. ^ "Sweden sending aid to Venezuela as political crisis deepens". Radio Sweden. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  113. ^ "Taiwán donará 500 mil dólares para ayuda humanitaria en Venezuela" [Taiwan will donate 500 thousand dollars for humanitarian aid in Venezuela]. NTN24 (in Spanish). 14 February 2019. Retrieved 25 February 2019.
  114. ^ "UK aid to provide life-saving assistance for Venezuelans". Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  115. ^ "Venezuela: Estados Unidos manda segunda fase de ayuda humanitaria a Cúcuta" [Venezuela: United States sends second phase of humanitarian aid to Cúcuta] (in Spanish). CNN en Español. 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  116. ^ "Ayuda humanitaria de Puerto Rico llega a frontera de Venezuela con Colombia" [Humanitarian aid from Puerto Rico reaches the border of Venezuela with Colombia]. El Universal (in Spanish). 16 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  117. ^ "Humanitarian aid for Venezuela is 'Trojan horse to provoke war' – Bolivian President Morales". RT. 22 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  118. ^ "China says humanitarian aid should not be forced into Venezuela". Reuters. 22 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  119. ^ "China says hopes world provides 'constructive' help to Venezuela". Reuters. 25 February 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  120. ^ "Cuba califica el despliegue de ayuda humanitaria en Venezuela de "pretexto" para una intervención militar" [Cuba describes the deployment of humanitarian aid in Venezuela as a "pretext" for a military intervention]. RT en Español (in Spanish). 3 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  121. ^ "Rusia denuncia que Estados Unidos prepara un violento cambio de régimen en Venezuela" [Russia denounces that the United States prepares a violent regime change in Venezuela]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 7 February 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
  122. ^ "Russia vows more support for Venezuelan 'friend' President Nicolas Maduro, will also send more humanitarian aid". South China Morning Post. 1 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  123. ^ "OHCHR: Venezuela: Dire living conditions worsening by the day, UN human rights experts warn". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  124. ^ "La ONU pide que la ayuda humanitaria llegue a venezolanos que la necesitan" [The UN calls for humanitarian aid to reach Venezuelans who need it]. El Comercio (in Spanish). 6 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  125. ^ "Unión Europea: "Ayuda humanitaria a Venezuela no debe ser politizada"" [European Union: "Humanitarian aid to Venezuela should not be politicized"]. Publimetro (in Spanish). 7 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  126. ^ "Cruz Roja venezolana, dispuesta a distribuir ayuda humanitaria" [Venezuelan Red Cross, ready to distribute humanitarian aid]. El Tiempo (in Spanish). 5 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  127. ^ "Declaración conjunta del Movimiento Internacional de la Cruz Roja y Media Luna Roja en Colombia" [Joint Declaration of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in Colombia] (in Spanish). International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.
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