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The '''October 2020 Polish protests''' began in Poland on 22 October 2020 against the rulings of the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]], consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party [[Law and Justice]] (PiS), which tightened the law on [[abortion in Poland]] by making it illegal in almost all cases, including severe and irreversible [[disability]] or incurable and life-threatening [[disease]] of the [[fetus|foetus]] allowing it to be properly [[baptism|baptised]] and [[burial|buried]] according to Catholic rites.<ref name="TK_22Oct2020_ruling" /><ref name="Sejm_Law7Jan1993" /> A wave of mass protests opposing the ruling commenced on the afternoon of the same day.<ref>{{cite news|title =Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54642108|date = 23 October 2020 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> It is the biggest protest in the country since the [[History of Poland (1945–1989)|fall of communism]] in 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tilles|first=Daniel|date=2020-10-29|title=Polish prosecutors seek charges against organisers of abortion protests for endangering public|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/10/29/polish-prosecutors-seeks-charges-against-organisers-of-abortion-protests-for-endangering-public/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Notes From Poland|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Magdziarz|first=Anatol|last2=Santora|first2=Marc|date=2020-10-30|title=Women Converge on Warsaw, Heightening Poland’s Largest Protests in Decades|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/world/europe/poland-abortion-women-protests.html|access-date=2020-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
The '''October 2020 Polish protests''' began in Poland on 22 October 2020 against the rulings of the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]], consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party [[Law and Justice]] (PiS), which tightened the law on [[abortion in Poland]] by making it illegal in almost all cases, including severe and irreversible [[disability]] or incurable and life-threatening [[disease]] of the [[unborn child]] allowing it to be properly [[baptism|baptised]] and [[burial|buried]] according to Catholic rites.<ref name="TK_22Oct2020_ruling" /><ref name="Sejm_Law7Jan1993" /> A wave of mass protests opposing the ruling commenced on the afternoon of the same day.<ref>{{cite news|title =Poland abortion: Top court bans almost all terminations|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54642108|date = 23 October 2020 |website=bbc.com}}</ref> It is the biggest protest in the country since the [[History of Poland (1945–1989)|fall of communism]] in 1989.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Tilles|first=Daniel|date=2020-10-29|title=Polish prosecutors seek charges against organisers of abortion protests for endangering public|url=https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/10/29/polish-prosecutors-seeks-charges-against-organisers-of-abortion-protests-for-endangering-public/|access-date=2020-10-30|website=Notes From Poland|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Magdziarz|first=Anatol|last2=Santora|first2=Marc|date=2020-10-30|title=Women Converge on Warsaw, Heightening Poland’s Largest Protests in Decades|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/world/europe/poland-abortion-women-protests.html|access-date=2020-10-30|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>


The protests opposed the [[Separation of church and state|mixing]] of the [[Catholic Church in Poland|Catholic Church]] and state in Poland, and opposed the [[separation of powers|judiciary, executive and legislative powers]] held by [[Law and Justice|PiS]].<ref name="OKOpress_afraid_to_live" />
The protests opposed the [[Separation of church and state|mixing]] of the [[Catholic Church in Poland|Catholic Church]] and state in Poland, and opposed the [[separation of powers|judiciary, executive and legislative powers]] held by [[Law and Justice|PiS]].<ref name="OKOpress_afraid_to_live" />
Line 170: Line 170:
The legal validity of the [[Constitutional court|Constitutional Tribunal]], consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party [[Law and Justice]] (PiS) in the context of the [[2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis]], was controversial in Poland. The tribunal was described in February 2020 by former Constitutional Tribunal judges, including former Constitutional Tribunal presidents [[Andrzej Rzepliński]], {{ill|Marek Safjan|pl}}, {{ill|Jerzy Stępień|pl}}, {{ill|Bogdan Zdziennicki|pl}} and [[Andrzej Zoll]], as having "virtually been abolished".<ref name="TK_virtually_abolished" />.
The legal validity of the [[Constitutional court|Constitutional Tribunal]], consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party [[Law and Justice]] (PiS) in the context of the [[2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis]], was controversial in Poland. The tribunal was described in February 2020 by former Constitutional Tribunal judges, including former Constitutional Tribunal presidents [[Andrzej Rzepliński]], {{ill|Marek Safjan|pl}}, {{ill|Jerzy Stępień|pl}}, {{ill|Bogdan Zdziennicki|pl}} and [[Andrzej Zoll]], as having "virtually been abolished".<ref name="TK_virtually_abolished" />.


This decision indicated the influence of [[Catholic views on abortion]] on the court. The ruling did not affect the other two cases of the existing law, meaning that pregnancy can still be aborted if it is (1) the result of a crime ([[rape]] or incest), or (2) when the [[Maternal health|woman's life]] or [[health]] is at risk.<ref name="AI_2018_PL_abortion_law" /> In practice, the provision that was ruled unconstitutional represented the overwhelming majority of the 1,000 to 2,000 abortions legally done in Poland each year.<ref name="eclj0"/> In 2019, 1074 of the 1110 official abortions were, according to the Polish [[Ministry of Health (Poland)|Ministry of Health]], due to the deformed foetus case; 271 cases among these were for [[Down's syndrome]] without other anomalies; 60 cases were for [[Patau syndrome]] or [[Edward's syndrome]] without other anomalies.<ref name="PulsMedyczny_97percent" />
This decision indicated the influence of [[Catholic views on abortion]] on the court. The ruling did not affect the other two cases of the existing law, meaning that pregnancy can still be aborted if it is (1) the result of a crime ([[rape]] or incest), or (2) when the [[Maternal health|woman's life]] or [[health]] is at risk.<ref name="AI_2018_PL_abortion_law" /> In practice, the provision that was ruled unconstitutional represented the overwhelming majority of the 1,000 to 2,000 abortions legally done in Poland each year.<ref name="eclj0"/> In 2019, 1074 of the 1110 official abortions were, according to the Polish [[Ministry of Health (Poland)|Ministry of Health]], due to the terminally ill unborn children case; 271 cases among these were for [[Down's syndrome]] without other anomalies; 60 cases were for [[Patau syndrome]] or [[Edward's syndrome]] without other anomalies.<ref name="PulsMedyczny_97percent" />


==Aims==
==Aims==

Revision as of 13:50, 31 October 2020

For other uses, see 2020 Polish protests.
October 2020 Polish protests
Women's Strike
(Template:Lang-pl)
Part of Polish Constitutional Court crisis
Protests in (clockwise starting with top): Łódź, Bielsko-Biała, Warsaw, Kraków, and Wrocław.
Date22 October 2020 – present
(4 years and 3 weeks)
Location
 Poland
Caused byThe Constitutional Court's decision restricting abortion law
Goals
MethodsDemonstrations, marches, dance street protests, street blockades, strike, riot,
StatusOngoing
Parties
Lead figures

The October 2020 Polish protests began in Poland on 22 October 2020 against the rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal, consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party Law and Justice (PiS), which tightened the law on abortion in Poland by making it illegal in almost all cases, including severe and irreversible disability or incurable and life-threatening disease of the unborn child allowing it to be properly baptised and buried according to Catholic rites.[31][32] A wave of mass protests opposing the ruling commenced on the afternoon of the same day.[33] It is the biggest protest in the country since the fall of communism in 1989.[34][35]

The protests opposed the mixing of the Catholic Church and state in Poland, and opposed the judiciary, executive and legislative powers held by PiS.[36]

Constitutional Tribunal ruling

Main articles: Abortion in Poland and 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis

In 2016, after the Law and Justice party (PiS) and its coalition parties gained a majority in the 2015 Polish parliamentary election, a citizen initiative was launched by anti-abortion movements such as Stop Aborcji to tighten restrictions on abortions, collecting 830,000 signatures, forcing the Polish Parliament to discuss it. As the bill advanced further in parliamentary discussions, All-Poland Women's Strike launched a protest movement branded "Black Protest" that attracted international coverage. After a few days, the PiS government let the bill die in committee.[37] The anti-abortion groups started opposing the constitutionality of the existing abortion law.[37] Following the 2019 election, 119 members of the newly-elected Sejm coming from the PiS, Confederation and Polish Coalition parliamentary groups, submitted a referral[38] to the Constitutional Tribunal on whether or not abortions of pregnancies unrelated to rape or not threatening the mother's life, are constitutional. This comes from the Law of 7 January 1993 on Family Planning.[32]

The signatories argued that this provision violates Constitutional protections of human dignity (article 30), the right to life (article 39) or the prohibition against discrimination (article 32).[37] During the year, the Constitutional Tribunal heard or received arguments and legal interventions on the question.[citation needed]

22 October 2020 ruling

In a quasi-unanimous decision (11–2)[39] announced on 22 October 2020 and published on the next day, the Constitutional Tribunal made of fifteen judges, ruled unconstitutional[40] the provision of the 1993 Act permitting abortion when the unborn child is predicted to have a "disability or incurable illness".[31][39] The ruling found it violated the Constitutional protection of human dignity.[39]

The legal validity of the Constitutional Tribunal, consisting mainly of judges appointed by the ruling party Law and Justice (PiS) in the context of the 2015 Polish Constitutional Court crisis, was controversial in Poland. The tribunal was described in February 2020 by former Constitutional Tribunal judges, including former Constitutional Tribunal presidents Andrzej Rzepliński, Marek Safjan [pl], Jerzy Stępień [pl], Bogdan Zdziennicki [pl] and Andrzej Zoll, as having "virtually been abolished".[41].

This decision indicated the influence of Catholic views on abortion on the court. The ruling did not affect the other two cases of the existing law, meaning that pregnancy can still be aborted if it is (1) the result of a crime (rape or incest), or (2) when the woman's life or health is at risk.[42] In practice, the provision that was ruled unconstitutional represented the overwhelming majority of the 1,000 to 2,000 abortions legally done in Poland each year.[37] In 2019, 1074 of the 1110 official abortions were, according to the Polish Ministry of Health, due to the terminally ill unborn children case; 271 cases among these were for Down's syndrome without other anomalies; 60 cases were for Patau syndrome or Edward's syndrome without other anomalies.[43]

Aims

Protestors in Gdańsk, 24 October 2020, calling to "abort" the Polish government.

The initial aims of the protests were an expression of anger against the Constitutional Tribunal ruling and the defence of women's rights. These extended to a broader range of goals over the following days.[44] On 27 October, All-Poland Women's Strike (OSK), summarised the aims from banners, slogans and protestors' discussions, stating that the aims of the protests included a return to the rule of law:[45]

Protests

Blocked Grunwald Bridge in Wrocław, October 26

Street protests began on 22 October 2020 following the ruling and continued throughout the weekend. Street protests took place in 60 Polish towns on the night of 23 October, and again on 24 October, in the town centres, in front of PiS offices, and in front of the offices of religious administrations.[36]Also in front of the houses of right-wing politicians Kaja Godek and Krystyna Pawłowicz.[46]

On 25 October, protesters staged sit-ins in Catholic churchesand held banners and started littering, disrupting Sunday Mass in several cities, including Katowice and Poznań[47] and churches across the country were vandalized.[48].

On 26 October, far-left protestors in 150 Polish towns and cities participated.[49][50]

On 27 October 2020, All-Poland Women's Strike presented a list of demands (fixing the situations of the Constitutional Tribunal, the Supreme Court and the Ombudsman, amending the budget – with more funds for health protection and assistance for entrepreneurs, full women's rights – legal abortion, sex education, contraception, stopping the financing of the Catholic Church from the state budget, the end of religious instruction in schools and the resignation of the government) and announced the creation of a Consultative Council – to be modelled on the Belarusian Coordination Council – a platform for dialogue to resolve the sociopolitical situation in Poland.[51]

Road blockade in Kraków, 26th October

On 28 October 2020, there was a nationwide women's strike under the slogan "I'm not going to work" (Template:Lang-pl). Many workplaces and offices allowed their employees to take part in the protest. Some foreign-funded universities, publications, and companies, such as Newsweek Poland,[52] Gazeta.pl,[53] Gazeta Wyborcza,[54] NaTemat.pl,[55] and mBank,[56] also took part in the protest. Far-right and nationalist militias violently removed protestors from some churches.[57][58][59] Approximately 430,000 people participated in 410 protests across the country, according to the Chief Commander of Police Jarosław Szymczyk.[60]

On 30 October, 100,000 people participated in a mass protest in Warsaw.[61] Zoliborz, a neighbourhood where Jarosław Kaczyński lives, was blocked by the police who did not let the protest reach his house.[62]

International protests

International demonstrations against the ruling were organised in Amsterdam, Athens, Belgrade, Berlin, Bochum, Bristol, Budapest, Chicago, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Göteborg, Hamburg, Helsinki, Kyiv, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, London, Luxembourg, Malmö, Manchester, Mexico City, Munich, Nicosia, Nottingham, Paris, Porto, Prague, Reykjavík, Sheffield, Sydney, Stockholm, Tartu, Tel Aviv and Vienna.[63][49]

Tactics

One of the major tactics used by protestors was to use a wide variety of slogans using socially offensive language. The slogans from the first week of protests were deliberately vulgar, with protestors justifying the the vulgarity as a response to the government and Catholic Church's lack of respect for women. The slogans were collected and classified into categories. The classification by Piotr Pacewicz [pl] of OKO.press included women's rights – "My body is not a coffin" (Template:Lang-pl), with five sub-categories; political institutions – "The government is not a pregnancy, it can be removed" (Template:Lang-pl), with four sub-categories; Jarosław Kaczyński – "Jarek, you shit your pants, get up" (Template:Lang-pl"; - "The cat can stay, the government get the fuck off" (cat of Jarosław Kaczyński) with two sub-categories; the Catholic Church – "Fuck yourself in your own organs" (Template:Lang-pl), with two sub-categories; PiS – "Fuck PiS" ((Template:Lang-pl); and humorous mixing of politeness with vulgarity – "Could you please fuck off" (Template:Lang-pl).[64]

Government response

The national public prosecutor Bogdan Święczkowski stated that the protest organizers may face charges of "causing danger to the life and health of many people by causing an epidemiological threat”.[34] Education minister Przemysław Czarnek also threatened to cut the funding of universities which supported the protests.[65]

After taking part in protests and holding signs reading "The Jews also fuck PiS" (Template:Lang-pl), two team members of the Polish Institute in Tel Aviv were offered to resign by ambassador Marek Magierowski.[66]

Jarosław Kaczyński statement

Jarosław Kaczyński, who is considered Poland's de facto leader[67] (formally he holds the posts of Deputy Prime Minister and president of PiS), issued on 27 October a several-minute statement. In the statement he called for the "defence of the churches, Poland and patriotism", stated that "the authorities have the full right to oppose these protests" and called "all PiS members and our supporters" to "defend [the churches] at all costs" (Template:Lang-pl).[68] Kaczyński's speech was compared to Wojciech Jaruzelski's address declaring martial law in 1981. Many commentators and journalists interpreted the speech as a call for civil war and a declaration of war on society, based on Kaczyński's expression "at all costs".[69][70][71]

President Andrzej Duda

In an interview with Polsat News Andrzej Duda stated that he understands the women who protest and said that while he is opposed to "eugenic abortion" he thinks that work has to be done regarding situations in which fetal defects are lethal and that in this regard the right to choose should remain.[72] He further stated that the physical defence of churches should be the role of the police and not counter-demonstrators.[73]

Parliamentary response

The coalition partner of PiS, the Agreement party, published a statement calling for introducing precise legal provisions concerning the protection of unborn children with Down syndrome and the mother's right to make decisions in "very rare cases of incurable lethal defects" in an unborn child.[74]

Relations with the Catholic Church

Protest in Toruń, 24 Oct 2020, with a banner stating "Fuck the clergy" (Template:Lang-pl).

The protests included slogans with widespread use of the vulgar words "fuck" (Template:Lang-pl) and "fuck off" (Template:Lang-pl) opposing the Catholic Church, holding up banners in churches, and painting of graffiti on church and cathedral walls throughout Poland. The New York Times described the protests as breaking a "longstanding taboo against challenging the [Catholic] church".[75]

During the October protests, enquiries regarding the procedure for apostasy (deregistering from the Polish Catholic Church), which requires a personal visit to a parish priest[76][77][78] increased in popularity. Web search engine queries showed high frequencies for "apostasy" (Template:Lang-pl) and "how to apostatize" (Template:Lang-pl), and a Facebook event titled "Quit the church at [Christmas]" was followed by 10,000 people.[79]

Repression and consequences

Amnesty International stated on 29 October that protestors had "faced excessive use of force by police officers, and [had] been arbitrarily detained without access to lawyers" during the protests.[80]

The authorities announced several consequences both for the protesters and their organizers:

  • Minister of Education and Science Przemysław Czarnek announced the withdrawal of funds from fifteen universities in which "rector hours" (day-off) were announced for their students so that they could take part in the protests.[81]
  • National Prosecutor and First Deputy of Public Prosecutor General Bogdan Święczkowski the "right hand" of Zbigniew Ziobro prepared guidelines for regional prosecutor's offices with instructions on prosecuting participants and organizers of abortion protests. Demonstration participants may face up to 8 years in prison.[82][83][84]
  • National Broadcasting Council (KRRiT) urged private media network TVN24 to stop using the wording "Trybunał Konstytucyjny Julii Przyłębskiej" (The Constitutional Tribunal of Julia Przyłębska) because of the alleged "harassment" of a judge of the tribunal.[85] The Constitutional Tribunal ruling was given by Julia Przyłębska, president of the tribunal. She is a close friend of Jarosław Kaczyński.[86]
  • Adam Bodnar, the acting Polish Ombudsman, and TOK FM stated that there were censorship attempts and silencing of students supporting the protests, and possible disciplinary proceedings at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.[87][88]

Security forces

Police forces securing the road blockade in Kraków, 26th October

On 23 October, the prime minister Mateusz Morawiecki issued an order for the Military Gendarmerie to help the civilian police in the "protection of safety and public order" starting from 28 October 2020 (a nationwide women's strike was scheduled for that day[89]). The cited justification for the order was the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland.[90] TVN24 commented that the order had to do with the protests. The Polish Ministry of Defence stated on Twitter that the Military Gendarmerie's policing role was "standard" and unrelated to the abortion rights protests.[91]

On 30 October, the Military Gendarmerie was deployed to protect government buildings and churches in Warsaw, including the Three Crosses Square, the palace of the Bishop of Warsaw, and the Holy Cross Church.[citation needed][92]

Public opinion

Support for the ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal (28 Oct 2020, Kantar Public[93]

  Not support the ruling (73%)
  Support the ruling (13%)
  Don't know (14%)
  • A February 2019 Ipsos poll in Poland found that 53% of Poles (57% of women, 49% of men) support the right to abortion on-demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy, 35% are opposed (35% of women, 35% of men) and 7% (9% of women, 16% of men) had no opinion.[94]
  • An April 2019 Kantar poll in Poland found 58% of Poles supported the right to abortion on-demand up to the 12th week of pregnancy, 35% opposed and 7% had no opinion.[95]
  • A poll from 28 October 2020 found that 22% of Poles supported abortion on-demand, 62% only in certain cases and 11% thought it should be completely illegal.[96]
  • On 28 October 2020, four polls were published in which respondents were asked about their support or opposition to the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal:
  • Kantar poll: 73% of responders did not support the ruling, 13% supported the ruling and 14% had no opinion.[93] In this same poll, 54% of voters supported the protests, 43% were against, 4% had no opinion.
  • IBRiS poll: 66% did not support the ruling, 25% supported it and 9% had no opinion. In this same poll, people were also asked about a possible referendum, with the result that 69% believed that a referendum should be held in Poland on the admissibility and conditions of allowing abortion, 24% were against and 7% had no opinion.[97]
  • SW Research poll: 71% of responders did not support the ruling, 13% supported the ruling and 16% had no opinion.[98]
  • Pollster poll: 64% of responders support the protests, 33% is against and 3% have no opinion on that.[99]

See also

References

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