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Formula One (F1) is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.^[1] The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and vehicles must conform.^[2] The F1 World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets.^[3] The results of each race are combined to determine two annual Championships, one for drivers and one for constructors.^[4]

Safety standards have improved since the first World Championship Grand Prix at Silverstone in 1950, where there was no medical back-up or safety measures in case of an accident.^[5] It was not until the 1960s these were first introduced, as helmets and overalls became mandatory and the FIA assumed responsibility for safety at the circuits.^[5] Steps were taken to improve the safety of the Formula One car in the 1970s; the cockpit opening was enlarged allowing the driver to escape more quickly in the event of an accident and outside mirrors became mandatory.^[6] The 1980s saw further improvement in the structure of the Formula One car, with the monocoque being made out of carbon fibre instead of aluminium, increasing protection upon impact.^[7] Following the death of Ayrton Senna in 1994, a number of measures were introduced in an attempt to slow the cars down, including bodywork aerodynamic limitations, a pit lane speed limit and temporary circuit modifications such as extra chicanes. Grooved tyres were introduced in 1998 instead of racing slick tyres to reduce cornering speed.^[8] Safety measures continued to be introduced into the 21st century, with a number of circuits having their configuration changed to improve driver safety.^[9]

This list includes drivers who have died during a FIA World Championship event (including practice, qualifying and the race), and those who have died while driving modern or vintage Formula One cars outside the World Championship. Track marshals and other race attendees who have died as a result of these accidents are not included in the list. Fifty-two drivers have died from incidents that occurred at a FIA World Championship event or while driving a Formula One car at another event, with Cameron Earl being the first in 1952. Thirty-two of the drivers died from incidents during Grand Prix race weekends which formed part of the World Championship, seven during test sessions and twelve during non-championship Formula One events. The Indianapolis Motor Speedway has seen the most fatalities; seven drivers have died there during the time that the Indianapolis 500 formed part of the world championship. Fifteen drivers died in the 1950s; fourteen in the 1960s; twelve in the 1970s; four in the 1980s and two in the 1990s. Following the deaths of Roland Ratzenberger and Ayrton Senna at Imola on consecutive days in 1994, no driver died during world championship events for more than 20 years until Jules Bianchi's death in 2015, from injuries sustained during the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix.^[10] Three drivers died in the intervening years while driving former Formula One cars (two from the 1960s, one from the 1990s) in vintage racing and other events not associated with World Championship Grands Prix.^[11]^[12]^[13] Two Formula One Champions have died while racing or practising in Formula One, Jochen Rindt in 1970, and Senna in 1994. Rindt is the only driver to have won the championship posthumously.^[14]

Driver Fatalities

World Championship Event

Fatalities whilst competing in a World Championship Grand Prix weekend.


Driver	Date of accident	Event	Circuit	Car	Session	Ref(s).
Chet Miller (USA)	May 15, 1953	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kurtis Kraft	Practice	^[16]
Onofre Marimón (ARG)	July 31, 1954	German Grand Prix	Nürburgring	Maserati 250F	Practice	^[16]
Manny Ayulo (USA)^{[note 2]}	May 16, 1955	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kurtis Kraft	Practice	^[16]
Bill Vukovich (USA)	May 30, 1955	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kurtis Kraft	Race	^[16]
Keith Andrews (USA)	May 15, 1957	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kurtis Kraft	Practice	^[16]
Pat O'Connor (USA)	May 30, 1958	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kurtis Kraft	Race	^[16]
Luigi Musso (ITA)	July 6, 1958	French Grand Prix	Circuit de Reims-Gueux	Ferrari 246 F1	Race	^[16]
Peter Collins (UK)	August 3, 1958	German Grand Prix	Nürburgring	Ferrari 246 F1	Race	^[18]
Stuart Lewis-Evans (UK)^{[note 3]}	October 19, 1958	Moroccan Grand Prix	Circuit d'Ain-Diab	Vanwall	Race	^[16]
Jerry Unser Jr. (USA)^{[note 4]}	May 2, 1959	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Kuzma	Practice	^[16]
Bob Cortner (USA)	May 19, 1959	Indianapolis 500^{[note 1]}	Indianapolis Motor Speedway	Cornis	Practice	^[16]
Chris Bristow (UK)	June 19, 1960	Belgian Grand Prix^{[note 5]}	Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps	Cooper T51	Race	^[16]
Alan Stacey (UK)	June 19, 1960	Belgian Grand Prix^{[note 5]}	Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps	Lotus 18	Race	^[16]
Wolfgang von Trips (GER)^{[note 6]}	September 10, 1961	Italian Grand Prix	Autodromo Nazionale di Monza	Ferrari 156 F1	Race	^[20]
Carel Godin de Beaufort (NED)^{[note 7]}	August 1, 1964	German Grand Prix	Nürburgring	Porsche 718	Practice	^[16]
John Taylor (UK)^{[note 8]}	August 7, 1966	German Grand Prix	Nürburgring	Brabham BT11	Race	^[22]
Lorenzo Bandini (ITA)^{[note 9]}	May 7, 1967	Monaco Grand Prix	Circuit de Monaco	Ferrari 312	Race	^[23]
Jo Schlesser (FRA)	July 7, 1968	French Grand Prix	Circuit de Rouen-les-Essarts	Honda RA302	Race	^[24]
Gerhard Mitter (GER)	August 1, 1969	German Grand Prix	Nürburgring	BMW 269	Practice	^[16]
Piers Courage (UK)	June 21, 1970	Dutch Grand Prix	Circuit Park Zandvoort	De Tomaso 505/38	Race	^[25]
Jochen Rindt (AUT)	September 5, 1970	Italian Grand Prix	Autodromo Nazionale di Monza	Lotus 72	Qualifying	^[14]
Roger Williamson (UK)	July 29, 1973	Dutch Grand Prix	Circuit Park Zandvoort	March 731	Race	^[16]
François Cevert (FRA)	October 6, 1973	United States Grand Prix	Watkins Glen International	Tyrrell 006	Qualifying	^[26]
Peter Revson (USA)	March 22, 1974	South African Grand Prix	Kyalami Racing Circuit	Shadow DN3	Test	^[27]
Helmuth Koinigg (AUT)	October 6, 1974	United States Grand Prix	Watkins Glen International	Surtees TS16	Race	^[28]
Mark Donohue (USA)^{[note 10]}	August 17, 1975	Austrian Grand Prix	Österreichring	March 751	Practice	^[16]
Tom Pryce (UK)^{[note 11]}	March 5, 1977	South African Grand Prix	Kyalami Racing Circuit	Shadow DN8	Race	^[30]
Ronnie Peterson (SWE)^{[note 12]}	September 10, 1978	Italian Grand Prix	Autodromo Nazionale di Monza	Lotus 78	Race	^[32]
Gilles Villeneuve (CAN)	May 8, 1982	Belgian Grand Prix	Circuit Zolder	Ferrari 126C	Qualifying	^[33]
Riccardo Paletti (ITA)	June 13, 1982	Canadian Grand Prix	Circuit Gilles Villeneuve	Osella FA1C	Race	^[16]
Roland Ratzenberger (AUT)	April 30, 1994	San Marino Grand Prix	Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari	Simtek S941	Qualifying	^[34]
Ayrton Senna (BRA)	May 1, 1994	San Marino Grand Prix	Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari	Williams FW16	Race	^[34]
Jules Bianchi (FRA)^{[note 13]}	October 5, 2014	Japanese Grand Prix	Suzuka International Racing Course	Marussia MR03	Race	^[10]

Test Events

Fatalities at test events involving cars competing in that year's World Championship.


Driver	Date of accident	Event	Circuit	Car	Ref(s).
Cameron Earl (UK)	June 18, 1952	Test‡	MIRA	ERA	^[35]
Eugenio Castellotti (ITA)	March 14, 1957	Test‡	Autodromo di Modena	Ferrari 801	^[36]
Giulio Cabianca (ITA)^{[note 14]}	June 15, 1961	Test‡	Autodromo di Modena	Cooper T51	^[37]
Bob Anderson (UK)	August 14, 1967	Test‡	Silverstone Circuit	Brabham BT11	^[38]
Patrick Depailler (FRA)	August 1, 1980	Test‡	Hockenheimring	Alfa Romeo 179	^[39]
Elio de Angelis (ITA)^{[note 15]}	May 14, 1986	Test‡	Circuit Paul Ricard	Brabham BT55	^[41]
Maria de Villota (SPA)	July 3, 2012	Test	Duxford Aerodrome	Marussia MR01

Non-Championship Events

Including contemporary cars at non-Championship Grand Prixes, and historic races with cars from previous seasons.


Driver	Date of accident	Event	Circuit	Car	Session	Ref(s).
Charles de Tornaco (BEL)	September 18, 1953	Modena Grand Prix^†	Autodromo di Modena	Ferrari Tipo 500	Practice	^[42]
Mario Alborghetti (ITA)	April 11, 1955	Pau Grand Prix^†	Circuit de Pau-Ville	Maserati 4CLT	Race	^[43]
Harry Schell (USA)	May 13, 1960	BRDC International Trophy^†	Silverstone Circuit	Cooper T51	Practice	^[16]
Shane Summers (UK)	June 1, 1961	Silver City Trophy^†	Brands Hatch	Cooper	Practice	^[44]
Ricardo Rodríguez (MEX)	November 1, 1962	Mexican Grand Prix^†	Autódromo Magdalena Mixiuhca	Lotus 24	Practice	^[45]
Gary Hocking (FRN)	December 21, 1962	Natal Grand Prix^†	Westmead Circuit	Lotus 24	Practice	^[16]
Martin Brain (UK)	May 25, 1970	Nottingham Sports Car Club meeting^†	Silverstone Circuit	Cooper T86B	Race	^[46]^[47]
Jo Siffert (SUI)	October 24, 1971	World Championship Victory Race^†	Brands Hatch	BRM P160	Race	^[48]
Brian McGuire (AUS)^{[note 16]}	August 29, 1977	Shellsport International Series Round 11^†	Brands Hatch	McGuire BM1	Practice	^[49]
John Dawson-Damer (UK)^{[note 17]}	June 24, 2000	Goodwood Festival of Speed^†	Goodwood Hillclimb	Lotus 63	Run	^[11]
Fritz Glatz (AUT)	July 14, 2002	Czech Superprix^†	Autodrom Most	Footwork FA17	Race	^[12]^[51]
Denis Welch (UK)	July 27, 2014	Jack Brabham Memorial Trophy^†	Silverstone Circuit	Lotus 18	Race	^[13]
David Ferrer (FRA)^{[note 18]}	September 2, 2017	Historic Grand Prix^†	Circuit Park Zandvoort	March 701	Race	^[52]

By nationality

Fatalities by nationality
Nationality	Total	First	Last
United Kingdom	14	1952	2014
United States	10	1953	1975
Italy	7	1955	1986
France	5	1968	2017
Austria	4	1970	2002
Germany	2	1961	1969
Argentina	1	1954
Australia		1977
Belgium		1953
Brazil		1994
Canada		1982
Mexico		1962
Netherlands		1964
Rhodesia and Nyasaland		1962
Sweden		1978
Switzerland		1971

By circuit

Fatalities by circuit
Circuit	Total	First	Last
Indianapolis Motor Speedway	7	1953	1959
Nürburgring	5	1954	1969
Silverstone Circuit	4	1960	2014
Autodromo di Modena	3	1953	1961
Brands Hatch		1961	1977
Autodromo Nazionale di Monza		1961	1978
Circuit Park Zandvoort		1970	2017
Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps	2	1960
Watkins Glen International		1973	1974
Kyalami Racing Circuit		1974	1977
Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari		1994
MIRA	1	1952
Circuit de Pau-Ville		1955
Circuit de Reims-Gueux		1958
Circuit d'Ain-Diab		1958
Autódromo Magdalena Mixiuhca		1962
Westmead Circuit		1962
Circuit de Monaco		1967
Circuit de Rouen-les-Essarts		1968
Österreichring		1975
Hockenheimring		1980
Circuit Zolder		1982
Circuit Gilles Villeneuve		1982
Circuit Paul Ricard		1986
Goodwood Hillclimb		2000
Autodrom Most		2002
Suzuka International Racing Course		2014

Non-Driver Fatalities

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers' Championship.^[15]
^ Ayulo died on May 17, 1955, the day after his accident.^[17]
^ Lewis-Evans died of burns on October 25, 1958, six days after his accident.^[16]
^ Unser Jr. died of burns on May 17, 1959, fifteen days after his accident.^[16]
^ Bristow and Stacey died in separate accidents.^[16]
^ Having collided with Jim Clark, von Trips's car shot up the bank lining the track, hit a wire fence and struck several people gathered behind it while spinning in the air. Von Trips, who was ejected from the car, and fifteen spectators died.^[19]
^ Godin de Beaufort died on August 2, 1964, the day after his accident.^[21]
^ Taylor died of fifty per cent burns on September 8, 1966, thirty-two days after his accident.^[22]
^ Bandini died on May 10, 1967, three days after his accident.^[23]
^ After a tire had blown out, Donohue careened through a number of catch fences and billboards, a support post of which may have struck his helmet. He and Manfred Schaller, a track marshal who had been hit by debris, died on August 19, 1975, two days after the accident.^[29]
^ Pryce and Frederick Jansen van Vuuren, a teenage volunteer safety marshal, were killed after colliding at high speed when Jansen van Vuuren was crossing the track to put out a fire.^[30]
^ Peterson died in hospital on September 11, 1978, the day after his accident, as a result of fat embolism.^[31]
^ Bianchi remained comatose in hospital until he succumbed to his injuries on July 17, 2015, more than nine months after his accident.^[10]
^ Unable to slow down his car because of technical failure, Cabianca drove through an open gate onto an adjoining public road where he hit several vehicles. Cabianca was killed along with three other people.^[37]
^ De Angelis died on May 15, 1986, the day after his accident.^[40]
^ Experiencing a mechanical failure on his car, McGuire lost control and crashed into a marshals' post. He was killed along with track marshal John Thorpe.^[49]
^ Dawson-Damer crashed into a wooden gantry at the finish line, also killing Andrew Carpenter, a marshal, and seriously wounding another. The 59-year-old driver may have suffered a fatal heart attack before losing control of his car.^[50]
^ Ferrer died on September 7, 2017, five days after his accident.^[52]

References

^ "About FIA". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2008.
^ Williamson, Martin. "A brief history of Formula One". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
^ Hughes, Mark; Tremayne, David (2002). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula 1. Parragon. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-75258-766-8.
^ "2020 Formula One Sporting Regulations" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). April 7, 2020. pp. 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "The fifties and sixties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
^ "The seventies". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
^ "The eighties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
^ "The nineties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
^ "The 21st century". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c DiZinno, Tony (July 17, 2015). "Jules Bianchi dies at age 25, his family confirms". NBC Sports. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Savill, Richard (June 26, 2000). "Brother of Earl dies in Goodwood hill climb". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Grave incident mars Czech Superprix". Motorsport.com. July 16, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Historic racer Denis Welch dies in Silverstone Classic accident". Autosport. July 28, 2014. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Benson, Andrew (March 13, 2012). "Formula 1's greatest drivers. Number 20: Jochen Rindt". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016.
^ "F1: A brief history of the US Grand Prix". F1.com. November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018 – via Racing News.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Williamson, Martin. "Deaths in Formula One". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ "Crash injuries fatal to Indianapolis racer". The Pittsburgh Press. United Press. May 17, 1955. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^ "Silverstone '58 – Hawthorn & Collins' all-English affair". Formula1.com. July 6, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.
^ Collantine, Keith (September 10, 2011). "50 years ago today: F1's worst tragedy at Monza". RaceFans. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015.
^ Williams, Richard (September 5, 2011). "When motor racing really was a matter of life and death". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013.
^ Diepraam, Mattijs (May 24, 2000). "The last knight of Grand Prix racing". 8W. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016 – via Forix.com/8w.
^ ^a ^b "John Taylor". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Lorenzo Bandini". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016.
^ "Schlesser dies in experimental Honda at Rouen". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018.
^ Edworthy, Sarah (July 19, 2003). "Piers Courage lived life to the full and was tipped for GP greatness". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012.
^ "François Cevert". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015.
^ "Peter Revson". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016.
^ Katz, Michael (October 7, 1974). "Driver is killed as Fittipaldi wins title at Watkins Glen". The New York Times. p. 45. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.
^ "Donohue dies after surgery". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. August 20, 1975. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Plaque to commemorate F1 winner". BBC News Online. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012.
^ "Ronnie Peterson". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.
^ "F1's greatest drivers – 19 Ronnie Peterson". Autosport. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
^ Benson, Andrew (July 4, 2012). "Formula 1's greatest drivers. Number 12: Gilles Villeneuve". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016.
^ Benson, Andrew (April 21, 2004). "A death that shocked the world". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.
^ "Killed while testing racing car". The Times. London. June 19, 1952. p. 4.
^ Diepraam, Mattijs; Muelas, Felix (2001). "The dashing Milanese that stayed young forever". 8W. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012 – via Forix.com/8w.
^ ^a ^b "Four die in Italian race car crash". The Times. London. June 16, 1961. p. 13.
^ "Bob Anderson". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015.
^ "Patrick Depailler". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015.
^ "Racer dies of crash injuries". Boca Raton News. May 16, 1986.
^ "Elio de Angelis". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015.
^ "Charles de Tornaco". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015.
^ "XVI Grand Prix de Pau". Motor Sport. Vol. XXXI, no. 5. Teesdale Publishing. May 1955. pp. 264–265.
^ "Racing driver dies after crash". The Times. London. June 2, 1961. p. 23.
^ "Ricardo Rodríguez". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015.
^ "Racing car death". The Times. London. May 26, 1970. p. 2.
^ "Martin Brain". Motorsport Memorial. Retrieved December 14, 2011.
^ "Jo Siffert". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "News in brief: Brands Hatch crash kills 2". The Times. London. August 30, 1977. p. 1.
^ Harding, Thomas (June 27, 2000). "Driver 'died of heart attack before crash'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on February 14, 2018.
^ "Fritz Glatz". Grandprix.com. July 19, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.
^ ^a ^b Pye, Marcus; Benyon, Jack (September 7, 2017). "French driver David Ferrer dies after Zandvoort Historic GP crash". Autosport. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018.

External links

Template:Featured list is only for Wikipedia:Featured lists.

[Indy-16] From 1950 to 1960, the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers' Championship.^[15]

[19] Ayulo died on May 17, 1955, the day after his accident.^[17]

[21] Lewis-Evans died of burns on October 25, 1958, six days after his accident.^[16]

[22] Unser Jr. died of burns on May 17, 1959, fifteen days after his accident.^[16]

[23] Bristow and Stacey died in separate accidents.^[16]

[25] Having collided with Jim Clark, von Trips's car shot up the bank lining the track, hit a wire fence and struck several people gathered behind it while spinning in the air. Von Trips, who was ejected from the car, and fifteen spectators died.^[19]

[28] Godin de Beaufort died on August 2, 1964, the day after his accident.^[21]

[30] Taylor died of fifty per cent burns on September 8, 1966, thirty-two days after his accident.^[22]

[32] Bandini died on May 10, 1967, three days after his accident.^[23]

[39] After a tire had blown out, Donohue careened through a number of catch fences and billboards, a support post of which may have struck his helmet. He and Manfred Schaller, a track marshal who had been hit by debris, died on August 19, 1975, two days after the accident.^[29]

[41] Pryce and Frederick Jansen van Vuuren, a teenage volunteer safety marshal, were killed after colliding at high speed when Jansen van Vuuren was crossing the track to put out a fire.^[30]

[43] Peterson died in hospital on September 11, 1978, the day after his accident, as a result of fat embolism.^[31]

[47] Bianchi remained comatose in hospital until he succumbed to his injuries on July 17, 2015, more than nine months after his accident.^[10]

[51] Unable to slow down his car because of technical failure, Cabianca drove through an open gate onto an adjoining public road where he hit several vehicles. Cabianca was killed along with three other people.^[37]

[55] De Angelis died on May 15, 1986, the day after his accident.^[40]

[65] Experiencing a mechanical failure on his car, McGuire lost control and crashed into a marshals' post. He was killed along with track marshal John Thorpe.^[49]

[67] Dawson-Damer crashed into a wooden gantry at the finish line, also killing Andrew Carpenter, a marshal, and seriously wounding another. The 59-year-old driver may have suffered a fatal heart attack before losing control of his car.^[50]

[70] Ferrer died on September 7, 2017, five days after his accident.^[52]

[1] "About FIA". Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved October 31, 2008.

[2] Williamson, Martin. "A brief history of Formula One". ESPN. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2020.

[3] Hughes, Mark; Tremayne, David (2002). The Concise Encyclopedia of Formula 1. Parragon. pp. 82–83. ISBN 0-75258-766-8.

[4] "2020 Formula One Sporting Regulations" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). April 7, 2020. pp. 3–4. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.

[fifties-5] "The fifties and sixties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

[6] "The seventies". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

[7] "The eighties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

[8] "The nineties". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 28, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

[9] "The 21st century". Formula 1. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.

[Bianchi-10] DiZinno, Tony (July 17, 2015). "Jules Bianchi dies at age 25, his family confirms". NBC Sports. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015.

[Dawson-Damer-11] Savill, Richard (June 26, 2000). "Brother of Earl dies in Goodwood hill climb". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on March 14, 2016.

[Glatz-12] "Grave incident mars Czech Superprix". Motorsport.com. July 16, 2002. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.

[Welch-13] "Historic racer Denis Welch dies in Silverstone Classic accident". Autosport. July 28, 2014. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018.

[Rindt-14] Benson, Andrew (March 13, 2012). "Formula 1's greatest drivers. Number 20: Jochen Rindt". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016.

[15] "F1: A brief history of the US Grand Prix". F1.com. November 14, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018 – via Racing News.

[ESPN-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s Williamson, Martin. "Deaths in Formula One". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2016.

[18] "Crash injuries fatal to Indianapolis racer". The Pittsburgh Press. United Press. May 17, 1955. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.

[20] "Silverstone '58 – Hawthorn & Collins' all-English affair". Formula1.com. July 6, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013.

[24] Collantine, Keith (September 10, 2011). "50 years ago today: F1's worst tragedy at Monza". RaceFans. Archived from the original on October 27, 2015.

[26] Williams, Richard (September 5, 2011). "When motor racing really was a matter of life and death". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2013.

[27] Diepraam, Mattijs (May 24, 2000). "The last knight of Grand Prix racing". 8W. Archived from the original on March 7, 2016 – via Forix.com/8w.

[Taylor-29] "John Taylor". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015.

[Bandini-31] "Lorenzo Bandini". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on May 2, 2016.

[33] "Schlesser dies in experimental Honda at Rouen". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018.

[34] Edworthy, Sarah (July 19, 2003). "Piers Courage lived life to the full and was tipped for GP greatness". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on September 10, 2012.

[35] "François Cevert". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015.

[36] "Peter Revson". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016.

[37] Katz, Michael (October 7, 1974). "Driver is killed as Fittipaldi wins title at Watkins Glen". The New York Times. p. 45. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018.

[38] "Donohue dies after surgery". Eugene Register-Guard. Associated Press. August 20, 1975. Archived from the original on December 23, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2020.

[Pryce-40] "Plaque to commemorate F1 winner". BBC News Online. June 11, 2009. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012.

[42] "Ronnie Peterson". ESPN UK. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015.

[44] "F1's greatest drivers – 19 Ronnie Peterson". Autosport. Archived from the original on December 9, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.

[45] Benson, Andrew (July 4, 2012). "Formula 1's greatest drivers. Number 12: Gilles Villeneuve". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on August 26, 2016.

[46] Benson, Andrew (April 21, 2004). "A death that shocked the world". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on November 24, 2010.

[48] "Killed while testing racing car". The Times. London. June 19, 1952. p. 4.

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