Jump to content

Hotel Pennsylvania: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 40°44′59″N 73°59′26″W / 40.74972°N 73.99056°W / 40.74972; -73.99056
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
ref, tense
Rephrased intro to sound more natural
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
Line 26: Line 26:
| address = 401 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY
| address = 401 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY
}}
}}
The '''Hotel Pennsylvania''' was a [[hotel]] at 401 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] (15 Penn Plaza) in [[Manhattan]], across the street from [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]] and [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]]. Once the largest hotel in the world, it was also [[list of hotels in New York City|the fourth largest in New York City]] when it closed permanently on April 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vornado Might Not Reopen Hotel Pennsylvania, CEO Steven Roth Says |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/05/06/vornado-might-never-reopen-century-old-hotel-pennsylvania-ceo-says/ |work=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] | date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> It is currently being demolished and will be replaced by [[15 Penn Plaza]], a 68-story tower.
The '''Hotel Pennsylvania''' was a [[hotel]] at 401 [[Seventh Avenue (Manhattan)|Seventh Avenue]] (15 Penn Plaza) in [[Manhattan]], across the street from [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Pennsylvania Station]] and [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]]. Once the largest hotel in the world, it remained [[list of hotels in New York City|the fourth largest in New York City]] when it closed permanently on April 1, 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vornado Might Not Reopen Hotel Pennsylvania, CEO Steven Roth Says |url=https://therealdeal.com/2020/05/06/vornado-might-never-reopen-century-old-hotel-pennsylvania-ceo-says/ |work=[[The Real Deal (magazine)|The Real Deal]] | date=May 6, 2020}}</ref> After years of unsuccessful preservation battles, it is currently being demolished and will be replaced by [[15 Penn Plaza]], a 68-story tower.


== History ==
== History ==

Revision as of 04:56, 17 November 2022

40°44′59″N 73°59′26″W / 40.74972°N 73.99056°W / 40.74972; -73.99056

Hotel Pennsylvania
Map
General information
Address401 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY
OpeningJanuary 25, 1919
ClosedApril 1, 2020
OwnerVornado Realty Trust
Technical details
Floor count22
Design and construction
Architect(s)McKim, Mead & White
DeveloperPennsylvania Railroad
Other information
Number of rooms2,200 at opening,
1,704 at closing
Website
hotelpenn.com

The Hotel Pennsylvania was a hotel at 401 Seventh Avenue (15 Penn Plaza) in Manhattan, across the street from Pennsylvania Station and Madison Square Garden in New York City. Once the largest hotel in the world, it remained the fourth largest in New York City when it closed permanently on April 1, 2020.[1] After years of unsuccessful preservation battles, it is currently being demolished and will be replaced by 15 Penn Plaza, a 68-story tower.

History

Early years

Hotel Pennsylvania was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad and operated by Ellsworth Statler. It opened on January 25, 1919. Its 2,200 guest rooms and baths made it the largest hotel in the world, a title it would hold for nearly a decade.[2] It was designed by William Symmes Richardson, of the firm of McKim, Mead & White,[3] which had also designed the original Pennsylvania Station located across the street.[4] The lower Indiana Limestone facade of the hotel was intentionally designed to closely mirror the architecture of the station.

Middle years

Statler Hotels, which had managed the Pennsylvania since its construction, acquired the property outright from the Pennsylvania Railroad on June 30, 1948[5] and renamed it Hotel Statler on January 1, 1949. All 17 Statler hotels were sold to Conrad Hilton in 1954, and the hotel became The Statler Hilton in 1958.[6] It operated under this name until 1979, when Hilton sold the hotel to developer William Zeckendorf, Jr., for $24 million.[7] The hotel was renamed the New York Statler and was operated by Dunfey Hotels, a division of Aer Lingus. The hotel was sold again in August 1983, for $46 million, with a 50% interest bought by Abelco, an investment group consisting of developers Elie Hirschfeld, Abraham Hirschfeld, and Arthur G. Cohen, and the other 50% bought by the Penta Hotels chain, a joint-venture of British Airways, Lufthansa, and Swissair. The new owners renamed the hotel the New York Penta and undertook a massive renovation, with the hotel's 2200 rooms enlarged and refurbished into 1705 new guest rooms. [8] A grand reopening celebration for the Penta was held from December 7-10, 1985.[9] In 1991, Penta's partners acquired the chain's stake in the hotel and returned it to its original name, Hotel Pennsylvania.[10]

Final years and threats of demolition

In 1997, Vornado Realty Trust acquired the hotel in a joint venture with Ong Beng Seng, a Singaporean hotel developer and financier, for $159 million.[11] On September 25, 1997, Vornado and Ong's company announced a further joint venture with Planet Hollywood, to renovate the property and convert it into the first Official All Star Hotel.[12] The planned conversion did not happen. Instead, Vornado bought out Seng's 40% stake in the hotel in 1998, for $70 million, and then bought out Planet Hollywood's 20% stake in 1999, for $42 million.[11]

In the hotel's final years, the mezzanine levels above the lobby were operated as a separate business, the Penn Plaza Pavilion, a series of raw spaces used as function facilities. They were the site of numerous trade shows and conventions, including the annual Big Apple Comic Con.[13]

In 2007, Vornado announced that the hotel would be demolished to make way for 15 Penn Plaza, a new office building that would have Merrill Lynch as its anchor tenant.[14] Vornado intended to build a 2,500,000-square-foot (230,000 m2) building by 2011.[15][16]

In 2006, the Save Hotel Pennsylvania Foundation (now the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society[17]) was created. Shortly after the announcement of Vornado's plans, the staff of 2600: The Hacker Quarterly, a magazine that sponsored biennial HOPE hacker conventions at the hotel, began investigating possible ways to save the hotel from demolition.[18] They were joined by the new Save the Hotel Pennsylvania Foundation, whose members included a number of city organizations and politicians to aid in the landmarking of the hotel, including the Historic Districts Council, Manhattan Community Board 5, and Assemblyman Richard Gottfried.[19] In November 2007, Manhattan Community Board 5 voted 21-8 to have New York City Council landmark the historic hotel.[20] In February 2008, however, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission denied the request for landmarking.[21]

Preservation efforts proved difficult. Emmanuel Goldstein of 2600 noted that while people overseas expressed concern over the fate of the hotel:

New Yorkers might not care enough to get involved. The hotel was old; the rooms weren't as big and luxurious as other more modern facilities; and New Yorkers simply weren't in a position to grasp the importance of such a place since they normally don't need cheap and easily accessible hotels if they already live here.[22]

In May 2010, the hotel was again in danger of demolition.[23] Manhattan Borough president Scott Stringer gave a conditional approval[24][25] overruling Manhattan Community Board 5.[26] The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission reviewed the hotel's Cafe Rouge for landmark status[27] based on a request by the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society,[17] but on October 22, 2010, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission declined to designate the cafe as a landmark.[28]

On July 14, 2010, the New York City Department of City Planning voted unanimously in favor of the construction of the tower.[29] On August 23, 2010, the NYC Council voted to approve the proposed Uniform Land Use Review Procedure submitted by the building owners.[30][31] On December 14, 2011, Vornado announced a delay in the demolition of the hotel, due to market conditions.[32][33]

In March 2018, Vornado renewed special permits with the City Planning Commission to develop the proposed 15 Penn Plaza skyscraper on the Hotel Pennsylvania's site. In an April 2018 letter to investors, Roth mentioned the demolition and 15 Penn skyscraper plan as a continued option, but also described Vornado as being at "a tipping point" with regard to redeveloping the Pennsylvania into a "giant convention/entertainment hotel".[34]

In June 2019, Vornado unsuccessfully tried to lure Facebook to rent space in the proposed office building, with a new design done by Rafael Viñoly.[35][36][37]

In April 2021, Vornado again announced plans to demolish the hotel and replace it with a new skyscraper, now known as Penn15.[38][39] According to Roth, "the hotel math has deteriorated significantly over the last five years", and the benefits of continuing to operate the hotel were outweighed by the drawbacks of maintenance, taxes, and lack of demand.[40]

Demolition

In the fall of 2021, International Content Liquidations, Inc. (ICL) completed a liquidation of the contents of the hotel in preparation for demolition. Items for sale included chandeliers and lighting, guest room furniture, unused mattresses and linens, televisions, the entirety of the hotel’s fitness center and commercial kitchens, banquet tables and chairs, and the original, historic guest room doors known as Servidors.[41] Many historic elements of the hotel, including the large brass mailboxes throughout the lobby level, some guest room doors and the original 22-foot-tall fountain in the former Cafe Rouge, were salvaged and repurposed by Vornado, to be placed in a museum.

The demolition of the hotel began in January 2022.[42] On February 7, 2022, Hotel Pennsylvania caught fire while it was being demolished.[43][44]

Cafe Rouge

Main article: Cafe Rouge (Hotel Pennsylvania)

The Cafe Rouge was originally the main restaurant in the Hotel Pennsylvania. It served as a famous nightclub for many years. In the hotel's final years, it operated as a separate business from the hotel entirely, as a multi-purpose space. It was the only interior space in the hotel that escaped significant alteration over the years.

The Cafe Rouge measured 58 by 142 feet (18 by 43 m), with a ceiling height of 22 feet (6.7 m), with a main central level and two terraces on either side. The terraces were raised 18 inches (46 cm). The Café was designed with a distinctly Italian character. Both the wall base and door trim were made of terracotta, the walls were artificial limestone, and the ceiling was treated to give the effect of old wooden beamed ceilings. The ceiling was carefully studied in color to increase the apparent height of the room, and the beams of the ceiling had carvings of various designs. The east end of the Café had a large floor-to-ceiling fountain. The Café had large arched windows running along the exterior wall of the room. The arched window design was mimicked on the opposite wall. A bandstand was located on the central floor of the room on the exterior wall.[45]

Big band era

In the late 1930s and early 1940s, The Café Rouge had a big band remote connection to the NBC Red Network (after 1942, the NBC Radio Network) and became known for the performances held inside. Multiple artists played inside the Café – such as The Dorsey Brothers, Woody Herman, Count Basie, Duke Ellington, and The Andrews Sisters.

One evening in November 1939, while in the midst of a steady long-term engagement at the Cafe Rouge, bandleader Artie Shaw left the bandstand between sets and decided he had had enough of the band business and all the hype of having become, in a year and a half, the leader of the most popular big band in the country. Shaw essentially quit his own band on the spot, the act obliging The New York Times to comment in an editorial.

During 1940–1942, the Glenn Miller Orchestra also had repeated long-term bookings in the room during the three years of Miller's highest profile as a bandleader. Miller's orchestra broadcast from the Café; some were recorded by RCA Victor.[46][47] Shaw's principal orchestrator from 1937–39, Jerry Gray, was immediately hired by Miller as a staff arranger when Shaw deserted his band; it was during Miller's 1940 engagement at the hotel that Gray wrote the tune "Pennsylvania 6-5000" (with lyrics later added by Carl Sigman) that made use of the Hotel's telephone number, (212) 736-5000, the longest continuously used phone number in New York.[48] Les Brown's band, with its vocalist Doris Day, introduced their song "Sentimental Journey" at the Café in November 1944.

Later use

The Café Rouge was no longer considered a part of the Hotel Pennsylvania business in its later years, and had a separate address and entrance from the street at 145 West 32nd Street.

In 2007, for the Garden in Transit project, adhesive weatherproof paintings of flowers attached to NYC taxicabs were painted inside the Café.[49]

The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission reviewed the Café Rouge for landmarking status[50] on the basis of evaluation papers created by the Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society (formerly the Save Hotel Pennsylvania Foundation). On October 22, 2010 the Café was rejected as a candidate for landmarking,[50] most likely because the 15 Penn Plaza project was approved and the moderate, but not destructive alterations of the interior since its construction. The 15 Penn Plaza project, would have included the demolition of the Café.

Numerous events from the 2013 New York Fashion Week were held in the Cafe Rouge.[51]

In 2014, the Café Rouge was converted to an indoor basketball court known as Terminal 23,[52] to commemorate the launch of the Melo M10 by the Jordan Brand division of Nike.[53] It provided a facility for youth and high school players.

In its final years, the room operated as Station 32, a rental function/event space.[54]

Most of the original interior decor remained intact until the structure closed for demolition. The fountain and beamed ceiling and other architectural details remained, though the entire room, as well as the ceiling, had been painted over in white.

Notable events

  • On May 6 and 8, 1924, Harry Houdini debunked Joaquin María Argamasilla, a 19-year-old Spaniard who claimed he had X-ray vision.[55]
  • In December 1925, William Faulkner stayed at The Hotel Pennsylvania while writing one of his many novels. Later he would go on to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.[56]
  • In the 1920s, Galveston crime boss Johnny Jack Nounes threw a $40,000 party at the Hotel Pennsylvania. Among the guests were silent film stars Clara Bow and Nancy Carroll, who were said to have bathed in tubs of champagne.[57]
  • On November 17, 1935, Herbert Hoover spoke before the Ohio Society of New York at the Hotel Pennsylvania[58]
  • Benny Goodman's famous orchestra including Harry James, Ziggy Elman and Gene Krupa, broadcast from the hotel's Madhattan Room in 1937.[59]
  • In 1946, the American Russian Institute presented its first annual award to the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the Hotel Pennsylvania.[60]
  • On November 28, 1953, U.S. Army bacteriologist Frank Olson died after he crashed through a window on the 10th floor and fell over 150 feet (46 m) to the sidewalk below.[61] The U.S. government first described his death as a suicide, and then as misadventure, while others allege murder.[62] The Rockefeller Commission report on the CIA in 1975 acknowledged their having conducted covert drug studies on fellow agents. Olson's death is one of the most mysterious outcomes of the CIA mind control project MKUltra.
  • On April 22, 1959, Cuba's new revolutionary socialist prime minister, Fidel Castro, stayed at the then Statler Hilton.[63][64]
  • Gameel al-Batouti, first officer of EgyptAir Flight 990, stayed at the hotel and was known for being sexually promiscuous with many women there, which got the attention of the hotel staff. It is alleged that he was told that because of this behavior, he would soon be banned from flying to the United States anymore, leading to him crashing EgyptAir Flight 990 and killing himself as well as the other 216 people on board.
  • The Muppet character Statler of Statler and Waldorf was named after the hotel, when it was the Statler Hilton.[65]

In film

Gallery

  • Exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
    Exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
  • General view of the exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
    General view of the exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
  • The Foyer
    The Foyer
  • The Main Lobby
    The Main Lobby
  • Details of the Lobby Colonnade
    Details of the Lobby Colonnade
  • The Corridor of the Lobby
    The Corridor of the Lobby
  • Detail of The Main Lobby
    Detail of The Main Lobby
  • The Main Restaurant of Hotel Pennsylvania, The Cafe Rouge
    The Main Restaurant of Hotel Pennsylvania, The Cafe Rouge
  • View of the terrace in The Cafe Rouge
    View of the terrace in The Cafe Rouge
  • View of the east wall of The Cafe Rouge
    View of the east wall of The Cafe Rouge
  • View of the west wall of The Cafe Rouge
    View of the west wall of The Cafe Rouge
  • The fountain of The Cafe Rouge
    The fountain of The Cafe Rouge
  • Detail of The Cafe Rouge
    Detail of The Cafe Rouge
  • The Palm Room
    The Palm Room
  • Detail of the Palm Room
    Detail of the Palm Room
  • The Grand Ballroom
    The Grand Ballroom
  • Detail of the exterior colonnade
    Detail of the exterior colonnade
  • Detail of the exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
    Detail of the exterior of Hotel Pennsylvania
  • The Dining Room when the hotel opened, before becoming the Cafe Rouge
    The Dining Room when the hotel opened, before becoming the Cafe Rouge
  • Wall detail in the former cafe Rouge in 2012
    Wall detail in the former cafe Rouge in 2012
  • The fountain in the Cafe Rouge in 2012
    The fountain in the Cafe Rouge in 2012

See also

References

  1. ^ "Vornado Might Not Reopen Hotel Pennsylvania, CEO Steven Roth Says". The Real Deal. May 6, 2020.
  2. ^ "World's Biggest Hotel Opens Today" (PDF). The New York Times. January 25, 1919. p. 9.
  3. ^ Hilary Ballon; Norman McGrath (2002). New York's Pennsylvania Stations. Norton. pp. 91–. ISBN 978-0-393-73078-4.
  4. ^ Jonnes, Jill (2007). Conquering Gotham: A Gilded Age Epic : the Construction of Penn Station and Its Tunnels. Viking. pp. 167–. ISBN 978-0-670-03158-0.
  5. ^ "Hotel Pennsylvania". Historic Districts Council.
  6. ^ "Hilton Hotels, 1957 Annual Report". digitalcollections.lib.uh.edu.
  7. ^ "Hilton Hotels Corporation : Annual Report 1978" (PDF). Ir.hilton.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  8. ^ Goodman, George W. (September 23, 1984). "For City's Hotels, It's Spruce up Time". The New York Times.
  9. ^ "RootsWeb.com Home Page". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  10. ^ "RootsWeb.com Home Page". Freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  11. ^ a b "Metro Business; Vornado Buys Hotel". The New York Times. August 10, 1999.
  12. ^ Yasuda, Gene (September 26, 1997). "Hotel Is New Venture For Planet Hollywood". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  13. ^ Bitette, Nicole (March 11, 2017). "Stan Lee cancels Big Apple Comic Con appearance due to poor health". New York Daily News.
  14. ^ "New York Architecture Images- HOME". Nyc-architecture.com. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  15. ^ Colford, Paul D. (January 5, 2007). "Office tower dooms Hotel Pennsylvania". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on January 8, 2007.
  16. ^ Foster, Margaret (January 8, 2007). "Manhattan Hotel To Fall". Preservation Online. Archived from the original on January 20, 2007.
  17. ^ a b "The Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society". Savehotelpenn.org. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  18. ^ "HOTEL PENN THREATENED WITH DEMOLITION – HOPE CONFERENCES IN JEOPARDY". January 17, 2007. Archived from the original on January 26, 2007.
  19. ^ "New York State Assembly – Member Section". Assembly.state.ny.us. January 27, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  20. ^ "November 2007". Cb5.org. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  21. ^ Shott, Chris (February 22, 2008). "Landmarks Commission Snubs Hotel Pennsylvania Again". The New York Observer. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2010.
  22. ^ Shott, Chris (October 9, 2007). "The Lonely Fight For The Hotel Pennsylvania". The New York Observer.
  23. ^ "2600 NEWS: HOTEL PENNSYLVANIA FACES DESTRUCTION – AGAIN". 2600.com. May 31, 2010. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  24. ^ "Manhattan Borough President – Home" (PDF). Mbpo.org. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  25. ^ "Manhattan Borough President – Home". Mbpo.org. June 19, 2014. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  26. ^ "April 2010". Cb5.org. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  27. ^ "LPC response letters for the Cafe Rouge". Savethehotelpenn.blogspot.com. July 12, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  28. ^ Rho, Pi (July 12, 2011). "Hotel Pennsylvania Preservation Society: LPC response letters for the Cafe Rouge". Savethehotelpenn.blogspot.com. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  29. ^ "Hotel Pennsylvania is One Giant Step Closer to Demolition – Manhattan – DNAinfo.com New York". Dnainfo.com. July 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 22, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  30. ^ "Council Votes to Approve 15 Penn Plaza Development". August 25, 2010. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011.
  31. ^ Gray, Christopher (May 12, 2011). "A Hotel With a Luxury: More Sidewalk Elbow Room – Streetscapes/Seventh Avenue". The New York Times.
  32. ^ "Vornado considers renovating Hotel Pennsylvania instead of erecting massive skyscraper". The Real Deal.
  33. ^ "Time-out seen in skyline war". The New York Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012.
  34. ^ "Vornado Plans to Sell 666 Fifth Stake to Kushner, Maybe Build Big Penn Plaza Towers". Commercial Observer. April 6, 2018.
  35. ^ "Facebook's Possible 1,400-Foot 'Penn15' Supertall Revealed as Vornado Appears to Change Plans For 401 Seventh Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan". New York Yimby. June 5, 2019.
  36. ^ "Facebook isn't moving to Vornado's hilariously named Penn15 after all". The Real Deal. June 13, 2019.
  37. ^ "Facebook Has No Plans to Move to Vornado's 'Penn15' Tower in NYC". Bloomberg News. June 6, 2019.
  38. ^ Wong, Natlie (April 9, 2021). "NYC's Hotel Penn to Be Razed as Vornado Plans Stock Spinoff". Bloomberg News.
  39. ^ "Vornado Realty Trust Plans to Raze Hotel Pennsylvania". The Real Deal. April 12, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2021.
  40. ^ Hughes, C. J. (April 16, 2021). "What Will Happen to All the Empty Office Buildings and Hotels?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
  41. ^ "Liquidation Sale — Items Surplus to the Needs of the former Hotel Pennsylvania". International Content Liquidations, Inc. International Content Liquidations, Inc.
  42. ^ "At NYC's Hotel Pennsylvania, Interior Demolition Has Begun". Untapped New York. January 31, 2022.
  43. ^ "NYC fire: Fire breaks out at Hotel Pennsylvania building in Midtown". ABC7 New York. February 7, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  44. ^ Moses, Dean (February 7, 2022). "Fire breaks out in vacant Hotel Pennsylvania in Midtown". amNewYork. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  45. ^ The Architectural review, Volume 8. March 1919.
  46. ^ allmusic: Glenn Miller > Biography
  47. ^ "Famous Weekly Old-Time Radio Shows". Old-time.com. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  48. ^ "New York's Hotel Pennsylvania Keeps World Trade Center 'Tribute in Lights' Memorial Beaming Forever in Virtual Reality". Hospitalitynet.org. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  49. ^ "Portraits of Hope – Garden in Transit – NYC Taxi Project 2007 – The Official Website". Archived from the original on May 29, 2010.
  50. ^ a b "LPC response letters for the Café Rouge". Savethehotelpenn.blogspot.com. July 12, 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  51. ^ "New York Fashion Week: Fall 2013". The New York Times. February 5, 2013.
  52. ^ "Jordan Terminal 23". DCD.
  53. ^ "A Close-Up Look at Terminal 23 by Jordan Brand". Hypebeast. January 16, 2014. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  54. ^ "Station 32 event space - the Kagency".
  55. ^ "Houdini Offers to Duplicate Spaniard's Reading Through Metals". The New York Times. May 7, 1924. p. 3. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  56. ^ Thinking of Home: William Faulkner's Letters to His Mother and Father, 1918–1925. W. W. Norton & Company. 2000. ISBN 9780393321234. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  57. ^ Galveston: A History of the Island. TCU Press. 1998. ISBN 9780875651903.
  58. ^ "Hoover Presents a Plan to Replace the New Deal". The New York Times. November 17, 1935. p. 1. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  59. ^ Inc, Time (November 1, 1937). LIFE. Time Inc. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  60. ^ "Late FDR honored – New York". Loc.gov. 1946. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  61. ^ Seymour Hersh (July 10, 1975). "Family Plans to Sue C.I.A. Over Suicide in Drug Test". New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2008. The widow and children of a researcher who committed suicide in 1953 after his participant in a Central intelligence Agency drug experiment said today that they planned to sue the agency over what they claimed was his "wrongful death."
  62. ^ Ignatieff, Michael (April 1, 2001). "What did the C.I.A. do to Eric Olson's father?". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  63. ^ "Fidel Castro at the Statler Hotel". Nydailynews.com. April 22, 1959. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
  64. ^ Smith, David (November 27, 2016). "Fidel Castro in the US: cars, cigars and a meeting with Malcolm X". Theguardian.com. Retrieved January 1, 2018.
  65. ^ Stacy Conradt. "mental_floss Blog » The Stories Behind 20 Muppet Favorites". Blogs.static.mentalfloss.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  66. ^ "Vibrant Design's Ellen Waggett Named Production Designer for Lifetime's New "Sherri" Sitcom". Broadcast Newsroom. October 6, 2009. Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2009.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hotel_Pennsylvania&oldid=1122358424"