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1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident: Difference between revisions

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|image_size = 300px
|image_size = 300px
|alt=A small camouflaged helicopter hovers, just off the ground, over a field.
|alt=A small camouflaged helicopter hovers, just off the ground, over a field.
|caption = A British Army [[Aérospatiale Gazelle|Gazelle]] helicopter, circa 1983
|caption = A British Army [[Aérospatiale Gazelle|Westland Gazelle]] helicopter, circa 1983
|date = 6 June 1982
|date = 6 June 1982
|place = [[Pleasant Peak]], [[Falkland Islands]]
|place = [[Pleasant Peak]], [[Falkland Islands]]
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{{Falklands War}}
{{Falklands War}}


On 6 June 1982, during the [[Falklands War]], the British Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer {{HMS|Cardiff|D108|6}} engaged and destroyed a British Army Gazelle helicopter, [[United Kingdom military aircraft serial numbers|serial number]] ''XX377'', in a [[friendly fire]] incident, killing all four occupants. ''Cardiff'', on the lookout for aircraft flying supplies to the Argentine forces occupying the [[Falkland Islands]], had misidentified the helicopter as an enemy [[C-130 Hercules]]. Although the helicopter's loss was initially blamed on enemy action, a subsequent inquiry found ''Cardiff''{{'}}s missile to be the cause.
On 6 June 1982, during the [[Falklands War]], the British Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer {{HMS|Cardiff|D108|6}} engaged and destroyed a British Army Westland Gazelle helicopter, [[United Kingdom military aircraft serial numbers|serial number]] ''XX377'', in a [[friendly fire]] incident, killing all four occupants. ''Cardiff'', on the lookout for aircraft flying supplies to the Argentine forces occupying the [[Falkland Islands]], had misidentified the helicopter as an enemy [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]]. Although the helicopter's loss was initially blamed on enemy action, a subsequent inquiry found ''Cardiff''{{'}}s missile to be the cause.


On the night of 5 June, HMS ''Cardiff'' was stationed to the east of the islands to provide gunfire support to the land forces and intercept enemy aircraft. At around 02:00 a radar contact was detected; a British [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] [[Aérospatiale Gazelle|Gazelle]] helicopter was making a routine delivery of personnel and equipment to a radio rebroadcast station on [[East Falkland]]. From the contact's speed and course, ''Cardiff''{{'}}s operations room crew assumed it to be hostile. One [[Sea Dart missile|Sea Dart]] missile was fired, missing the target. A second destroyed it.<ref name="Archives" /> The Gazelle's wreckage and crew were discovered the next morning, and the loss was attributed to enemy fire. Although ''Cardiff'' was suspected, later scientific tests on the wreckage proved inconclusive.
On the night of 5 June, HMS ''Cardiff'' was stationed to the east of the islands to provide gunfire support to the land forces and intercept enemy aircraft. At around 02:00 a radar contact was detected; a British [[Army Air Corps (United Kingdom)|Army Air Corps]] [[Aérospatiale Gazelle|Westland Gazelle]] helicopter was making a routine delivery of personnel and equipment to a radio rebroadcast station on [[East Falkland]]. From the contact's speed and course, ''Cardiff''{{'}}s operations room crew assumed it to be hostile. One [[Sea Dart]] missile was fired, missing the target. A second destroyed it.<ref name="Archives" /> The Gazelle's wreckage and crew were discovered the next morning, and the loss was attributed to enemy fire. Although ''Cardiff'' was suspected, later scientific tests on the wreckage proved inconclusive.


No formal inquiry was held until four years later. Defending their claim that the helicopter had been lost in action, the United Kingdom's [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) stated that they had not wanted to "cause further anguish to relatives" while they were still trying to ascertain how the Gazelle had been shot down. The board of inquiry finally confirmed that the soldiers fell due to friendly fire. It recommended that "neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual",<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> but identified several factors. A lack of communication between the army and the navy meant that [[5th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Brigade]] had not notified anyone of the helicopter's flight. The navy had not informed the land forces that ''Cardiff'' had changed position to set up an ambush for Argentine aircraft travelling over the area. The helicopter's [[identification friend or foe]] (IFF) transmitter was turned off, because it caused interference with the army's [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]] anti-aircraft missile system. The board of inquiry's findings prompted criticism of the MoD's initial response to the incident.
No formal inquiry was held until four years later. Defending their claim that the helicopter had been lost in action, the United Kingdom's [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) stated that they had not wanted to "cause further anguish to relatives" while they were still trying to ascertain how the Gazelle had been shot down. The board of inquiry finally confirmed that the soldiers fell due to friendly fire. It recommended that "neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual",<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> but identified several factors. A lack of communication between the army and the navy meant that [[5th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|5th Infantry Brigade]] had not notified anyone of the helicopter's flight. The navy had not informed the land forces that ''Cardiff'' had changed position to set up an ambush for Argentine aircraft travelling over the area. The helicopter's [[identification friend or foe]] (IFF) transmitter was turned off, because it caused interference with the army's [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]] anti-aircraft missile system. The board of inquiry's findings prompted criticism of the MoD's initial response to the incident.
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On 2 April 1982, the [[British overseas territory]] of the [[Falkland Islands]] was invaded by neighbouring Argentina.<ref name="BBC introduction" /> The United Kingdom, nearly {{cvt|8000|mi|km}} away, assembled and dispatched [[Events leading to the Falklands War#Task force|a naval task force of 28,000&nbsp;troops]] to recapture the islands.<ref name="BBC introduction" /><ref name="w8UiR" /> The conflict ended that June with the [[Argentine surrender in the Falklands War|surrender of the Argentine forces]]; the battles fought on land, at sea, and in the air had cost the lives of some 900 British and Argentine servicemen.<ref name="BBC introduction" />
On 2 April 1982, the [[British overseas territory]] of the [[Falkland Islands]] was invaded by neighbouring Argentina.<ref name="BBC introduction" /> The United Kingdom, nearly {{cvt|8000|mi|km}} away, assembled and dispatched [[Events leading to the Falklands War#Task force|a naval task force of 28,000&nbsp;troops]] to recapture the islands.<ref name="BBC introduction" /><ref name="w8UiR" /> The conflict ended that June with the [[Argentine surrender in the Falklands War|surrender of the Argentine forces]]; the battles fought on land, at sea, and in the air had cost the lives of some 900 British and Argentine servicemen.<ref name="BBC introduction" />


In early May, British troops landed at [[San Carlos, Falkland Islands|San Carlos]] on the western side of [[East Falkland]], and from there moved overland towards the islands' capital of [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]]. To support the advance, logistical supplies were ferried to the troops by helicopter from San Carlos.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> The Argentine forces occupying Stanley were supplied throughout the war by [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] aircraft from the Argentine mainland. These "milk-runs", as the British termed them, were a source of concern to the Royal Navy, and various attempts were made to intercept them.<ref name="Ward" /><ref name="Hastings" />
In early May, British troops landed at [[San Carlos, Falkland Islands|San Carlos]] on the western side of [[East Falkland]], and from there moved overland towards the islands' capital of [[Stanley, Falkland Islands|Stanley]]. To support the advance, logistical supplies were ferried to the troops by helicopter from San Carlos.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> The Argentine forces occupying Stanley were supplied throughout the war by [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] aircraft from the Argentine mainland. These "milk-runs", as the British termed them, were a source of concern to the Royal Navy, and various attempts were made to intercept them.<ref name="Ward" /><ref name="Hastings" />


== Incident ==
== Incident ==
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[[File:XX377Memorial2.JPG|thumb|alt=A cross amongst rocks painted white and a mountain in the background|The memorial cross]]
[[File:XX377Memorial2.JPG|thumb|alt=A cross amongst rocks painted white and a mountain in the background|The memorial cross]]


Given that the role of helicopters in land force operations was increasing, as was the integration of [[guided missile destroyer]]s for coastal defence, the board of inquiry recommended an amendment to [[NATO]] procedures for [[amphibious warfare]] and [[naval gunfire support]], to alert other armed forces to the danger of underestimating a ship's missile engagement zone over land.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> During the late 1980s, the British government placed more emphasis on [[joint warfare]] training, with exercises, such as [[Exercise Purple Warrior|Purple Warrior]], taking place in [[Oman]] and Scotland.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /><ref name="L/Cpl. S. J. Cockton"/> The board noted the establishment of the [[Permanent Joint Headquarters]], designed to put an end to the "ad hoc and reactive way" in which operations had been carried out while under single service control.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /><ref name="Doctrine" /> IFF transmitters were fitted to all Army Air Corps and Royal Marine Gazelle and [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] helicopters,<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> and the problem of operating IFF in the vicinity of [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]] batteries was successfully addressed.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> The board supported a recommendation that the responsibilities of naval gunfire-support liaison officers could be broadened to include the interpretation of air defence problems during inshore joint warfare operations.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" />
Given that the role of helicopters in land force operations was increasing, as was the integration of [[guided missile destroyer]]s for coastal defence, the board of inquiry recommended an amendment to [[NATO]] procedures for [[amphibious warfare]] and [[naval gunfire support]], to alert other armed forces to the danger of underestimating a ship's missile engagement zone over land.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> During the late 1980s, the British government placed more emphasis on [[joint warfare]] training, with exercises, such as [[Exercise Purple Warrior|Purple Warrior]], taking place in [[Oman]] and Scotland.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /><ref name="L/Cpl. S. J. Cockton"/> The board noted the establishment of the [[Permanent Joint Headquarters]], designed to put an end to the "ad hoc and reactive way" in which operations had been carried out while under single service control.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /><ref name="Doctrine" /> IFF transmitters were fitted to all Army Air Corps and Royal Marine Gazelle and [[Westland Lynx]] helicopters,<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> and the problem of operating IFF in the vicinity of [[Rapier (missile)|Rapier]] batteries was successfully addressed.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" /> The board supported a recommendation that the responsibilities of naval gunfire-support liaison officers could be broadened to include the interpretation of air defence problems during inshore joint warfare operations.<ref name="MOD board of inquiry" />


A memorial cross was installed on Pleasant Peak, and the number "205" was painted at the crash site by the soldiers of 205 Signal Squadron.<ref name="FallenComrades" /> The number is approximately {{cvt|40|m|ft}} wide and can be seen from the air at ({{Coord|51|47|01|S|58|28|04|W}}).
A memorial cross was installed on Pleasant Peak, and the number "205" was painted at the crash site by the soldiers of 205 Signal Squadron.<ref name="FallenComrades" /> The number is approximately {{cvt|40|m|ft}} wide and can be seen from the air at ({{Coord|51|47|01|S|58|28|04|W}}).

Latest revision as of 16:58, 27 May 2024

Loss of Gazelle XX377
Part of the Falklands War
A small camouflaged helicopter hovers, just off the ground, over a field.
A British Army Westland Gazelle helicopter, circa 1983
Date6 June 1982
Location
Pleasant Peak, Falkland Islands
Result Four British soldiers killed,
One British Army helicopter destroyed

On 6 June 1982, during the Falklands War, the British Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer HMS Cardiff engaged and destroyed a British Army Westland Gazelle helicopter, serial number XX377, in a friendly fire incident, killing all four occupants. Cardiff, on the lookout for aircraft flying supplies to the Argentine forces occupying the Falkland Islands, had misidentified the helicopter as an enemy Lockheed C-130 Hercules. Although the helicopter's loss was initially blamed on enemy action, a subsequent inquiry found Cardiff's missile to be the cause.

On the night of 5 June, HMS Cardiff was stationed to the east of the islands to provide gunfire support to the land forces and intercept enemy aircraft. At around 02:00 a radar contact was detected; a British Army Air Corps Westland Gazelle helicopter was making a routine delivery of personnel and equipment to a radio rebroadcast station on East Falkland. From the contact's speed and course, Cardiff's operations room crew assumed it to be hostile. One Sea Dart missile was fired, missing the target. A second destroyed it.[1] The Gazelle's wreckage and crew were discovered the next morning, and the loss was attributed to enemy fire. Although Cardiff was suspected, later scientific tests on the wreckage proved inconclusive.

No formal inquiry was held until four years later. Defending their claim that the helicopter had been lost in action, the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence (MoD) stated that they had not wanted to "cause further anguish to relatives" while they were still trying to ascertain how the Gazelle had been shot down. The board of inquiry finally confirmed that the soldiers fell due to friendly fire. It recommended that "neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual",[2] but identified several factors. A lack of communication between the army and the navy meant that 5th Infantry Brigade had not notified anyone of the helicopter's flight. The navy had not informed the land forces that Cardiff had changed position to set up an ambush for Argentine aircraft travelling over the area. The helicopter's identification friend or foe (IFF) transmitter was turned off, because it caused interference with the army's Rapier anti-aircraft missile system. The board of inquiry's findings prompted criticism of the MoD's initial response to the incident.

Background

[edit]

On 2 April 1982, the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands was invaded by neighbouring Argentina.[3] The United Kingdom, nearly 8,000 mi (13,000 km) away, assembled and dispatched a naval task force of 28,000 troops to recapture the islands.[3][4] The conflict ended that June with the surrender of the Argentine forces; the battles fought on land, at sea, and in the air had cost the lives of some 900 British and Argentine servicemen.[3]

In early May, British troops landed at San Carlos on the western side of East Falkland, and from there moved overland towards the islands' capital of Stanley. To support the advance, logistical supplies were ferried to the troops by helicopter from San Carlos.[2] The Argentine forces occupying Stanley were supplied throughout the war by Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft from the Argentine mainland. These "milk-runs", as the British termed them, were a source of concern to the Royal Navy, and various attempts were made to intercept them.[5][6]

Incident

[edit]
A large cannon on the front of a warship surrounded by empty shells; waves are breaking over the ship.
Cartridge cases from Cardiff's 4.5 inch gun litter her deck after providing gunfire support on 5 June.

On the night of 5 June, the British Type 42 destroyer HMS Cardiff took up station on the "Bluff Cove Gunline" to the east of the islands. Tasked with a dual mission, Cardiff was to provide fire support to the Royal Marines of 3 Commando Brigade, and to interdict any Argentine aircraft attempting to fly into Stanley. The destroyer had performed a similar role four nights previously, when she unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a re-supply aircraft as it landed, and again as it took off.[7][8]

Meanwhile, pilots Staff Sergeant Christopher Griffin and Lance Corporal Simon Cockton, of 656 Squadron Army Air Corps, had been ordered to fly equipment and personnel to a malfunctioning radio re-broadcast station on top of Pleasant Peak.[9][10][11] The station had been established the previous day to provide a communications link between the 5th Infantry Brigade headquarters at Darwin, and the 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment at Fitzroy.[9] Night flying conditions were excellent, with a clear sky, a prominent moon and a wind speed of 20 kn (37 km/h).[9] The crew departed from Goose Green in Gazelle serial number XX377 and collected the replacement equipment from the headquarters at Darwin. They also took on board two passengers; Major Michael Forge, the OC of 205 Signal Squadron, and A Tp Staff Sergeant, Staff Sergeant John Baker.[9][12][13] Griffin was an experienced pilot; the flight to the re-broadcast station was expected to take ten minutes.[2]

A sailor in a blue shirt sits at a console, it has a large circular screen and switches.
Cardiff's surface plot console

At 02:00 local time, Cardiff's operations room detected XX377 on her air search (Type 992) radar at a range of 25 nmi (46 km).[2] The helicopter's identification friend or foe (IFF) system was turned off, so receiving no friendly transmissions and with the contact apparently heading towards Stanley, the operations room crew assumed it to be hostile.[2] After calculating its speed they believed they were tracking an Argentine fixed-wing aircraft – either a Hercules conducting a resupply mission, or a FMA IA 58 Pucará ground-attack aircraft sent to retaliate for Cardiff's shelling.[2][14][15] Cardiff fired two of her Sea Dart missiles. The first failed to hit the target.[1][8] 5th Infantry Brigade lost radio contact with the Gazelle, and simultaneously the exploding missile was seen and heard by the re-broadcast station's personnel atop Pleasant Peak.[9] Cardiff's crew were able to see the fireball, but only with the aid of night vision goggles.[citation needed]

The helicopter's loss caused the British to suspect that Argentine forces were still operating in the area, so patrols were mounted by Gurkha soldiers.[9] When the Gurkhas came across the personnel manning the Pleasant Peak station there was potential for another friendly fire incident to occur.[16] At first light a proper search was carried out, and the Gazelle's wreckage was found along with the dead aircrew and passengers; 5th Infantry Brigade's first casualties of the war.[9][17] Immediately there were suspicions that Cardiff had been responsible for the shootdown, and later that evening Rear Admiral "Sandy" Woodward declared a "Weapons Tight" order, forbidding the engagement of any aircraft not positively identified as hostile, for all contacts detected flying over East Falkland at less than 200 kn (370 km/h) and under 610 m (2,000 ft).[2][7]

Investigations

[edit]
A large white missile sits on its launcher at the front of a warship.
A live Sea Dart missile on HMS Cardiff in 1983

The crew's bodies were initially examined by senior medical officer, Surgeon-Captain Richard "Rick" Jolly of the Royal Navy.[18] The helicopter's wreckage was inspected on-site, but the British were unable to determine if it had been destroyed by Cardiff's missiles or by Argentine fire. This uncertainty prompted the decision not to hold a board of inquiry, and XX377 was declared "lost in action". It was surmised that, if the relatives of the deceased were told that the Gazelle might have been lost to friendly fire, it would add to their grief.[9] After the war, missile fragments found in the wreckage were taken to the British government's aviation research facility at RAE Farnborough for analysis. The scientific tests concluded that the fragments were not from a British Sea Dart missile, despite a Sea Dart casing later being found "several hundred yards" away from the wreckage.[9]

In December 1982 an inquest was held by a Southampton coroner into the death of Lance Corporal Cockton after his body was repatriated to the UK. Based on RAE Farnborough's test results, the Army Air Corps submitted evidence stating that the analysis of the warhead fragments found in the wreckage indicated that the helicopter had been destroyed by a type of anti-aircraft missile "known to have been in the possession of the enemy".[9] The test results were reviewed in November 1985 and determined that there could be "no definitive conclusion as to the exact source of the missile fragments recovered from the crash site".[9] In June 1986, John Stanley, the Minister of State for the Armed Forces, announced in his written answers to the House of Commons: "the [Southampton] coroner has been informed accordingly."[9]

An empty missile launcher on the front of a warship, it has scorch marks on it. In the background there are empty shell casings.
Cardiff's scorched missile launcher the morning after the shootdown

In October 1986, partly due to pressure from Cockton's mother and the anti-war politician Tam Dalyell, an official board of inquiry was finally opened.[18][19][20][21][22][23] The board took a month to reach the conclusion that XX377 was shot down by Cardiff.[2] Historian Hugh Bicheno remarks: "It took [the] MoD four years and two investigations, the first either incompetent or a deliberate cover-up, even to admit the Gazelle blue-on-blue."[24] The board's findings were made public by a Freedom of Information Act request in July 2008, although Paragraph 13 of the report was redacted under Section 26 of the act as it "contains operational details of the Royal Navy's activities, which, even with the passage of time since the Falklands campaign, would be of use to potential enemies."[25]

The board of inquiry found that standard operating procedure dictated that the commanders of 5th Infantry Brigade were not required to declare the helicopter's mission to any other authority, as the flight was to occur in brigade airspace on a brigade task.[2][7] Gazelle XX377 was equipped with an IFF transmitter, but this was turned off. In the opinion of the board, "had IFF been in use there is little doubt that Cardiff would not have engaged the aircraft that night."[2] At the time, less than half of the land force's helicopters were fitted with IFF transmitters, and those that were had been ordered not to use them because they inhibited the tracking systems of the British ground-based Rapier anti-aircraft missile batteries.[2][9] A misconception about the Royal Navy's ability to engage air targets over land led to the navy not being informed that the army's helicopters were not using IFF. The board of inquiry concluded that it was this failure to communicate, together with the navy's assumption that all helicopters would be operating IFF, which "had a cumulative effect [and] was a major cause of [the] accident."[2] However, the board recommended that "neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual".[2]

Effects

[edit]
A cross amongst rocks painted white and a mountain in the background
The memorial cross

Given that the role of helicopters in land force operations was increasing, as was the integration of guided missile destroyers for coastal defence, the board of inquiry recommended an amendment to NATO procedures for amphibious warfare and naval gunfire support, to alert other armed forces to the danger of underestimating a ship's missile engagement zone over land.[2] During the late 1980s, the British government placed more emphasis on joint warfare training, with exercises, such as Purple Warrior, taking place in Oman and Scotland.[2][7] The board noted the establishment of the Permanent Joint Headquarters, designed to put an end to the "ad hoc and reactive way" in which operations had been carried out while under single service control.[2][26] IFF transmitters were fitted to all Army Air Corps and Royal Marine Gazelle and Westland Lynx helicopters,[2] and the problem of operating IFF in the vicinity of Rapier batteries was successfully addressed.[2] The board supported a recommendation that the responsibilities of naval gunfire-support liaison officers could be broadened to include the interpretation of air defence problems during inshore joint warfare operations.[2]

A memorial cross was installed on Pleasant Peak, and the number "205" was painted at the crash site by the soldiers of 205 Signal Squadron.[27] The number is approximately 40 m (130 ft) wide and can be seen from the air at (51°47′01″S 58°28′04″W / 51.78361°S 58.46778°W / -51.78361; -58.46778).

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b National Archives. ADM 53/188995 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Navy Command HQ. "Board of inquiry into the loss of AAC Gazelle XX377" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  3. ^ a b c "Key facts: The Falklands War, Introduction". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 7 March 2008.
  4. ^ "Key facts: The Falklands War, Task Force". BBC News. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2007.
  5. ^ Ward, Nigel "Sharkey" (2006). "Chapter 29". Sea Harrier Over the Falklands. Cassell Military Paperbacks. p. 323. ISBN 0-304-35542-9.
  6. ^ Hastings, Max; Jenkins, Simon (1983). "Chapter 9". The Battle for the Falklands. Bungay, Suffolk: Book Club Associates. p. 158. ISBN 0-393-30198-2.
  7. ^ a b c d "L/Cpl. S. J. Cockton". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 2 February 1987. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  8. ^ a b "Report of Proceedings". hmscardiff.co.uk. Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Falkland Islands". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 25 June 1986. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  10. ^ "Griffen, Christopher Anthony – Roll of honour – Armed forces memorial". forcesmemorial.org.uk. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  11. ^ "Cockton, Simon Jeremy Roll of honour". Armed forces memorial. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  12. ^ "Forge, Michael Lancaster – Roll of honour – Armed forces memorial". forcesmemorial.org.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  13. ^ "Baker, John Ivan – Roll of honour – Armed forces memorial". forcesmemorial.org.uk. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  14. ^ Cook, Malcolm; Masakowski, Yvonne Noyes; Janet M. (2007). Decision making in complex environments. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7546-4950-2. Archived from the original on 6 June 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  15. ^ Bolia, Robert S. "The Falklands War: The Bluff Cove Disaster" (PDF). Military Review (November–December 2004): 67. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2008.
  16. ^ Freedman, Lawrence (2007). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II: War and Diplomacy (Updated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 604. ISBN 978-0-415-41911-6.
  17. ^ Freedman, Lawrence (2007). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign. Volume II: War and Diplomacy (Updated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 819. ISBN 978-0-415-41911-6.
  18. ^ a b Jolly, Richard (2007) [1983]. "Sunday, June 6th". The Red and Green Life Machine (Revised ed.). Cornwall: Palamanando Publishing. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-0-9514305-4-5. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2010. ...and how later on it would take the determination of a brave mother – and the committed support of a decent and honest Labour Minister – to bring truth to the surface.
  19. ^ Navy Command HQ. "Convening Authority Order" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  20. ^ "Lance Corporal Simon Cockton". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 9 June 1986. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  21. ^ "Lance Corporal Simon Cockton". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 12 June 1986. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  22. ^ "Lance-Corporal Simon Cockton". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 17 June 1986. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  23. ^ "The Royal Navy". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 3 March 1988. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 4 September 2009.
  24. ^ Bicheno, Hugh (2007). "Chapter 10". Razor's Edge. London: Orion Publishing. p. 207. ISBN 978-0-7538-2186-2.
  25. ^ Navy Command HQ. "Response to Loss of Gazelle, Falklands on 6 Jun 1982" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  26. ^ "PJHQ – History". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2009.
  27. ^ "UK troops around the world honour fallen comrades". Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
[edit]

51°47′01″S 58°28′04″W / 51.78361°S 58.46778°W / -51.78361; -58.46778

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