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===Sunni school of thought===
===Sunni school of thought===
Depending on the school of jurisprudence ([[fiqh]]), the Sunni school of thought distinguishes between the obligatory acts ([[fard]]) and the optional acts which according to [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Hadiths]] were also performed by [[Muhammad]] ([[sunnah]]). The full list includes the following:<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/005.sbt.html#001.005.248 Sahih Bukhari, Book 5: Bathing (Ghusl) Prophet performing Ghusl] </ref>
Depending on the school of jurisprudence ([[fiqh]]), the Sunni school of thought distinguishes between the obligatory acts ([[fard]]) and the optional acts which according to [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Hadiths]] were also performed by [[Muhammad]](SAW) ([[sunnah]]). The full list includes the following:<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resources/texts/muslim/hadith/bukhari/005.sbt.html#001.005.248 Sahih Bukhari, Book 5: Bathing (Ghusl) Prophet(SAW) performing Ghusl] </ref>


#Start by making ''[[niyyah]]'' (intention) to perform Ghusl and cleanse the self of impurities.
#Start by making ''[[niyyah]]'' (intention) to perform Ghusl and cleanse the self of impurities.
Line 48: Line 48:
The following [[hadith|ahadith]] describe how ghusl should be performed by Sunni Muslims.
The following [[hadith|ahadith]] describe how ghusl should be performed by Sunni Muslims.


{{quoteHadith|Aisha bint Abi Bakr|matn=When Allah's [[Muhammad|Messenger]] bathed because of sexual intercourse, he first washed his hands; he then poured water with his right hand on his left hand and washed his private parts. He then performed ''wudu'' as is done for prayer. He then took some water and ran his fingers in the roots of his hair. And when he found that it had been properly moistened, he poured three handfuls on his head and then poured water over his body and subsequently washed his feet. <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 616</ref>}}
{{quoteHadith|Aisha bint Abi Bakr|matn=When Allah's [[Muhammad|Messenger]] (SAW) bathed because of sexual intercourse, he first washed his hands; he then poured water with his right hand on his left hand and washed his private parts. He then performed ''wudu'' as is done for prayer. He then took some water and ran his fingers in the roots of his hair. And when he found that it had been properly moistened, he poured three handfuls on his head and then poured water over his body and subsequently washed his feet. <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 616</ref>}}


In another hadith, ibn Abbas stated that Maimuna said that The Messenger of Allah was given a towel (after ''ghusl''), but he did not rub his body with it, but he did like this with water (i.e. he shook it off). <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 622</ref> In addition, [[ibn Abbas]] recorded the following hadith on the authority of his mother's sister.
In another hadith, ibn Abbas stated that Maimuna said that The Messenger of Allah (SAW) was given a towel (after ''ghusl''), but he did not rub his body with it, but he did like this with water (i.e. he shook it off). <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 622</ref> In addition, [[ibn Abbas]] recorded the following hadith on the authority of his mother's sister.
{{quoteHadith|Maimuna, |matn=I placed water near The Messenger of Allah to take a bath because of sexual intercourse. He washed the palms of his hands twice or thrice and then put his hand in the basin and poured water over his body then struck hand against the earth and rubbed it with force and then performed ablution for the prayer and then poured three handfuls of water on his head and then washed his whole body after which he moved aside from that place and washed his feet, and then I brought a towel (so that he may wipe his body), but he returned it. <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 620</ref>}}
{{quoteHadith|Maimuna, |matn=I placed water near The Messenger of Allah (SAW) to take a bath because of sexual intercourse. He washed the palms of his hands twice or thrice and then put his hand in the basin and poured water over his body then struck hand against the earth and rubbed it with force and then performed ablution for the prayer and then poured three handfuls of water on his head and then washed his whole body after which he moved aside from that place and washed his feet, and then I brought a towel (so that he may wipe his body), but he returned it. <ref>''Sahih Muslim'', hadith number 620</ref>}}


Similarly, [[Uthaymeen|Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen]] said, "Sufficient ''ghusl'' means that you rinse your mouth and nose, then you wash your entire body with water, even if that means plunging yourself into deep water in one go. Complete ''ghusl'' means washing your private parts and anywhere else that is contaminated with traces of impurity, then you do full ''wudu'', then you pour water over your head three times, making sure that it reaches the roots of the hair. Then you wash the right side of the body then the left side."<ref>[http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10790 ''I’laam al-Musaafireen bi Ba’d Aadaab wa Ahkaam al-Safar wa ma Yakhuss al-Mallaaheen al-Jawwiyyeen''] by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen, pg. 11</ref>
Similarly, [[Uthaymeen|Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen]] said, "Sufficient ''ghusl'' means that you rinse your mouth and nose, then you wash your entire body with water, even if that means plunging yourself into deep water in one go. Complete ''ghusl'' means washing your private parts and anywhere else that is contaminated with traces of impurity, then you do full ''wudu'', then you pour water over your head three times, making sure that it reaches the roots of the hair. Then you wash the right side of the body then the left side."<ref>[http://www.islamqa.com/en/ref/10790 ''I’laam al-Musaafireen bi Ba’d Aadaab wa Ahkaam al-Safar wa ma Yakhuss al-Mallaaheen al-Jawwiyyeen''] by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen, pg. 11</ref>

Revision as of 22:13, 14 February 2010

Template:Fiqh-Hyg Ghusl (غسل) is an Arabic term referring to the full ablution (ritual washing) required in Islam for various rituals and prayers. The ablution becomes mandatory for any adult Muslim after having sexual intercourse, any sexual discharge (e.g. of semen), [1][2] completion of the menstrual cycle,[3][4] giving birth, and death by natural causes.[5]

Islam also recommends (i.e. it is mustahab) the performance of the full ablution before the Friday[6][7] and Eid[8] prayers, before entering the ihram, in preparation for hajj,[9] after having lost consciousness,[9] and before formally converting to Islam. Shia Muslims also perform the ablution before Namaz-e-tawbah.

Ghusl should not be confused with wudu, a partial ablution, that Muslims perform before salat and reading Qur'an.

In the Qur'an

The Qur'anic mandate for Ghusl comes in the forty-third ayat of sura 4 (An-Nisa (Women)):

O ye who believe! Approach not prayers with a mind befogged, until ye can understand all that ye say,- nor in a state of ceremonial impurity (Except when travelling on the road), until after washing your whole body. If ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands. For Allah doth blot out sins and forgive again and again.[10]

Water requirements

Ghusl is allowed with the following water

  • Rain water
  • Well water
  • Spring, sea or river water
  • Water of melting snow or hail
  • Water of a big tank or pond

Ghusl is not allowed with the following types of water

  • Unclean or impure water
  • Water extracted from fruit and trees
  • Water that has changed its color, taste and smell and becomes thick because something was soaked in it
  • Small quantity of water in which something unclean has fallen, eg. urine, blood, stool or wine or some animal had died after falling into it
  • Used water of Wudu or Ghusl
  • Water left over after drinking by haraam animals, eg. dogs, pigs or animals of prey
  • Water left by a person who has just drunk wine is unclean

Method of performance

In Islam, ghusl requires the washing of the full body. There are some differences in details between the Sunni and the Shia schools of thought.

Sunni school of thought

Depending on the school of jurisprudence (fiqh), the Sunni school of thought distinguishes between the obligatory acts (fard) and the optional acts which according to Sunni Hadiths were also performed by Muhammad(SAW) (sunnah). The full list includes the following:[11]

  1. Start by making niyyah (intention) to perform Ghusl and cleanse the self of impurities.
  2. Wash the right hand up to and including the wrist (and between the fingers) three times, then similarly for the left hand.
  3. Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
  4. Perform Wudu. Ensure that the mouth and nostrils are thoroughly rinsed THRICE. If sitting on a stool or stone while bathing then the feet should also be washed when performing Wudu. But if sitting in a muddy place, feet should not be washed at this stage.
  5. Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body.
  6. Pour water over both the shoulders three times each. hands should be passed all over the body when water is poured so that no part of the body is left dry.
  7. Move to a clean spot and wash the feet if not washed during Wudu

If, after Ghusl, one recalls that a certain portion of the body is left dry, it is not necessary to repeat the Ghusl, but merely wash the dry portion. It is not sufficient to pass a wet hand over the dry place. If one has forgotten to rinse the mouth or the nostrils, these too could be rinsed when recalled after Ghusl has been performed.

The following ahadith describe how ghusl should be performed by Sunni Muslims.

A hadith attributed to Aisha bint Abi Bakr reports:[citation needed]

When Allah's Messenger (SAW) bathed because of sexual intercourse, he first washed his hands; he then poured water with his right hand on his left hand and washed his private parts. He then performed wudu as is done for prayer. He then took some water and ran his fingers in the roots of his hair. And when he found that it had been properly moistened, he poured three handfuls on his head and then poured water over his body and subsequently washed his feet. [12]


In another hadith, ibn Abbas stated that Maimuna said that The Messenger of Allah (SAW) was given a towel (after ghusl), but he did not rub his body with it, but he did like this with water (i.e. he shook it off). [13] In addition, ibn Abbas recorded the following hadith on the authority of his mother's sister. A hadith attributed to Maimuna, reports:[citation needed]

I placed water near The Messenger of Allah (SAW) to take a bath because of sexual intercourse. He washed the palms of his hands twice or thrice and then put his hand in the basin and poured water over his body then struck hand against the earth and rubbed it with force and then performed ablution for the prayer and then poured three handfuls of water on his head and then washed his whole body after which he moved aside from that place and washed his feet, and then I brought a towel (so that he may wipe his body), but he returned it. [14]


Similarly, Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen said, "Sufficient ghusl means that you rinse your mouth and nose, then you wash your entire body with water, even if that means plunging yourself into deep water in one go. Complete ghusl means washing your private parts and anywhere else that is contaminated with traces of impurity, then you do full wudu, then you pour water over your head three times, making sure that it reaches the roots of the hair. Then you wash the right side of the body then the left side."[15]

Farā'id of Ghusl

There are three obligatory acts (fard) according to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence (fiqh). If one is omitted, it must be returned to and the rest completed in order.

  • Rinsing the inner mouth.
  • Sniffing water and blowing it out.
  • To wash the entire body in such a manner that not even an area equal to a strand of hair be left dry. If this is not done properly, then Ghusl will not be done.

The Fard according to Shafi fiqh are to make intention for ghusl and wash the entire body with water such that not even a single hair remains dry.

Sunan of Ghusl

Sunnah (optional practices observed by Muhammad according to Sunni Hadiths) acts include the following:

  • Washing both the hands up to the wrists.
  • Wash the private parts and remove dirt or filth from the body.
  • Perform Wudu.
  • Water should be poured over the head three times so that it flows all over the body.

Shia school of thought

According to the Shia school there are two main methods of performing a ghusl. For both methods one has to begin with niyyah, the intention to remove any impurities.

  • Irtimasi: one has to submerge the entire body in pure water, either at once or in stages.[16]
  • Tartibi: one needs to start by washing the head and neck, and then the rest of the body, preferably the right side first followed by the left side. [16]

See also

  • Mikvah, the Jewish ritual bath

References

  1. ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 616
  2. ^ Sharh as-Sunnah by al-Baghawi, vol 2., pg. 9
  3. ^ Majmoo’ Fataawa al-Shaykh Ibn Baaz by Shaykh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baaz, vol. 10 pg. 161
  4. ^ Majmoo’ Fataawa Ibn ‘Uthaymeen by Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen, vol. 11 pg. 318-319
  5. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 23, Hadith number 345
  6. ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 12, Hadith number 817
  7. ^ Majmoo’ Fataawa wa Maqaalaat Mutanawwi’ah li Samaahat by Shaykh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baaz, part 12, pg. 404
  8. ^ Sharh Mukhtasar, Volume 2, pg. 102
  9. ^ a b Tamaam al-Minnah by Shaykh al-Albani, pg. 120
  10. ^ The Holy Qur'an/An-Nisa (Women) verse 43 (wikilivres.info)
  11. ^ Sahih Bukhari, Book 5: Bathing (Ghusl) Prophet(SAW) performing Ghusl
  12. ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 616
  13. ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 622
  14. ^ Sahih Muslim, hadith number 620
  15. ^ I’laam al-Musaafireen bi Ba’d Aadaab wa Ahkaam al-Safar wa ma Yakhuss al-Mallaaheen al-Jawwiyyeen by Shaykh Muhammad ibn Saalih al-Uthaymeen, pg. 11
  16. ^ a b http://www.al-islam.org/laws/ghusl.html
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