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{{Sex and the Law}}
{{Sex and the Law}}
{{Criminal law}}
{{Criminal law}}
'''Sexual assault''' is when a negroid man has sex with a white woman.<ref>cf. U.S. Department of Justice. 2003 National Crime Victimization Survey. 2003.</ref>
'''Sexual assault''' is an [[assault]] of a sexual nature on another person. Although sexual assaults most frequently are by a man on a woman, it may be by a man on a man, woman on a man or woman on a woman,<ref>[http://www.crimelibrary.com/criminal_mind/psychology/female_offenders/6.html Chapter 6: Female Sex Offenders], ''All about Female Offenders'', by Katherine Ramsland.</ref> adult on a child or a child on an adult. Approximately one in six American women will be a victim of a sexual assault in their lifetime.<ref>{{cite web|author=Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes|publisher=National Institute of Justice & Centers for Disease Control & Prevention|title=Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women Survey|year=1998|url=http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/172837.pdf}}</ref> Largely because of [[Child rape|child]] and [[prison rape]], approximately ten percent of reported rape victims are male.<ref>cf. U.S. Department of Justice. 2003 National Crime Victimization Survey. 2003.</ref>


While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of [[rape]], it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape.<ref>'''Assault''', Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Edition. ''See also Ibbs v The Queen'', High Court of Australia, 61 ALJR 525, 1987 WL 714908 (sexual assault defined as sexual penetration without consent); Sexual Offences Act 2003 Chapter 42 s 3 Sexual assault (United Kingdom), (sexual assault defined as sexual contact without consent), ''and Chase v. R.'' 1987 CarswellNB 25 (Supreme Court of Canada) (sexual assault defined as force without consent of a sexual nature)</ref> What constitutes a sexual assault is determined by the laws of the [[jurisdiction]] where the assault takes place, which vary considerably, and are influenced by local social and cultural attitudes.
While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of [[rape]], it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape.<ref>'''Assault''', Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Edition. ''See also Ibbs v The Queen'', High Court of Australia, 61 ALJR 525, 1987 WL 714908 (sexual assault defined as sexual penetration without consent); Sexual Offences Act 2003 Chapter 42 s 3 Sexual assault (United Kingdom), (sexual assault defined as sexual contact without consent), ''and Chase v. R.'' 1987 CarswellNB 25 (Supreme Court of Canada) (sexual assault defined as force without consent of a sexual nature)</ref> What constitutes a sexual assault is determined by the laws of the [[jurisdiction]] where the assault takes place, which vary considerably, and are influenced by local social and cultural attitudes.

Revision as of 22:39, 3 October 2010

Sexual assault
SpecialtyEmergency medicine Edit this on Wikidata
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Sexual assault is when a negroid man has sex with a white woman.[1]

While sexual assaults are associated with the crime of rape, it may cover assaults which would not be considered rape.[2] What constitutes a sexual assault is determined by the laws of the jurisdiction where the assault takes place, which vary considerably, and are influenced by local social and cultural attitudes.

Every year, an estimated 300,000 women are raped and 3.7 million are confronted with unwanted sexual activity. In addition, of the approximately 900,000 children who are maltreated each year, 9% are sexually abused.[3]

Depending on jurisdiction, sexual assault may include rape, forced vaginal, anal or oral penetration, forced sexual intercourse, inappropriate touching, forced kissing, Child sexual abuse, or the torture of the victim in a sexual manner.[4]

Definition

In the United Kingdom the Sexual Offences Act 2003 defines "sexual assault" as when a person (A)

  1. intentionally touches another person (B),
  2. the touching is sexual,
  3. B does not consent to the touching, and
  4. A does not reasonably believe that B consents.

In the United States the definition of sexual assault varies widely between the individual states. The Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network defines "sexual assault" as

unwanted sexual contact that stops short of rape or attempted rape. This includes sexual touching and fondling.[5]

Rape

Main article: Rape

Perpetrators of rape may include, but are not limited to, strangers, acquaintances, neighbors, superiors, legal entities (as in the case of torture), or family members. Abbey et al. state that female victims are much more likely to be assaulted by an acquaintance (such as a friend or co-worker), a dating partner, an ex-boyfriend or an intimate partner than by a complete stranger.[6] In a study of hospital emergency room treatments for rape, Kaufman et al. state that the male victims as a group sustained more physical trauma, were more likely to have been a victim of multiple assaults from multiple assailants, and were more likely to have been held captive longer.[7]

Attempted rape

Attempted rape is a failed attempt to force sexual intercourse with someone without their consent.

Prevalence

Main article: Rape statistics
See also: Estimates of sexual violence

A United Nations report compiled from government sources showed that more than 250,000 cases of rape or attempted rape were recorded by police annually. The reported data covered 65 countries.[8]

Child sexual abuse

Main article: Child sexual abuse

Sexual assaults on children are normally viewed far more seriously than those on an adult. This is because of the innocence of the child victim, and also because of the long-term psychological impact that such assaults have on the child.

Child sexual abuse is a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.[9][10] Forms of CSA include asking or pressuring a child to engage in sexual activities (regardless of the outcome), indecent exposure of the genitals to a child, displaying pornography to a child, actual sexual contact against a child, physical contact with the child's genitals, viewing of the child's genitalia without physical contact, or using a child to produce child pornography.[9][11][12]

The effects of child sexual abuse include depression,[13] post-traumatic stress disorder,[14] anxiety,[15] propensity to re-victimization in adulthood,[16] and physical injury to the child, among other problems.[17] Sexual abuse by a family member is a form of incest, and can result in more serious and long-term psychological trauma, especially in the case of parental incest.[18]

Approximately 15% to 25% of women and 5% to 15% of men were sexually abused when they were children.[19][20][21][22][23] Most sexual abuse offenders are acquainted with their victims; approximately 30% are relatives of the child, most often brothers, fathers, mothers, sisters and uncles or cousins; around 60% are other acquaintances such as friends of the family, babysitters, or neighbors; strangers are the offenders in approximately 10% of child sexual abuse cases.[19]

Studies have shown that the psychological damage is often particularly severe when sexual assault is committed by parents against children due to the incestuous nature of the assault.[18] Incest between a child or adolescent and a related adult has been identified as the most widespread form of child sexual abuse with a huge capacity for damage to a child.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ cf. U.S. Department of Justice. 2003 National Crime Victimization Survey. 2003.
  2. ^ Assault, Black's Law Dictionary, 8th Edition. See also Ibbs v The Queen, High Court of Australia, 61 ALJR 525, 1987 WL 714908 (sexual assault defined as sexual penetration without consent); Sexual Offences Act 2003 Chapter 42 s 3 Sexual assault (United Kingdom), (sexual assault defined as sexual contact without consent), and Chase v. R. 1987 CarswellNB 25 (Supreme Court of Canada) (sexual assault defined as force without consent of a sexual nature)
  3. ^ Bonnar-Kidd, K.. (2010). Sexual Offender Laws and Prevention of Sexual Violence or Recidivism. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 412-9. Retrieved April 4, 2010, from Research Library. (Document ID: 1979013051). http://proquest.umi.com.proxy.seattleu.edu/pqdweb?index=4&did=1979013051&SrchMode=1&sid=7&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1270427348&clientId=19912
  4. ^ Frequently Asked Questions About Women's Health: Sexual Assault, The National Women's Health Information Center, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  5. ^ "Was I Raped?". Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
  6. ^ Abbey, A., BeShears, R., Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., & McAuslan, P. (2004). Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28, 323-332."Similarities and differences in women's sexual assault experiences based on tactics used by the perpetrator". Accessed 9 July 2008.
  7. ^ Kaufman, A (1980). "Male rape victims: noninstitutionalized assault". American Journal of Psychiatry. 1980 (137): 221–223. PMID 7352580. Retrieved 2008-11-06. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ The Eighth United Nations Survey on Crime Trends and the Operations of Criminal Justice Systems (2001 - 2002) - Table 02.08 Total recorded rapes
  9. ^ a b "Child Sexual Abuse". Medline Plus. U.S. National Library of Medicine,. 2008-04-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  10. ^ Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS), Board of Professional Affairs (BPA), American Psychological Association (APA) (1999). "Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters". American Psychologist. 54 (8): 586–593. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.8.586. PMID 10453704. Retrieved 2008-05-07. Abuse, sexual (child): generally defined as contacts between a child and an adult or other person significantly older or in a position of power or control over the child, where the child is being used for sexual stimulation of the adult or other person. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |laydate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysource= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |laysummary= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Martin, J., Anderson, J., Romans, S., et al. (1993). Asking about child sexual abuse: methodological implications of a two-stage survey, Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 383-392.
  12. ^ Child sexual abuse definition from the NSPCC
  13. ^ Roosa M.W., Reinholtz C., Angelini P.J. (1999). "The relation of child sexual abuse and depression in young women: comparisons across four ethnic groups," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 27(1):65-76.
  14. ^ Widom C.S. (1999). "Post-traumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up," American Journal of Psychiatry; 156(8):1223-1229.
  15. ^ Levitan, R. D., N. A. Rector, Sheldon, T., & Goering, P. (2003). "Childhood adversities associated with major depression and/or anxiety disorders in a community sample of Ontario: Issues of co-morbidity and specificity," Depression & Anxiety; 17, 34-42.
  16. ^ Terri L. Messman-Moore & Patricia J. Long, "Child Sexual Abuse and Revictimization in the Form of Adult Sexual Abuse, Adult Physical Abuse, and Adult Psychological Maltreatment," 15 Journal of Interpersonal Violence 489 (2000).
  17. ^ Dinwiddie S, Heath AC, Dunne MP, et al. (2000). "Early sexual abuse and lifetime psychopathology: a co-twin-control study." Psychological Medicine, 30:41–52
  18. ^ a b c Courtois, Christine A. (1988). Healing the Incest Wound: Adult Survivors in Therapy. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 208. ISBN 0393313565. Cite error: The named reference "Courtois" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  19. ^ a b Julia Whealin, Ph.D. (2007-05-22). "Child Sexual Abuse". National Center for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, US Department of Veterans Affairs.
  20. ^ David Finkelhor (summer/fall 1994). "Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse" (PDF). The Future of Children. (1994) 4(2): 31-53. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  21. ^ Crimes against Children Research Center
  22. ^ Family Research Laboratory
  23. ^ Kevin M. Gorey and Donald R. Leslie (April 1997). "The prevalence of child sexual abuse: Integrative review adjustment for potential response and measurement biases". Child Abuse & Neglect. 21 (4). Elsevier Science Ltd.: 391–398. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00180-9.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Further reading

  • Wishart, G.D. (2003). "The Sexual Abuse of People with Learning Difficulties: Do We Need A Social Model Approach To Vulnerability?", Journal of Adult Protection, Volume 5 (Issue 3).

External links

National organizations

Support and healing organizations

Research and information

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