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* [http://www.google.com/crisisresponse/japanquake2011.html 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami] at [[Google Crisis Response]]
* [http://www.google.com/crisisresponse/japanquake2011.html 2011 Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami] at [[Google Crisis Response]]
* [http://www.gdacs.org/japan.htm Red Earthquake and Tsunami Alert in Japan] at the [[Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System]]
* [http://www.gdacs.org/japan.htm Red Earthquake and Tsunami Alert in Japan] at the [[Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System]]
* [http://www.japan-2011.com A tribute website with videos of the Earthquake and Tsunami in Japan]


; Live media coverage
; Live media coverage

Revision as of 00:13, 14 March 2011

2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami
A fire rages in the heavily damaged city of Sendai
A fire rages in the heavily damaged city of Sendai
Template:Location map start

Template:Location map marker Template:Location map marker Template:Location map marker

Template:Location map end
UTC time??
Duration5 minutes[1]
Magnitude8.9 - 9.0 Mw[2][3]
Depth24.4 km (15.2 mi)
Epicenter38°19′16″N 142°22′08″E / 38.321°N 142.369°E / 38.321; 142.369
TypeMegathrust earthquake
Areas affectedJapan (primary)
Pacific Rim (tsunami)
Total damageflooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents
TsunamiYes
LandslidesYes
Aftershocksat least 371 (30 above 6.0 MW)

The 2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami (東北地方太平洋沖地震, Tōhoku Chihō Taiheiyō-oki Jishin[7], literally "Tōhoku region Pacific Ocean offshore earthquake") was an 8.9 - 9.0 MW megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on 11 March 2011.[8][9] The epicenter was reported to be 130 kilometers (81 mi) off the east coast of the Oshika Peninsula, Tōhoku, with the hypocenter at a depth of 24.4 km (15.2 mi).[10][11]

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations from Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North America and South America.[12][13][14] The earthquake created tsunami waves of up to 10 meters (33 ft) that struck Japan, with smaller waves in many other countries.[9] In Japan, the waves are reported to have travelled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[15]

The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 19,759 deaths,[16] deaths, 6,242 injured,[17] injuries, and 2,553 people missing[18] people missing across sixteen prefectures, but estimated numbers are far higher.[19] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse. Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.4 million without water.[20] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least two nuclear reactors partially melted down,[21][22] which prompted evacuations of the affected areas,[23] and a state of emergency was established. The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant experienced an explosion almost 24 hours after the initial earthquake; however, while the blast caused the collapse of the concrete outer containment building, it was reported that the integrity of the inner core-containment vessel was not compromised.[20][24][25] Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. Early estimates from AIR Worldwide place insured losses from the earthquake and tsunami at $14.5 to $34.6 billion.[26] Another estimate from CNN stated that losses would exceed $100 billion, with much of the damage being uninsured losses.[27]

The estimates of the Sendai earthquake's magnitude made it the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[28][29][30] Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan recently stated "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[31]

Earthquake

Map of the Sendai earthquake and aftershocks

The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, beginning with a 7.2 MW event on 9 March approximately 40 km (25 mi) from 11 March quake, and followed by another three on the same day in excess of 6 MW in magnitude.[28] One minute prior to the effects of the earthquake being felt in Tokyo, the Earthquake Early Warning system connected to about 1,000 seismometers in Japan sent out warnings on television of an impending earthquake to millions. This was possible because the damaging seismic S-waves, traveling at 4 kilometers per second, took about 90 seconds to travel the 373 km to Tokyo. The early warning is believed by the Japan Meteorological Agency to have saved many lives.[32][33]

The earthquake occurred in the western Pacific Ocean, 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Honshu, Japan. Its epicenter was 373 km (232 mi) from Tokyo, according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS). Multiple aftershocks were reported after the initial magnitude 8.9 - 9.0 quake at 14:46 local time. A magnitude 7.0 aftershock was reported at 15:06 local time, 7.4 at 15:15 local time and 7.2 at 15:26 local time.[34] Over three hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 or greater have occurred since the initial quake.[35] Initially reported as 7.9 by the USGS, the magnitude was quickly upgraded to 8.8 and then to 8.9,[28] and then again to either 9.0 or 9.1 according to some sources.[8][9] This earthquake occurred in the Japan Trench, where the Pacific Plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate. A quake of this size usually has a rupture length of at least 480 km (300 mi) and requires a long, relatively straight fault line. Because the plate boundary and subduction zone in this region is not very straight, earthquake magnitudes are usually expected to be up to 8 to 8.5; the magnitude of this earthquake was a surprise to some seismologists.[36] The hypocentral region of this earthquake extends from offshore Iwate to offshore Ibaraki Prefectures.[37] The Japanese Meteorological Agency said that the earthquake may have ruptured the fault zone from Iwate to Ibaraki with a length of 500 km (310 mi) and a width of 200 km (120 mi).[38][39] Analysis showed that this earthquake consisted of a set of three events.[40] The earthquake may have had the same mechanism as that of another large earthquake in 869 with estimated magnitude Ms 8.6, which also caused a large tsunami.[41]

The quake registered a maximum 7 on the Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale in Kurihara, Miyagi Prefecture.[42] Three other prefectures—Fukushima, Ibaraki and Tochigi—recorded upper 6 on the JMA scale. Seismic stations in Iwate, Gunma, Saitama and Chiba Prefecture measured lower 6, recording upper 5 in Tokyo.

Geophysical impact

Soil liquefaction in Koto, Tokyo

According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake's enormous strength shifted the Earth's axis by 25 centimeters (9.8 in). This deviation led a number of small changes, including those to the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth.[43] The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.[44]

A report by the U.S. Geological Survey said that Honshu, the main island of Japan, was shifted 2.4 m (7.9 ft) toward the east.[45] Researcher Lucy Jones said of the precise data, "The Japanese have the best seismic information in the world... This is overwhelmingly the best-recorded great earthquake ever."[46]

Shinmoedake, a volcano in Kyushu, erupted two days after the earthquake. Although previous eruptions of the volcano occurred in January 2011, it is not known if the earthquake had triggered a renewed eruption.[47]

Energy

This earthquake released a surface energy (Me) of 1.9±0.5×1017 joules,[48] dissipated as shaking and tsunamic energy, which is nearly double that of the 9.1-magnitude 2004 Sumatran earthquake that killed 230,000 people. The total energy released (Mw) was calculated by the USGS WPhase Moment Solution at 3.9×1022 joules,[49] slightly less than the 2004 Sumatra quake. The total energy released underground was some 205,000 times that on the surface.

Tsunami

Wave height map for the tsunami from NOAA
Water colum height on 11 March 2011 at DART Station, 690 NM Southeast of Tokyo

The earthquake triggered tsunami warnings and evacuations for Japan's Pacific coast and at least 20 countries, including the entire Pacific coast of North and South America from Alaska to Chile.[12][13][14]

Japan

The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale, implying that the wave was expected to be at least 10 m (33 ft) high.[50] The earthquake took place at 14:46 JST around 200 kilometers from the nearest point on Japan's coastline (to the west), and initial estimates indicate the tsunami would have taken from 10-15 minutes to 15-30 minutes to reach the areas first affected, and areas further north and south depending on the geography of the coastline.[51][52] A tsunami was observed flooding Sendai Airport, which is located near the coast of Miyagi Prefecture,[53][54] with waves sweeping away cars and planes and flooding various buildings as they traveled inland.[20][55] The impact of the tsunami in and around Sendai Airport was filmed by an NHK News helicopter, showing a number of vehicles on local roads trying to escape the approaching wave and being engulfed by it.[56] A 4-meter (13 ft)-high tsunami hit Iwate Prefecture.[57]

Like the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and Cyclone Nargis, the damage by surging water, though much more localized, may be far more deadly and destructive than the actual quake. There are reports of "whole towns gone" from tsunami-hit areas in Japan, including 9,500 missing in Minamisanriku;[58] Kuji and Ofunato have been "swept away ... leaving no trace that a town was there."[59] Also destroyed was Rikuzentakata, Iwate, where the tsunami was reportedly three stories high.[60][61][62] Other cities reportedly destroyed or heavily damaged by the tsunami included Miyako, Ōtsuchi, and Yamada, Iwate, Namie, Sōma and Minamisōma, Fukushima and Onagawa, Natori, Ishinomaki, and Kesennuma, Miyagi.[63][64][65]

Elsewhere across the Pacific

NOAA animation of the tsunami's propagation

Shortly after the earthquake, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) issued tsunami watches and warnings for locations in the Pacific, including a tsunami watch for Hawaii at 7:56 pm Hawaii Standard Time (0556 GMT). At 9:30 pm (0730 GMT) PTWC upgraded the watch for Hawaii to a warning and also issued a widespread tsunami warning for the entire Pacific Ocean.[66][67] The United States West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a tsunami warning for the coastal areas of California and Oregon from Point Conception, California, to the Oregon-Washington border.[68] In California and Oregon, up to 8 ft (2.4 m) high tsunami surges hit some areas, damaging docks and harbors and causing over US$10 million of damage.[69][70] Hawaii estimated damage to public infrastructure alone at $3 million.[71] A tsunami warning was also advised for the Canadian province of British Columbia, where the potentially affected areas included British Columbia's north coast and the outer west coast of Vancouver Island.[72]

Some South Pacific countries, including Tonga, American Samoa and New Zealand, experienced larger-than-normal waves, but did not report any major damage.[73] Along the Pacific Coast of Mexico and South America, tsunami surges were reported, but in most places caused little or no damage.[74] Peru reported a wave of 1.5 meters (4.9 ft) and over 300 homes damaged in the towns of Pueblo Nuevo de Colan and Pisco.[74] The surge in Chile was large enough to cause some damage. Warnings were issued in all countries at risk, and there was plenty of time to evacuate people from coastal areas; there were very few casualties outside Japan.

Russia evacuated 11,000 residents from coastal areas of the Kuril Islands shortly following the earthquake.[75]

Casualties

Devastated coastline in Tōhoku
The bottom MODIS satellite image was taken on 26 February, and the top on 12 March, post-tsunami; Sendai is approximately centered in both. Scale is 10 km.

Both the earthquake and the resultant tsunami caused many casualties. Unlike other countries which had many hours' notice of a relatively small surge, a major tsunami struck Japan with only minutes' warning, leaving many people unable to escape.

The National Police Agency has officially confirmed 19,759 deaths,[76] people dead, 6,242 injured,[77] injured, and 2,553 people missing[78] missing across sixteen prefectures.[79] These numbers are expected to significantly increase,[80] with casualties expected to reach tens of thousands.[81]

Prefectural officials and the Kyodo News Agency, quoting local officials, said that 9,500 people from Minamisanriku in Miyagi Prefecture—about a half of the town′s population—were unaccounted for.[82] NHK has reported that the death toll in Iwate Prefecture alone may reach 10,000.[20]

Officials in Wakabayashi-ku, Sendai, which was heavily damaged by tsunami waves, stated that they had found the bodies of 200–300 victims.[83]

It was reported that four passenger trains containing an unknown number of passengers disappeared in a coastal area during the tsunami.[21] Two of the trains were on the Senseki Line.[83] One of the Senseki Line trains was found derailed in the morning, and all passengers were rescued by a prefectural police helicopter.[84] Der Spiegel later reported that five missing trains in the Miyagi prefecture had been found with all passengers safe, although this information could not be confirmed from primary sources.[85]

By 9:30 March 11 UTC, Google Person Finder, which was previously used in the Haitian, Chilean, and Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes, was collecting information about survivors and their locations.[86][87] The Next of Kin Registry NOKR is assisting the Japanese government to locate next of kin for those missing or deceased.[88]

One man was killed in Papua, Indonesia after being swept out to sea.[89] At the mouth of the Klamath River, south of Crescent City, California, a 25-year-old man who is said to have been attempting to photograph the oncoming tsunami was swept out to sea and was confirmed dead.[90][91][92]

Effects

Nuclear power plants

A map showing epicenter of earthquake and position of nuclear power plants

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, Fukushima I, Fukushima II and Tōkai nuclear power stations were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was already shut down for a periodic inspection. However, cooling is needed to remove decay heat for several days even when a plant has been shut down. The cooling process is powered by emergency diesel generators, as in the case of Rokkasho nuclear reprocessing plant.[93] At Fukushima I and II emergency power systems failed, leading to severe problems including a large explosion at Fukushima I and leakage of radiation.[94][95] Over 170,000 people have been evacuated.

Fukushima I and II

File:2011-03-12 1800 NHK Sōgō channel news program screen shot.jpg
Before and after images of the explosion at Fukushima I Unit 1 reactor
Main article: Fukushima I nuclear accidents
Further information: Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant

Japan declared a state of emergency following the failure of the cooling system at the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant,[96] resulting in the evacuation of nearby residents.[97][98] Officials from the Japanese Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency have reported that radiation levels inside the plant are up to 1,000 times normal levels,[99] and that radiation levels outside the plant are up to 8 times normal levels.[100] Later, a state of emergency was also declared at the Fukushima II nuclear power plant about 11 km (7 mi) south.[101] This brings the total number of problematic reactors to six,[102] two of which (unit 1 and 3 at Fukushima I) experienced a partial meltdown,[21][22][103] A large explosion, thought to be caused by the buildup of hydrogen gas, blew away the roof and outer walls of the Reactor 1 building, releasing a large cloud of dust and vapor, but the reactor itself was not damaged in the explosion.[25][104][105] A similar increase of pressure is building up in Unit 3, threatening the same kind of explosion.[106] Unlike the other five reactor units, reactor 3 runs on mixed uranium and plutonium oxide, or MOX fuel, making it potentially more dangerous in an incident due to the neutronic effects of plutonium on the reactor and the carcinogenic effects in the event of release to the environment.[107][108][109]

Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) is trying to reduce the pressure within the plants by venting contaminated steam from the reactor vessel into the atmosphere. According to Tomoko Murakami, of the nuclear energy group at Japan's Institute of Energy Economics, this would not result in the release of significant radiation.[110] Residents living within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I plant were evacuated, as well as residents within 3 km (1.9 mi) of the Fukushima II plant.[111][112][113][23] On 12 March, a BBC journalist reported being stopped 60 km from the blast site by police.[25] As of 13 March, some local residents and health workers have been diagnosed with mild radiation poisoning.[114]

At 01:17 JST on Sunday 13 March (12, 16 March:17 GMT), the Japan Atomic Energy Agency announced that it was rating the Fukushima accident at 4 (accident with local consequences) on the 0–7 International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), below the Three Mile Island accident in seriousness.[115]

Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant

A fire from the turbine section of the Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant following the earthquake was reported by Kyodo News.[93][116] The blaze was in a building housing the turbine, which is sited separately from the plant's reactor,[97] and was soon extinguished.[117][117]

On 13 March the lowest-level state of emergency was declared regarding the Onagawa plant by TEPCO, as radioactivity readings exceeded allowed levels in the area of the plant.[118][119] TEPCO stated this was due to radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents and not from the Onagawa plant itself.[120]

Port

The effects of the quake included visible smoke rising from a building in the Port of Tokyo with parts of the port areas being flooded, including soil liquefaction in Tokyo Disneyland's carpark.[121][122]

Dam failure

The Fujinuma irrigation dam in Sukagawa ruptured,[123] causing flooding and washing away homes.[124] No casualties have been counted,[125] but people are missing[123] and the Defense Ministry has reported 1,800 homes destroyed downstream.[125]

Water

More than 1.4 million households were reported to have lost access to water supplies.[20]

Electricity

According to Tohoku Electric, around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity.[126] Several nuclear and conventional power plants went offline after the earthquake. Rolling blackouts will begin on 14 March 2011 due to power shortages caused by the quakes. The Tokyo Electric Power Company, which normally provides approximately 40 GW of electricity, announced that it can only currently provide about 30,000,000 GW. This is due to 40 percent of the electricity used in the greater Tokyo area normally being supplied by reactors in the Niigata and Fukushima prefectures.[127] Two of those reactors, the Fukushima Dai-ichi and Fukushima Dai-ni, were automatically taken offline when the first earthquake occurred and have sustained major damage related to the earthquake and subsequent tsunami. Rolling blackouts of three hours are expected to last until the end of April and will affect the Tokyo, Kanagawa, Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Chiba, Ibaraki, Saitama, Tochigi, and Gunma prefectures.[128]

Oil

Fire at the Cosmo Oil refinery in Ichihara

An oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo.[129] Major fires broke out elsewhere, such as in the city of Kesennuma.[130][131]

Transport

Stranded passengers on a Tokyo train. Major disruptions to train travel, as well as car and airplane travel, have occurred in places such as Tokyo and northeastern Japan.

Japan's transport network suffered severe disruption. Many sections of Tohoku expressway serving northern Japan were damaged.[132] All railway services were suspended in Tokyo, with an estimated 20,000 people stranded at major stations across the city.[133] In the hours after the earthquake, some train services were resumed.[134] Most Tokyo area train lines resumed full service by the next day-12 March.[135] Twenty thousand stranded visitors spent the night of 11–12 March inside Tokyo Disneyland.[136]

A tsunami wave was seen flooding Sendai Airport at 15:55 JST,[53] about 1 hour after the initial quake. Narita and Haneda Airport both suspended operations after the quake, with most flights diverted to other airports for about 24 hours.[122] Ten airliners bound for Narita were diverted to nearby Yokota Air Base.[137]

Various train services around Japan were also canceled, with JR East suspending all services for the rest of the day.[138] Four trains on coastal lines were reported as being out of contact with operators; one, a four-car train on the Senseki Line, was found to have derailed, and its occupants were rescued shortly after 8 am the next morning.[139] There had been no derailments of Shinkansen bullet train services in and out of Tokyo, but their services were also suspended.[122] The Tōkaidō Shinkansen resumed limited service late in the day and was back to its normal schedule by the next day, while the Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen resumed services late on 12 March; however, the Tōhoku Shinkansen remained suspended, with visible damage to electrical poles and elevated spans, and the state of the line in harder-hit areas still difficult to ascertain. A date for resumption of services has not been announced, but repairs are expected to take a considerable amount of time.[140]

Telecommunications

Cellular and landline phone service suffered major disruptions in the affected area.[141] Internet services, however, have not been affected to a great extent; only a few websites are unreachable. Several Wi-Fi hotspot providers have reacted to the quake by providing free access to their networks.[142]

Sports

The 2011 World Figure Skating Championships is scheduled to take place from 21–27 March at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo, but the International Skating Union is considering whether to cancel the event, after the German team announced that it would follow recommendations not to travel to Japan.[143]

Economic impact

An aerial view of Sendai, 12 March. While some analysts are predicting that the total recovery costs could reach ¥10 trillion yen (or $122 billion USD),[144] others suggest that the rebuilding efforts will help boost the Japanese economy in the long term.[145]

The quake has had significant immediate impacts on businesses such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda, who completely suspended auto production until 14 March. Nippon Steel Corporation also suspended production, Toyo Tire & Rubber Company and Sumitomo Rubber Industries shuttered their tyre and rubber production lines, while GS Yuasa closed its automotive battery production. This was expected to hinder supply availability for automakers.[146] Tokyo Electric Power Company, Toshiba, East Japan Railway Company and Shin-Etsu Chemical Company were suggested as the most vulnerable companies as a result of the earthquake.[147] Sony also suspended production at all its six plants in the area, while Fuji Heavy Industries discontinued production at most of its factories in the Gunma and the Tochigi Prefectures.[148] Other factories suspending operations include Kirin Holdings, GlaxoSmithKline, and Nestlé.[149] The northern Tohoku region, which was most affected, accounts for about 8 percent of the country's gross domestic product as it has factories that make products such as cars and beer as well as energy infrastructure. The factory shutdowns, power cuts and the consequent presumed impact on consumer confidence could hurt the national GDP for several months, although economist Michael Boskin predicts "only minimal impact on the Japanese economy overall."[150]

The Bank of Japan has set up an emergency task force to ensure liquidity in the aftermath of the disaster.[151]

Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano has said that Japan's government will convene on 13 March to gauge the economic effects of the catastrophe.[152] He also told NHK Television that about 200 billion yen that was remaining from the budget for the concurrent fiscal year that would end on 31 March would be used to fund the immediate recovery efforts. Additional measures could also hurt Japan's public debt (which is already the highest in the world). This additional spending could hurt demand for government bonds.[150]

Economic analysts posit that, ultimately, the catastrophe will improve Japan's economy, with increased job availability during restoration efforts. An analyst at JPMorgan Chase, citing the 1989 San Francisco earthquake and the 1994 Northridge earthquake, noted that natural disasters "do eventually boost output." An analyst at Société Générale anticipated that Japan's economy will decline in March but will revive powerfully in subsequent months. After the Kobe earthquake, industrial output dropped 2.6%, but increased by 2.2% the next month, and 1% the following month. Japan's economy then accelerated substantially through the next two years, at more than its former rate.[145] There are others who posit that this is harmful to the economy, and that the above analysts are falling prey to the broken window fallacy.[153]

Global financial impact

In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, Japan’s Nikkei stock market index saw its futures slide 5% in after-market trading.[154] The Bank of Japan said that they would do their utmost to ensure financial market stability.[155]

Other stock markets around the world were also affected; the German DAX lost 1.2% and fell to 6,978 points within minutes.[156] Hong Kong's Hang Seng index fell by 1.8%, while South Korea's Kospi index slumped by 1.3%.[157] By the end of trading on Friday, the MSCI Asia Pacific Index had dropped by 1.8%.[158] Major U.S. stock market indexes rose between 0.5% and 0.7%.[159] Oil prices also dropped as a result of the closure of Japanese refineries, despite the ongoing violence in Libya and expected demonstrations in Saudi Arabia. US crude dropped as low as $99.01 from $100.08 by lunchtime, with Brent Crude falling $2.62 to $112.81.[160] In Hong Kong, Financial Secretary John Tsang warned investors to "take extra care" as the earthquake may have a short term impact on each local stock market.[161]

The share prices of the biggest reinsurance companies Munich Re and Swiss Reinsurance Company fell following the earthquake on speculation that they may face losses "somewhere in the $10 billion range" even after certain costs were absorbed by Japan’s primary insurers and the government.[162]

Peter Bradford, a former member of the United States' Nuclear Regulatory Commission, said that the impact on the nuclear power plant was "obviously a significant setback for the so-called nuclear renaissance. The image of a nuclear power plant blowing up before your eyes on a television screen is a first."[163]

Response

Government response

Prime Minister Naoto Kan announced the government has mobilized the Japanese Self-Defense Forces in various earthquake disaster zones.[164] He asked the Japanese public to act calmly and tune into various media for updated information.[164][165] He also reported numerous nuclear power plants have automatically shut down to prevent damage and radiation leaks.[164] He also set up emergency headquarters in his office to coordinate the government's response.[165]

Kan promised his 100% cooperation in alleviating the situation. He declared that "the safety of Japan's citizens is the priority, and to save every possible life is his current mission." He added that the defense force, police, rescue crew and individuals are currently working at full potential to mediate the situation, and called for more help from all over Japan. Evacuation shelters currently are facing a shortage of potable water, food, blankets and bathroom facilities, as the government arranges these necessities to be delivered to where it is needed as soon as possible, from various areas of Japan and abroad.[citation needed] Dropping temperatures due to the disruption in electrical and gas lines caused further problems at shelters.[20]

International response

Russians bear flowers to embassy of Japan in Moscow

Japan received condolence messages and offers of assistance from a range of international leaders. According to the United Nations, search and rescue teams from 45 countries had been offered to Japan.

Japan specifically requested teams from Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States;[166][167] it also requested (via its space agency JAXA) the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters, allowing diverse satellite imagery of affected regions to be readily shared with rescue and aid organizations.[168]

The United States moved naval vessels closer to Japan for the purposes of providing aid, including the aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan.[169][170] Germany is sending search and rescue specialists from the Technisches Hilfswerk.[171] The United Kingdom is sending 70 rescuers to Japan, including two search dogs, a medical support team and 11 tons of specialized rescue equipment.[172][173] South Korean teams arrived in Japan on 12 Mar, consisting of 5 members from the National Rescue Services and two rescue dogs, and has an additional team of 120 emergency rescue workers and medical staff on standby.[174]

Japan had asked Russia state-controlled gas giant Gazprom for additional liquefied natural gas supplies, the company was now looking how to divert two tankers, or 150,000 tons,[175] currently under other contracts, towards Japan.[176] Russia's Emergencies Ministry, Irina Andrianova confirmed that Russia will send Mi-26 helicopter along with a team of 50 Russian rescuers to join the search for survivors of Japan's disaster. She also promised for more aid from Russia to Japan.[177] Several Israeli organizations including ZAKA and IsraAid have sent search and rescue teams, medical professionals, and water pollution experts to assist.[178]

President Ma Ying-Jeou of Taiwan ordered the Republic of China government to donate NT$100 million (equal to about 300 million Japanese yen or 3.3 million US dollars) to Japan and a rescue team is ready to leave for Japan.[179] Some other central and local governments and charitable organizations such as Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Taiwan (Republic of China), Red Cross Society of Taiwan (Republic of China), and Tzu Chi Foundation have organized donations and sent assistances to Japan.[180]

The People's Republic of China has sent US$167,000 in aid so far via China's Red Cross Society, the China-Japan Friendship Association and the Chinese People's Association for Friendship and with Foreign Countries, as well as a 15-member rescue team which left Beijing on Sunday, 13 March 2011.[175] Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen expresses deep sympathy to Japan and ordered the Cambodian government to donate US$100,000 in aid.[181]

Information and support

Among several resources offered to help people find earthquake survivors and obtain information about loved ones in Japan are: Disaster Message Board Web171 operated by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone,[182] International Committee of the Red Cross[183] Google Person Finder;[184] websites of the Australian Embassy;[185] US Department of State;[186] and UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office.[187]

Media coverage

Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) and Japan Satellite Television suspended their usual programming to provide ongoing coverage of the situation.[188] Various other nationwide Japanese TV networks also broadcast uninterrupted coverage of the disaster. Ustream Asia broadcast live feeds of NHK, Tokyo Broadcasting System, Fuji TV, TV Asahi, TV Kanagawa, and CNN on the Internet starting on 12 March 2011.[189]

On 14 March 2011, NHK News reported a Japan Meteorological Agency warning that there was a 70% probability of a new earthquake exceeding magnitude 7.0 occurring within the same hypocentral region in the following seven days.[190]

See also

References

  1. ^ NBC Nightly News (11 Mar. 2011)
  2. ^ "Magnitude 8.9 - NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN". USGS. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  3. ^ "USGS analysis as of 2011-03-12". Earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
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  170. ^ "Obama: Japan earthquake potentially 'catastrophic'". msnbc.com. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  171. ^ "Erdbeben in Japan – Angst vor der Kernschmelze – Panorama – sueddeutsche.de". Süddeutsche Zeitung. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  172. ^ "UK sends 70 rescuers".
  173. ^ "UK team joins quake rescue efforts".
  174. ^ "South Korea Sends Rescue Team, Search Dogs To Quake-Hit Japan". Bernama. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
  175. ^ a b "International aid pours in for Japan". 13 March 2011.
  176. ^ "Japan asks Russia for more energy after quake". 13 March 2011.
  177. ^ "Russia to send additional rescuers to quake-hit Japan - Emergencies Ministry". 13 March 2011.
  178. ^ "Israel team of volunteers to help with search and rescue efforts in Japan - Haaretz Daily Newspaper". Ha'aretz. 11 March 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011. {{cite news}}: Text "Israel News" ignored (help)
  179. ^ "因應日本宮城縣災情擴大，中華民國政府捐贈日本政府新台幣一億元協助賑災，並呼籲國內各界踴躍捐輸。" (in Chinese). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (Taiwan). 12 March 2011. Retrieved 12 March 2011.
  180. ^ 我捐1億賑災 37萬網友祈福，Apple Daily, 3/13/2011。
  181. ^ "Cambodia expresses deep sympathy to Japan over massive quake". 13 March 2011.
  182. ^ Disaster message telephone and message board (broadband and narrowband), Web171, Japan.
  183. ^ Familylinks, International Committee of the Red Cross, http://www.familylinks.icrc.org/eng/familylinks-japan
  184. ^ Google Person Finder, http://japan.person-finder.appspot.com/
  185. ^ Australian Embassy, http://www.australia.or.jp/en/
  186. ^ US Department of State, http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/pa/pa_5378.html
  187. ^ UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/news/latest-news/?view=News&id=564374182
  188. ^ NHK News, 14:40 JST.
  189. ^ "Ustream Asia、民放TV各局の東北地方太平洋沖地震報道番組を同時配信 -INTERNET Watch".
  190. ^ NHK News, 03:30 JST.
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