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{{main|Foreign relations of South Sudan}}
{{main|Foreign relations of South Sudan}}
[[File:CountriesRecognizingSouthSudan.svg|thumb|260px|Countries which have recognized South Sudan.
[[File:CountriesRecognizingSouthSudan.svg|thumb|260px|Countries which have recognized South Sudan.
{{legend|blue|South Sudan}}
{{legend|red|South Sudan}}
{{legend|green|Countries recognizing South Sudan}}]]
{{legend|green|Countries recognizing South Sudan}}]]
[[Sudan]] announced prior to the South's independence that an embassy would be opened immediately in Juba upon independence.<ref name="Embassy">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201103211204.html Sudan: Khartoum Opens Embassy in Juba as South Approaches Separation],
[[Sudan]] announced prior to the South's independence that an embassy would be opened immediately in Juba upon independence.<ref name="Embassy">[http://allafrica.com/stories/201103211204.html Sudan: Khartoum Opens Embassy in Juba as South Approaches Separation],

Revision as of 06:20, 10 July 2011

This article is about South Sudan as an independent country. For the former autonomous region of Sudan from 1972 to 1983, see Government of Southern Sudan (1972–1983). For 2005 to 2011, see Government of Southern Sudan (2005–2011).
Republic of South Sudan
Motto: "Justice, Liberty, Prosperity"
Anthem: "South Sudan Oyee!"
Location of South Sudan
Capital
and largest city
Juba
Official languagesEnglish
Recognised national languagesall indigenous languages
Demonym(s)South Sudanese
GovernmentFederal presidential democratic republic
• President
Salva Kiir Mayardit
Riek Machar
LegislatureLegislative Assembly
Independence 
from Sudan
6 January 2005
• Autonomy
9 July 2005
9 July 2011
Area
• Total
619,745 km2 (239,285 sq mi) (45th)
Population
• 2008 census
8,260,490 (disputed)[1] (94th)
CurrencySudanese pound (SDG)
Time zoneUTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Calling code249
ISO 3166 codeSS
Internet TLD.ss (pending approval)

South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan,[2] is a country in East Africa. Its capital and largest city is Juba, located in the southern state of Central Equatoria. The landlocked country is bordered by Ethiopia to the east; Kenya, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south; the Central African Republic to the west; and Sudan to the north. South Sudan includes the vast swamp region of the Sudd formed by the White Nile, locally called the Bahr al Jabal.

What is now South Sudan was initially part of the British and Egyptian condominium of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and became part of the Republic of Sudan when independence was achieved in 1956. Following the First Sudanese Civil War, the Southern Sudan Autonomous Region was formed in 1972 and lasted until 1983. A second Sudanese civil war soon developed and ended with the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005. Later that year southern autonomy was restored when an Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan was formed. South Sudan became an independent state on 9 July 2011 at midnight (00:00) local time following a referendum held in January 2011 in which nearly 99% of voters opted for separation from the rest of Sudan.[3]

South Sudan applied to join the Commonwealth of Nations.[4] It was declared eligible to apply for membership in the Arab League.[5] Its government has also expressed interest in South Sudan joining the East African Community, a proposal supported in principle by the governments of Kenya and Rwanda.[6] The United Nations Security Council plans to meet on 13 July 2011 to formally discuss membership and recognition of the Republic of South Sudan; and shortly thereafter, it is widely expected that the General Assembly will vote on a resolution to accept the new nation as the world’s 193rd member state of the United Nations.[7]

History

Main article: History of South Sudan

There is little documentation of the history of the South Sudan until the beginning of Egyptian rule in Sudan in the early 1820s and the subsequent extension of this rule into the south. Information before that time is based largely on oral history. According to these traditions, the Nilotic peoples—the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk, and others—first entered South Sudan sometime before the 10th century. During the period from the 15th century to the 19th century, tribal migrations, largely from the area of Bahr el Ghazal, brought these peoples to their modern locations. The non-Nilotic Azande people, who entered South Sudan in the 16th century, established the region's largest state. The Azande are the third largest nationality in South Sudan. They are found in the Maridi, Yambio, and Tambura districts in the tropical rainforest belt of Western Equatoria and Western Bahr el Ghazal. In the 18th century, the Avungara people entered and quickly imposed their authority over the Azande. Avungara power remained largely unchallenged until the arrival of the British at the end of the 19th century.[8] Geographical barriers protected the southerners from Islam's advance, enabling them to retain their social and cultural heritage and their political and religious institutions.

Profile of John Garang
John Garang de Mabior led the Sudan People's Liberation Army until his death in 2005

The Azande have had difficult relations with the neighbours, namely the Moro, Mundu, Pöjulu, and the small groups in Bahr el Ghazal, due to the expansionist policy of their King, Gbudwe, in the 18th century. The Azande fought the French and the Belgians, the Mahdist to maintain their independence. Egypt, under the rule of Khedive Isma'il Pasha, first attempted to colonise the region in the 1870s, establishing the province of Equatoria in the southern portion. Egypt's first governor was Samuel Baker, commissioned in 1869, followed by Charles George Gordon in 1874 and by Emin Pasha in 1878. The Mahdist Revolt of the 1880s destabilised the nascent province, and Equatoria ceased to exist as an Egyptian outpost in 1889. Important settlements in Equatoria included Lado, Gondokoro, Dufile and Wadelai. In 1947, British hopes to join South Sudan with Uganda were dashed by the Juba Conference, to unify North and South Sudan.

It is estimated that South Sudan region has a population of 8 million,[9] but given the lack of a census in several decades, this estimate may be severely distorted. The economy is predominantly rural and relies chiefly on subsistence farming.[9] In the middle of the 2000s, the economy began a transition from this rural dominance and urban areas within South Sudan have seen extensive development. The region has been negatively affected by two civil wars since Sudanese independence – the Sudanese government fought the Anyanya rebel army from 1955 to 1972 in the First Sudanese Civil War and then the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) in the Second Sudanese Civil War for almost twenty-one years after the founding of SPLA/M in 1983 – resulting in serious neglect, lack of infrastructural development, and major destruction and displacement. More than 2.5 million people have been killed, and more than 5 million have become externally displaced while others have been internally displaced, becoming refugees as a result of the civil war and war-related impacts.

A referendum was held from 9 to 15 January 2011 to determine if South Sudan should declare its independence from Sudan, with 98.83% of the population voting for independence. (The results for that referendum were released on 30 January 2011.) [10] Those living in the north and expatriates living overseas also voted.[11] This led to a formal independence on 9 July, although certain disputes still remain such as sharing of the oil revenues as an estimated 80% of the oil in the nation is secured from South Sudan, which would represent amazing economic potential for one of the world's most deprived areas. The region of Abyei still remains disputed and a separate referendum will be held in Abyei on whether they want to join North or South Sudan.[12]

Politics

Government

Main article: Politics of South Sudan
Salva Kiir Mayardit, the first elected President of South Sudan

The republic's Legislative Assembly ratified an Interim Constitution on 7 July 2011.[13] This is the supreme law of the land, superseding the Interim Constitution of 2005.[14] The constitution establishes a presidential system of government headed by a President who is Head of State, Head of Government, and Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. John Garang, the founder of the SPLA/M was the first President of the autonomous government until his death on 30 July 2005. Salva Kiir Mayardit, his deputy, was sworn in as First Vice President of Sudan and President of the Government of Southern Sudan on 11 August 2005. Riek Machar replaced him as Vice-President. Legislative power is vested in the government and the unicameral South Sudan Legislative Assembly. The Constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, the highest organ being the Supreme Court.

A Defence Paper on defence processes was initiated in 2007 by then Minister for SPLA Affairs Dominic Dim Deng, and a draft was produced in 2008. It declared that Southern Sudan would eventually maintain land, air, and riverine forces.[15][16]

Developing state capacity

The post-conflict environment is important to understanding the Government of South Sudan's ability to function and successfully implement its policies. One area in which the Government of South Sudan has had significant success in building its own capacity is developing an integrated system for planning and budget preparation.[17] This has been achieved through the strong and determined leadership of the Ministry of Finance, the strong technical leadership and support of that same ministry and making these goals relevant to local capacity.[17] The results have been that the government has been better able to manage the financial aspects of its functions and projects, and increases in the expertise of its staff in crucial skills, such as basic IT.[17]

States and counties

Main article: Subdivisions of South Sudan
The ten states of South Sudan grouped in the three historical provinces of the Sudan.
  Bahr el Ghazal
  Equatoria
  Greater Upper Nile

South Sudan is divided into ten states which correspond to three historical regions of the Sudan: Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria, and Greater Upper Nile.

Bahr el Ghazal
Equatoria
Greater Upper Nile

The ten states are further subdivided into 86 counties.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of South Sudan
Countries which have recognized South Sudan.
  South Sudan
  Countries recognizing South Sudan

Sudan announced prior to the South's independence that an embassy would be opened immediately in Juba upon independence.[18]

The African Union issued a statement on 8 February 2011 that South Sudan would be welcomed as the 54th member following independence.[19] The United Nations plans to vote to accept South Sudan as its 193rd member state on 14 July 2011 or shortly thereafter.[20] Full membership in the Arab League has also been assured, should the South Sudanese government choose to seek it,[5] though it could also opt for observer status.[21]

However, the nature of relations with Sudan are still being decided. Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir suggested an EU-style confederation, and also announced that dual citizenship of the North and the South would be allowed,[22] although he later retracted the offer of dual citizenship.[23]

Geography

Main article: Geography of South Sudan

South Sudan lies between latitudes 3° and 13°N, and longitudes 24° and 36°E. It is covered in tropical forest, swamps, and grassland. The White Nile passes through the country, passing by Juba.[22]

Fauna, flora, and mycobiota

South Sudan's protected areas host the second largest wildlife migration in the world. Surveys have revealed that Boma National Park, west of the Ethiopian border, as well as the Sudd wetland and Southern National Park near the border with Congo, provided habitat for large populations of hartebeest, kob, topi, buffalo, elephants, giraffes, and lions. South Sudan's forest reserves also provided habitat for bongo, giant forest hogs, Red River Hogs, forest elephants, chimpanzees, and forest monkeys. Surveys begun in 2005 by WCS in partnership with the semi-autonomous government of Southern Sudan revealed that significant, though diminished wildlife populations still exist, and that, astonishingly, the huge migration of 1.3 million antelopes in the southeast is substantially intact.

Habitats in the country include grasslands, high-altitude plateaus and escarpments, wooded and grassy savannas, floodplains, and wetlands. Associated wildlife species include the endemic white-eared kob and Nile Lechwe, as well as elephants, giraffes, Common Eland, Giant Eland, oryx, lions, African Wild Dogs, Cape Buffalo, and topi (locally called tiang). Little is known about the white-eared kob and tiang, whose magnificent migrations were legendary before the civil war. The Boma-Jonglei Landscape region encompasses Boma National Park, broad pasturelands and floodplains, Bandingilo National Park, and the Sudd, a vast area of swamp and seasonally flooded grasslands that includes the Zeraf Wildlife Reserve.

Little is known of the fungi of South Sudan. A list of fungi in Sudan was prepared by S.A.J. Tarr and published by the then Commonwealth Mycological Institute (Kew, Surrey, UK) in 1955. The list, of 383 species in 175 genera, included all fungi observed within the then boundaries of the country. Many of those records relate to what is now South Sudan. Most of the species recorded were associated with diseases of crops. The true number of species of fungi occurring in South Sudan is likely to be much higher. Nothing is known of the conservation status of fungi in South Sudan although, like animals and plants, they are likely to be affected by climate change, pollution, and other threats.

In 2006, the president of Southern Sudan announced that the region would do everything possible to protect and propagate its fauna and flora, and seek to reduce the effects of wildfires, waste dumping, and water pollution. The environment is threatened by the development of the economy and infrastructure.

According to the WWF, several ecoregions extend across Southern Sudan: the East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, Saharan flooded grasslands (Sudd), Sahelian Acacia savanna, East African montane forests, and the Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets.[24]

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of South Sudan

Culture

Main article: Culture of South Sudan

Education

Main article: Education in South Sudan

Language

South Sudan is composed of more than 200 ethnic groups and is, along with the adjacent Nuba Hills, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of Africa. However, many of the languages are quite small, with only a few thousand speakers.

The official language is English. Colloquial Arabic is spoken widely, though Juba Arabic, a pidgin, is spoken around the capital. The most populous language by native speakers is Dinka, a dialect continuum spoken by 2–3 million people. Dinka is a Western Nilotic language; closely related to it is South Sudan's second most populous language, Nuer, and a bit more distant is Shilluk. Major Eastern Nilotic languages are Bari and Otuho. Besides the Nilotic family, Zande, South Sudan's third most populous language, is Ubangian. Jur Modo is of the Bongo-Bagirmi family.

Population

2008 census

The "Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan", of Sudan as a whole, was conducted in April 2008. However the census results of Southern Sudan were rejected by Southern Sudanese officials as reportedly "the central bureau of statistics in Khartoum refused to share the national Sudan census raw data with southern Sudan centre for census, statistic and evaluation."[25] The census showed the Southern Sudan population to be 8.26 million,[1][26] however President Salva Kiir had "suspected figures were being deflated in some regions and inflated in others, and that made the final tally "unacceptable"."[27] He also claimed the Southern Sudanese population to really be one-third of Sudan, while the census showed it to be only 22%.[26] Many Southern Sudanese were also said to not have been counted "due to bad weather, poor communication and transportation networks, and some areas were unreachable, while many Southern Sudanese remained in exile in neighbouring countries, leading to 'unacceptable results', according [to] southern Sudanese authorities."[27] The chief American technical adviser for the census in the South said the census-takers probably reached 89% of the population.[28]

2009 census

In 2009 Sudan started a new Southern Sudanese census ahead of the 2011 independence referendum, which is said to also include the Southern Sudanese diaspora. However this initiative was criticised as it was to leave out countries with a high share of the Southern Sudanese diaspora, and rather count countries where the diaspora share was low.[29]

Religion

Main article: Religion in South Sudan

According to the Federal Research Division of the US Library of Congress: "in the early 1990s possibly no more than 10 percent of southern Sudan's population was Christian".[30]

The South Sudanese follow Christianity, traditional religions and Islam.[31]. Speaking at Saint Theresa Cathedral in Juba, South Sudanese President Salva Kiir Mayardit, a Roman Catholic, stated that South Sudan would be a nation which respects the freedom of religion.[32] The majority of Christians in South Sudan are adherents of either the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches (represented by the Episcopal Church of the Sudan) but there are several other small denominations represented.[33][34][35] Amongst Christians, most are Catholic and Anglican, though other denominations are also active, and animist beliefs are often blended with Christian beliefs. In recent years Christian churches have grown[36] a hostility which is frequently characterized as racism, rather than religious persecution, between the predominantly Arab North and the black African South.[37][38][39][40]

Economy

Main article: Economy of South Sudan

South Sudan exports timber to the international market. Some of the states with the best known teaks and natural trees for timber are Western Equatoria and CentOne of the major natural features of the South Sudan is the River Nile whose many tributaries have sources in the country. The region also contains many natural resources such as petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold, and hydropower. The country's economy, as in many other developing countries, is heavily dependent on agriculture. Some of the agricultural produce include cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), sorghum, millet, wheat, gum arabic, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca), mangos, papaya, bananas, sweet potatoes, and sesame. In Central Equatoria some teak plantations are at Kegulu, the other, oldest planted forest reserves are Kawale, Lijo, Loka West and Nuni. Western Equatoria timber resources include Mvuba trees at Zamoi.

Loka teaks is the largest teak plantation in Africa.

Oil

The oilfields in the South have kept the region's economy alive during the past several decades. However, after South Sudan became an independent nation in July 2011, southern and northern negotiators were not immediately able to reach an agreement on how to split the revenue from these southern oilfields.[41] During the second period of autonomy from 2005 to 2011, the government of Sudan exacted 50 percent of the income from Southern Sudanese oil exports, as Southern Sudan was forced to rely on pipelines and refineries in the North, as well as the Red Sea seaport at Port Sudan. A similar arrangement is likely to continue during the independence era of South Sudan, with Northern negotiators reportedly pressing for a deal maintaining the 50-50 split of oil revenues and the South Sudanese holding out for more favorable terms.[42]

Due to a US blacklisting of Sudan as a state sponsor of terrorism, American companies cannot legally purchase oil from South Sudan under any deal in which the Sudanese government receives a share of the revenue from a South Sudanese oil sale. As a result of the ban and the perceived unlikelihood of South Sudan exporting its oil via Kenya, US energy companies have little presence in South Sudanese oilfields. Most oilfields in South Sudan are owned by companies affiliated with the PRC, with Malaysia's Petronas and the Indian Oil and Natural Gas Corporation also controlling several areas of production.[42]

Transportation

Railway

Main article: Rail transport in South Sudan

South Sudan has 248km of single track 1067mm gauge railway line from the Sudanese border to Wau terminus. There are proposed extensions from Wau to Juba. There are also plans to link Juba with the Kenyan and Ugandan railway networks.

Air

Main article: List of airports in South Sudan

The busiest and most developed airport in South Sudan is Juba Airport, which has regular international connections to Entebbe, Nairobi, Cairo, Addis Ababa, and Khartoum. Juba Airport is also the home base of Feeder Airlines Company. Other international airports include Malakal, with international flights to Addis Ababa and Khartoum; Wau, with weekly service to Khartoum; and Rumbek, also with weekly flights to Khartoum. Southern Sudan Airlines also serves Nimule and Akobo, the airstrips of which are unpaved. There are several smaller airports throughout South Sudan, the majority of which consist of little more than dirt airstrips.

Games and sports

Main article: Sport in South Sudan

South Sudan is popular for many traditional and modern games and sports, particularly wrestling and mock battles. The traditional sports were mainly played after the harvest seasons to celebrate the harvests and finish the farming seasons. The wrestlers were generally strong, well-trained young men. During the matches, they smeared themselves with ochre – perhaps to enhance the grip or heighten their perception. The matches attracted large numbers of spectators who sang, played drums and danced in support of their favourite wrestlers. Though these were perceived as competition, they were primarily for entertainment. At the conclusion, people feasted and generally made merry.

In the modern era, South Sudanese have excelled in international sports. Luol Deng is a basketball star with the Chicago Bulls in the National Basketball Association. Other leading international basketball players from South Sudan include Manute Bol, Ajou Deng, Kueth Duany, Deng Gai and Ater Majok. The South Sudan national basketball team will play its first match against Uganda on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[43]

Association football is also becoming popular in South Sudan, and there are many initiatives by the Government of South Sudan and other partners to promote the sport and improve the level of play. One of these initiatives is South Sudan Youth Sports Association (SSYSA). SSYSA is already holding soccer clinics in Konyokonyo and Muniki areas of Juba in which young boys are coached. In recognition of these efforts with youth soccer, the country recently hosted the CECAFA youth soccer competitions. Barely a month earlier, it had also hosted the larger East African Schools Sports tournaments. The South Sudan national association football team was formed in May 2011, although does not have membership of FIFA.[44] The team will play its first match against Kenya on 10 July 2011 in Juba.[43]

Humanitarian situation

South Sudan is acknowledged to have some of the worst health indicators in the world.[45][46][47] The under-five infant mortality rate is 112 per 1,000, whilst maternal mortality is the highest in the world at 2,053.9 per 100,000 live births.[47] In 2004, there were only three surgeons serving southern Sudan, with three proper hospitals, and in some areas there was just one doctor for every 500,000 people.[45]

The epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in the South Sudan is poorly documented but the prevalence is thought to be around 3.1%.[48]

At the time of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005, humanitarian needs in Southern Sudan were massive. However, humanitarian organizations under the leadership of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) managed to ensure sufficient funding to bring relief to the local populations. Along with recovery and development aid, humanitarian projects were included in the 2007 Work Plan of the United Nations and partners. More than 90% of the population of South Sudan live on less than $1 a day, despite the GDP per capita of the entirety of Sudan being $1200 ($3.29/day).[49]

In 2007, the OCHA (under the leadership of Éliane Duthoit) decreased its involvement in Southern Sudan, as humanitarian needs gradually diminished, slowly but markedly turning over control to the recovery and development activities of NGOs and community-based organisations.[50]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Discontent over Sudan census". News24.com. 21 May 2009.
  2. ^ "South Sudan becomes world's newest nation". Forbes.com. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  3. ^ Martell, Peter (2011 [last update]). "BBC News - South Sudan becomes an independent nation". BBC. Retrieved 9 July 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)
  4. ^ "South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth". Talk of Sudan. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011..
  5. ^ a b "South Sudan "entitled to join Arab League"". Sudan Tribune. 12 June 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  6. ^ "South Sudan: Big trading potential for EAC". IGIHE. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  7. ^ Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS). "Washington Celebrates the Birth of a New Nation". Press Release dated 9 July 2011. 5 July 2011. http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1218&Itemid=136. Retrieved 9 July 2011. Reilly, William. "South Sudan in Fast Lane to UN". http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/07/09/2021s647393.htm Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  8. ^ Metz, Helen Chapin, ed. Sudan: A Country Study. The Turkiyah, 1821-85 Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1991.
  9. ^ a b "Background Note: Sudan" U.S. Department of State 9 November 2010 Retrieved 8 December 2010
  10. ^ "Over 99 pct in Southern Sudan vote for secession". 30 January 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2011. {{cite news}}: |first= missing |last= (help)
  11. ^ Karimi, Faith (22 January 2011). "Report: Vote for Southern Sudan independence nearly unanimous". CNN. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  12. ^ News, BBC (30 January 2011). "99.57% of Southern Sudanese vote yes to independence". Retrieved 30 January 2011. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  13. ^ South Sudan passes interim constitution amid concerns over presidential powers. Sudan Tribune, 8 July 2011.
  14. ^ "Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan of 2005".
  15. ^ Juba parliament authorises establishment of South Sudan air force, 25 June 2008
  16. ^ "Creation of the South Sudan Air Force". Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  17. ^ a b c Davies and Smith 2010. Planning and budgeting in Southern Sudan: starting from scratch. London: Overseas Development Institute
  18. ^ Sudan: Khartoum Opens Embassy in Juba as South Approaches Separation, 19 March 2011, Sudan Tribune.
  19. ^ "The African Union Applauds the Success of the Referendum in Southern Sudan". au.int. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  20. ^ The United Nations Security Council plans to meet on 13 July 2011 to formally discuss membership and recognition of the Republic of South Sudan; and shortly thereafter, it is widely expected that the General Assembly will vote on a resolution to accept the new nation as the world’s 193rd member state of the United Nations. Government of Southern Sudan (GOSS). "Washington Celebrates the Birth of a New Nation". Press Release dated 9 July 2011. 5 July 2011. http://www.gossmission.org/goss/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1218&Itemid=136. Retrieved 9 July 2011. Reilly, William. "South Sudan in Fast Lane to UN". http://english.cri.cn/6966/2011/07/09/2021s647393.htm Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  21. ^ El-Husseini, Asmaa (7 July 2011). "Hoping for the best". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
  22. ^ a b Will Ross (9 January 2011). "Southern Sudan votes on independence". BBC. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
  23. ^ "South Sudan becomes an independent nation". BBC News. 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  24. ^ Burgess, Neil, Jennifer D’Amico Hales, Emma Underwood (2004). Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
  25. ^ "South Sudan parliament throw outs census results". SudanTribune. 8 July 2009.
  26. ^ a b Fick, Maggie (8 June 2009). "S. Sudan Census Bureau Releases Official Results Amidst Ongoing Census Controversy". !enough The project to end genocide and crimes against humanity.
  27. ^ a b Birungi, Marvis (10 May 2009). "South Sudanese officials decry 'unfortunate' announcement of census results". The New Sudan Vision.
  28. ^ Thompkins, Gwen (15 April 2009). "Ethnic Divisions Complicate Sudan's Census". NPR.
  29. ^ "South Sudan says Northern Sudan's census dishonest". Radio Nederland Wereldomroep. 6 November 2009.
  30. ^ Sudan: A Country Study Federal Research Division, Library of Congress – Chapter 2, Ethnicity, Regionalism and Ethnicity
  31. ^ "South Sudan profile". BBC News. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  32. ^ "South Sudan To Respect Freedom Of Religion Says GOSS President | Sudan Radio Service". Sudanradio.org. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  33. ^ Pflanz, Mike. "South Sudan independence: thousands of peacekeepers to be sent to prevent it becoming failed state". Telegraph. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  34. ^ "South Sudan resources raise investor hopes". Www.istockanalyst.com. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  35. ^ By Faith Karimi, CNN (5 July 2011). "South Sudan expatriates flock home to witness birth of new nation - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 9 July 2011. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  36. ^ Christianity, in A Country Study: Sudan, U.S. Library of Congress.
  37. ^ "Why peace is elusive: The government has suspended the peace talks with the rebels after losing the strategic town of Torit. But as Jacob Akol reports, there is more to it tha". Thefreelibrary.com. 1 October 2002. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  38. ^ "Welcome To B'nai Brith". Bnaibrith.ca. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  39. ^ "Racism at root of Sudan's Darfur crisis / The Christian Science Monitor –". Csmonitor.com. 14 July 2004. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  40. ^ "Sudán: race, religion and violence – Google Books". Books.google.com. 13 September 2008. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  41. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/10/world/africa/10sudan.html?_r=1&hp=&adxnnl=1&pagewanted=2&adxnnlx=1310234502-5nvX4GUBg0fK28Wp4PYaEA
  42. ^ a b Trivett, Vincent (8 July 2011). "Oil-Rich South Sudan Has Hours To Choose Between North Sudan, China And The U.S." Business Insider. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  43. ^ a b World's newest nation set to step into sporting area - The Jakarta Globe. Written by Peter Martell. Published 6 July 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  44. ^ Constitution, Budget for National soccer team remains unfinished - The Juba Post. Written by Kayanga John. Published ??? Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  45. ^ a b Ross, Emma (28 January 2004). Southern Sudan as unique combination of worst diseases in the world. Sudan Tribune.
  46. ^ Moszynski, Peter (23 July 2005). Conference plans rebuilding of South Sudan's health service. BMJ.
  47. ^ a b South Sudan Household Survey(December 2007). [1]. [South Sudan Medical Journal].
  48. ^ Hakim, James (August 2009). HIV/AIDS: an update on Epidemiology, Prevention and Treatment. [South Sudan Medical Journal.
  49. ^ Support freedom for Southern Sudan and fight for workers' unity against imperialism. Sean Ambler. League for the Fifth International. 10 January 2011.
  50. ^ SUDAN: Peace bolsters food security in the south. IRIN. 18 April 2007.

Further reading

  • Biel, Melha Rout (2007). South Sudan after the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Jena: Netzbandt Verlag. ISBN 9783937884011.
  • Tvedt, Terje (2004). South Sudan. An Annotated Bibliography. (2 vols) (2nd ed.). London/New York: IB Tauris. ISBN 1-860-64987-4.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Sudan.

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