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===Scouting for boys===
===Scouting for boys===
The [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]] in the United States was at its height during the early twentieth century. With the migration of families from rural to urban centers, there were concerns among some people that young men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. Starting in the 1870s, the [[YMCA]] was an early promoter of [[Social welfare provision|social welfare]] and other reforms involving young men around a program of mental, physical, social and religious development. Early corn clubs for farm boys began to develop into the [[4-H]] around 1902.<ref name="macleod">{{cite book |author=Macleod, David L. |title=Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-299-09400-6 }}</ref> In 1896, years before the Scouting movement was founded by [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Baden-Powell]] he met the American born Chief of Scouts in British Africa, [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], and learned from him the fundamentals of scouting, inspiring him and giving him the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys, and thus restoring the old traditions of American Youth.<ref name="ReligiousEd">{{cite journal|last=West |first=James E. | authorlink=[[James E. West (Scouting)]] ||quote= In my latest book [He-who-sees-in-the-dark] I have treated of Frederick Burnham, that famous American scout who was commissioned by the British Army to help them in their engagements with the Boers. There is an especial significance for those of us in Scouting in this man's list, for he was engaged for this work by Lord Baden Powell, who was then connected with the British Army in Africa, and who had unbounded admiration for the scouting methods of Frederick Burnham. So these two pioneers, each of whom was to have such immeasurable influence in restoring the old traditions of American youth, met in Africa, years before the Scouting movement was ever thought of. |year=1935 |title=Pioneer Trails in Books |journal=Religious Education|issue=July/Oct |pages=146}}</ref><ref name="1944jul_boyslife">{{cite journal | last = DeGroot | first = E.B | journal=[[Boys' Life]] | title = Veteran Scout | publisher=[[Boy Scouts of America]] | month = July | year = 1944 | pages = 6–7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=FDDyrmwdQKIC | accessdate =July 16, 2010 | quote=Burnham is the sufficient and heroic figure, model and living example, who inspired and gave Baden-Powell the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys}}
The [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]] in the United States was at its height during the early twentieth century. With the migration of families from rural to urban centers, there were concerns among some people that young men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. Starting in the 1870s, the [[YMCA]] was an early promoter of [[Social welfare provision|social welfare]] and other reforms involving young men around a program of mental, physical, social and religious development. Early corn clubs for farm boys began to develop into the [[4-H]] around 1902.<ref name="macleod">{{cite book |author=Macleod, David L. |title=Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1983 |isbn=0-299-09400-6 }}</ref> In 1896, years before the Scouting movement was founded by [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Baden-Powell]] he met the American born Chief of Scouts in British Africa, [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], and learned from him the fundamentals of scouting, inspiring him and giving him the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys, and thus restoring the old traditions of American Youth.<ref name="ReligiousEd">{{cite journal|last=West |first=James E. | authorlink= [[James E. West (Scouting)]] ||quote= In my latest book [He-who-sees-in-the-dark] I have treated of Frederick Burnham, that famous American scout who was commissioned by the British Army to help them in their engagements with the Boers. There is an especial significance for those of us in Scouting in this man's list, for he was engaged for this work by Lord Baden Powell, who was then connected with the British Army in Africa, and who had unbounded admiration for the scouting methods of Frederick Burnham. So these two pioneers, each of whom was to have such immeasurable influence in restoring the old traditions of American youth, met in Africa, years before the Scouting movement was ever thought of. |year=1935 |title=Pioneer Trails in Books |journal=Religious Education|issue=July/Oct |pages=146}}</ref><ref name="1944jul_boyslife">{{cite journal | last = DeGroot | first = E.B | journal=[[Boys' Life]] | title = Veteran Scout | publisher=[[Boy Scouts of America]] | month = July | year = 1944 | pages = 6–7 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=FDDyrmwdQKIC | accessdate =July 16, 2010 | quote=Burnham is the sufficient and heroic figure, model and living example, who inspired and gave Baden-Powell the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys}}
</ref>
</ref>


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However, there are a number of other youth programs in the U.S. that are not recognized by any international Scouting associations, but use many methods of Scouting. Some of these programs are explicitly religious, while others are breakaway organizations which disagree with the policies of the BSA and GSUSA.
However, there are a number of other youth programs in the U.S. that are not recognized by any international Scouting associations, but use many methods of Scouting. Some of these programs are explicitly religious, while others are breakaway organizations which disagree with the policies of the BSA and GSUSA.


The [[International Scout and Guide Fellowship]] is an alumni association open to former members of the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]], the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] and to adults who believe in the Scouting ideals; the ISGF has a number of members in the U.S.
The [[International Scout and Guide Fellowship]] is an alumni association open to former members of the [[World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts]], the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] and to adults who believe in the Scouting ideals; the ISGF has a number of members in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite journal| title =Membership fee and bad debtors| journal =International Scout and Guide Fellowship-CB Newsletter|volume=2012-1|page =2|url=http://isgf.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1447&Itemid=153&lang=en|accessdate=2012-11-12}}</ref>


The [[Baden-Powell Scouts' Association]], a UK Scouting organization and part of the [[World Federation of Independent Scouts]], have had a small presence in the U.S. since 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1sttarrantbpscouts.org/|title= 1st Tarrant Group, Baden-Powell Scouts|accessdate=January 14, 2008}}</ref>
The [[Baden-Powell Scouts' Association]], a UK Scouting organization and part of the [[World Federation of Independent Scouts]], have had a small presence in the U.S. since 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.1sttarrantbpscouts.org/|title= 1st Tarrant Group, Baden-Powell Scouts|accessdate=January 14, 2008}}</ref>
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The Canada based Federation of North-American Explorers (FNE) has one group in the USA, the 1st North Star Group located in the Philadelphia area. They are members of [[International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe|Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe - FSE]].<ref>[http://www.fneexplorers.com/about-us Federation of North-American Explorers - about us]</ref>
The Canada based Federation of North-American Explorers (FNE) has one group in the USA, the 1st North Star Group located in the Philadelphia area. They are members of [[International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe|Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe - FSE]].<ref>[http://www.fneexplorers.com/about-us Federation of North-American Explorers - about us]</ref>

===International Scout units===
The [[Israel Boy and Girl Scouts Federation|Israeli Scouts Movement]] operates units in the U.S. to reach out to Israeli youth and operates a special programme for reimigration to Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zofim.org.il/about_tnua_english.asp|title=THE "TZOFIM" (SCOUTS) IN ISRAEL - FACTS & FIGURES |accessdate=2012-11-12|publisher=Hebrew Scouts Movement in Israel }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelscouts.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31&Itemid=145|title=About the Program |accessdate=2012-11-12|publisher=Friends of Israel Scouts, Inc }}</ref>


===Scouts-in-Exile===
===Scouts-in-Exile===

Revision as of 22:17, 12 November 2012

Scouting in the United States is dominated by the 2.7 million-member Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of the USA and other associations that are recognized by one of the international Scouting organizations. There are also a few smaller, independent groups that are considered to be "Scout-like" or otherwise Scouting related.

Origins

Scouting for boys

The progressive movement in the United States was at its height during the early twentieth century. With the migration of families from rural to urban centers, there were concerns among some people that young men were no longer learning patriotism and individualism. Starting in the 1870s, the YMCA was an early promoter of social welfare and other reforms involving young men around a program of mental, physical, social and religious development. Early corn clubs for farm boys began to develop into the 4-H around 1902.[1] In 1896, years before the Scouting movement was founded by Baden-Powell he met the American born Chief of Scouts in British Africa, Frederick Russell Burnham, and learned from him the fundamentals of scouting, inspiring him and giving him the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys, and thus restoring the old traditions of American Youth.[2][3]

Ernest Thompson Seton started the Woodcraft Indians in 1902 and published The Birch Bark Roll of the Woodcraft Indians in 1906.[4] Daniel Carter Beard started the Sons of Daniel Boone in 1905. When Baden-Powell created the first Scouting program in 1907, he used elements of Setons' work in his Scouting for Boys.[5] Several small local Scouting programs started in the U.S. soon after, most notably the Boy Scouts of the United States (BSUS), the National Scouts of America (NSA) and the Peace Scouts of California— these later merged into the BSA soon after it was formed.[6] The YMCA in Michigan was organizing Scout troops based on Scouting for Boys as early as 1909.[7] Salvation Army founder William Booth met with Baden-Powell for discussion about a possible Salvationist Scouting program. The Salvation Army thus began its Life Saving Scouts of the World.[8] The BSUS was started by the National Highway Protective Association and led by Peter S. Bomus. William Verbeck, Adjutant General of New York State, was leader of the National Scouts. Both the BSUS and NSA were both more military in style.[9]

Chicago publisher W. D. Boyce was visiting London, England in 1909 where he met the Unknown Scout and learned of the Scouting movement.[10] Boyce secured the rights to the Scouting program in the U.S., and soon after his return, Boyce incorporated the Boy Scouts of America on February 8, 1910.[11] Edgar M. Robinson and Lee F. Hanmer became interested in the nascent BSA movement and convinced Boyce to turn the program over to the YMCA for development. Robinson enlisted Seton, Beard and other prominent leaders in the early youth movements. After initial development, Robinson turned the movement over to James E. West who became the first Chief Scout Executive and the Scouting movement began to expand in the U.S.[1]

Other Scouting organizations were also started around 1910 and continued for some time. These include the American Boy Scouts, the Polish National Alliance Scouts of Chicago, and the Rhode Island Scouts,[12] the YMMIA Scouts of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (merged 1913),[13] United Boys' Brigade of America's Scout program and California Boy Scouts.[14] The American Boy Scouts were organized by William Randolph Hearst in May and June 1910 but by the end of the year Hearst had left followed by the New England Department as the New England Boy Scouts[15] and the following year the Rhode Island Boy Scouts.[16]

The ABS changed their name to the United States Boy Scouts in 1913 after pressure from the BSA.[17]

Boyce created the Lone Scouts of America in 1915 and merged them into the BSA in 1924. The Boy Rangers of America, an organization for younger boys, was created with help from the BSA and mainly merged in 1930.[6]

Seton restarted Woodcraft after departing from the BSA in 1915, but the program faded after his death in 1946. After helping to create the BSA and seeing it grow into a successful rival, the YMCA began the Indian Guides in 1926 using some of Seton's material.[1]

Other groups used the Scout name, but did not provide the Scouting program. Colonel Cody’s Boy Scouts were formed in 1909 and continue as the American Cadet Alliance.[18] The Michigan Forest Scouts were organized in 1912 as auxiliaries for forest fire service.[19]

After the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the BSA's rights to the "Scouting" service mark, several scounting organizations were forced to change their names. In 1918, the Life Saving Scouts changed its name to LifeSaving Guards-Boys which led to many Life Saving units transferring to the BSA. LifeSaving Guards leader began to press for affiliation with the BSA.[8] United States Boy Scouts then changed its name to American Cadets in 1919.[20] The ABS survived for a few more years under various names before fading away.

In 1929, a special charter was granted to the LifeSaving Guards-Boys from the BSA to join the two organizations together.[8]

Scouting for girls

Scouting for girls began when the Camp Fire Girls were incorporated in 1910 with help from the BSA. Again, Seton's influence was established with the use of his awards scheme and Indian ceremonies.[21][22]

Other local girls groups formed in 1910, including Girls Scouts formed by Clara A. Lisetor-Lane in Des Moines, Iowa and Girl Guides formed by David W. Ferry in Spokane, Washington.[23] In 1911, these two groups planned to merge with the Camp Fire Girls and form the Girl Pioneers of America,[24] but relationships fractured and the merger failed.[23]

The Girl Guides of America, later the Girl Scouts of the United States and finally the Girl Scouts of the USA, were founded by Juliette Gordon Low in 1912 and were granted a congressional charter in 1950.[citation needed]

Scouting today

The main national Scouting organizations in the U.S. are the Boy Scouts of America and the Girl Scouts of the USA. The BSA is a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement while the GSUSA is a member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, the two main international Scouting associations. "Scouting"[25] in the United States is the exclusive[26] trademark[27] of the Boy Scouts of America.

However, there are a number of other youth programs in the U.S. that are not recognized by any international Scouting associations, but use many methods of Scouting. Some of these programs are explicitly religious, while others are breakaway organizations which disagree with the policies of the BSA and GSUSA.

The International Scout and Guide Fellowship is an alumni association open to former members of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, the World Organization of the Scout Movement and to adults who believe in the Scouting ideals; the ISGF has a number of members in the U.S.[28]

The Baden-Powell Scouts' Association, a UK Scouting organization and part of the World Federation of Independent Scouts, have had a small presence in the U.S. since 1998.[29]

In 2006 the Baden Powell Scouts were formed, operating groups in Florida, Missouri and Connecticut,[30] with lone Scouts supported by them in 12 states. They are members of WFIS and claim to be affiliated to the "Baden-Powell Scouts' Association of England".[31]

The Canada based Federation of North-American Explorers (FNE) has one group in the USA, the 1st North Star Group located in the Philadelphia area. They are members of Union Internationale des Guides et Scouts d'Europe - FSE.[32]

International Scout units

The Israeli Scouts Movement operates units in the U.S. to reach out to Israeli youth and operates a special programme for reimigration to Israel.[33][34]

Scouts-in-Exile

The Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish Scouting Association) also has some presence in the U.S. Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség (Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris) has also some presence in the U.S.[35][36] There are also some other Scouts-in-Exile groups in the U.S.: Organization of Russian Young Pathfinders,[37] Latvian,[38][39] Lithuanian[40][41] Estonian[42] and Ukrainian groups. Some of them are also members of the Boy Scouts of America.

Scout-like organizations

Pathfinders are a community service oriented uniformed youth organization of the Seventh-day Adventist Church, formed in 1907. Awana is an international evangelical youth organization founded in 1950. The Calvinist Cadet Corps was officially founded in 1952 in Reformed Christian churches. Its sister organization, GEMS Girls' Clubs (formerly, "Calvinettes") was formed in 1957. The Royal Rangers were founded in 1962 as a program of the Assemblies of God.

Some small elements of Seton's Woodcraft program survive as the Woodcraft Rangers.[43]

After much success, the YMCA Indian Guides program declined until it was dissolved in 2001 and reformed as the YMCA Adventure Guides, no longer using American Indian themes. The Indian Guides program was reformed outside the YMCA as the Native Sons and Daughters in 2002.[44]

The Camp Fire Girls are now a co-ed organization known as Camp Fire USA with about 750,000 youth members.[45]

Another Scout-like organization is the Club de Exploradores with groups in the United States, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay.[46]

Breakaway organizations

Further information: Boy Scouts of America membership controversies
Further information: Girl Scouts of the USA § Controversies

The American Heritage Girls are a Christian Scouting group formed in 1995 by a group of parents who were unhappy that the Girl Scouts accepted lesbians as troop leaders, allowed girls to substitute another word more applicable to their belief for "God" in the promise, and allegedly banned prayer at meetings.[47] The group currently has troops in many states of the continental United States; membership as of 2012 is about 18,000 girls in 45 states[48]

Frontier Girls are another organization for girls ages 5–18; membership numbers are unknown.[49]

SpiralScouts International was founded in 1999 after the BSA declined recognition of a religious emblem program developed for the Wiccan faith.[50] It is a program for girls and boys of all faiths and serves youth throughout the USA, as well as in Canada and Europe.

Other new organizations with inclusive policies include Adventure Scouts USA (formerly StarScouting America),[51] Navigators USA,[52] and Earth Scouts.[53][54]

Alternative programs

In response to the BSA membership policies that limit participation by girls and avowed homosexuals, and exclude atheists, agnostics, some youth organizations using Scouting principles have formed.

The BSA converted its In School Scouting program to Learning for Life in 1992. LFL uses no Scout emblems and has no policies on religion, gender or sexuality. The BSA's career-oriented Exploring program was moved to LFL in 1998.

Scouting-related organizations

There are several organizations related to but not part of any Scouting organizations.

Alpha Phi Omega is a co-ed service fraternity organized to provide community service, leadership development, and social opportunities. It was founded by students who were former Boy Scouts and Scouters as a way to continue participating in the ideals of Scouting at the college level. Epsilon Tau Pi is another fraternity whose membership is open only to Eagle Scouts.

Scouting for All was formed to promote tolerance and diversity within the BSA in the face of its policies that exclude non-theists from membership and avowed homosexuals from leadership positions. Similar organizations that are now defunct include the Coalition for Inclusive Scouting and ScoutPride.

In response to opposition to the BSA's policies, several organizations were formed to support the BSA. These included now-defunct organizations such as the American Civil Rights Union's Scouting Legal Defense Fund and Save Our Scouts.

There are several organizations that offer resources for Scouting— the U.S. Scouting Service Project is one of the largest.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Macleod, David L. (1983). Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-09400-6.
  2. ^ West, James E. (1935). "Pioneer Trails in Books". Religious Education (July/Oct): 146. In my latest book [He-who-sees-in-the-dark] I have treated of Frederick Burnham, that famous American scout who was commissioned by the British Army to help them in their engagements with the Boers. There is an especial significance for those of us in Scouting in this man's list, for he was engaged for this work by Lord Baden Powell, who was then connected with the British Army in Africa, and who had unbounded admiration for the scouting methods of Frederick Burnham. So these two pioneers, each of whom was to have such immeasurable influence in restoring the old traditions of American youth, met in Africa, years before the Scouting movement was ever thought of. {{cite journal}}: Check |authorlink= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |1= (help)
  3. ^ DeGroot, E.B (1944). "Veteran Scout". Boys' Life. Boy Scouts of America: 6–7. Retrieved July 16, 2010. Burnham is the sufficient and heroic figure, model and living example, who inspired and gave Baden-Powell the plan for the program and the code of honor of Scouting for Boys {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Anderson, H. Allen (1986). The Chief: Ernest Thompson Seton and the Changing West. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-239-1.
  5. ^ Beardsall, Jonny (2007). "Dib, dib, dib... One Hundred Years of Scouts at Brownsea". The National Trust Magazine (Spring 2007). National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty: 525–55.
  6. ^ a b Peterson, Robert W. (1984). The Boy Scouts: An American Adventure. American Heritage. ISBN 0-8281-1173-1.
  7. ^ Rowan, Edward L. (2005). James E. West and the History of the Boy Scouts of America. Las Vegas International Scouting Museum. ISBN 0-9746479-1-8.
  8. ^ a b c Sloan, Bill. "Partners in Service". Scouting (September 2001). Retrieved 2008-07-0/. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  9. ^ Richardson, Norman Egbert (1915). The boy scout movement applied by the church. C. Scribner's sons. p. 9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Peterson, Robert (2001). "The Man Who Got Lost in the Fog". Scouting. Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
  11. ^ Rowan, Edward L (2005). To Do My Best: James E. West and the History of the Boy Scouts of America. Las Vegas International Scouting Museum. ISBN 0-9746479-1-8.
  12. ^ Ray, Mark (2010). "Special Events: Team of Rivals". Scouting. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "The Story of Scouting in the L.D.S. Church". L.D.S. Relationships, Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved February 12, 2008.
  14. ^ Lane, Joseph J., ed. (1911). "Boy Scouts News and Notes: California & Pennsylvania". Boys' Life Magazine. 1 (6). George S. Barton Co.: 28,34. Retrieved August 7, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ^ Dizer, John T., "The Birth and Boyhood of Boys' Life", Scouting (November–December 1994), retrieved January 17, 2008
  16. ^ "Rhode Island Boy Scouts". Boy's Life. 1 (8). George S. Barton & Co.: 36 1911. Retrieved August 6, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ^ "Ask U.S. Boy Scouts to Drop Their Names" (PDF), The New York Times, August 10, 1917, retrieved October 7, 2009
  18. ^ "History". American Cadet Alliance. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
  19. ^ Oates, William R. (1914). Forestry Report: A Supplement to Amplified Report 1912. Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford. p. 8.
  20. ^ A Virtual Boy Scout Museum — 1910-1919, Boy Scout Stuff, retrieved October 9, 2007
  21. ^ Marshall, Edward (March 17, 1912). "Girls Take Up the Boy Scout Idea and Band Together" (PDF). New York Times.
  22. ^ Paris, Leslie (2008). Children's Nature. NYU Press. pp. 49–51. ISBN 978-0-8147-6707-8. Retrieved January 30, 2009.>
  23. ^ a b Miller, Susan A. (2007). Growing Girls: The Natural Origins of Girls' Organizations in America. Rutgers.
  24. ^ Lane, Joseph J., ed. (1911). "Now Come the Girl Scouts to Emulate the Boy Scouts". Boys' Life. 1 (5). George S. Barton & Co.: 30. ISSN 0006-8608. Retrieved August 7, 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ^ United States Trademark #73282546 SCOUTING, First Used: April 30, 1913
  26. ^ US House US Code Title 36 CHAPTER 309 - Boy Scouts of America gives the BSA "the exclusive right to use emblems, badges, descriptive or designating marks, and words and phrases [the BSA] adopts."
  27. ^ Partial List of BSA Trademarked Properties
  28. ^ "Membership fee and bad debtors". International Scout and Guide Fellowship-CB Newsletter. 2012–1: 2. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  29. ^ "1st Tarrant Group, Baden-Powell Scouts". Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  30. ^ "3rd Charter Oak Rover Crew". Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  31. ^ Baden-Powell Scouting in USA
  32. ^ Federation of North-American Explorers - about us
  33. ^ "THE "TZOFIM" (SCOUTS) IN ISRAEL - FACTS & FIGURES". Hebrew Scouts Movement in Israel. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  34. ^ "About the Program". Friends of Israel Scouts, Inc. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  35. ^ "Our Troops, by Region and City". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  36. ^ "The Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris-Külföldi Magyar Cserkész Szövetség". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  37. ^ "Druzhina "Putivl", Washington, DC, USA". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  38. ^ "Latviešu skauti un gaidas" (in Latvian). Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  39. ^ "Chicago Latvian Girl Guides and Boy Scouts". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  40. ^ "Welcome to the website for the Washington, DC-area Lithuanian Scouts!". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  41. ^ "LSS Atlanto Rajonas". Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  42. ^ "Fact-sheet January 2004 Estonia Today-Estonian Culture and Language abroad" (pdf). Retrieved July 9, 2008.
  43. ^ "Woodcraft Rangers". Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  44. ^ "National Longhouse Programs". Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  45. ^ "Campfire USA – All About Us". Retrieved January 14, 2008.
  46. ^ "Exploradores en USA" (in Spanish). Retrieved May 12, 2012.
  47. ^ Planned Parenthood of the Inland Northwest, Spokane WA
  48. ^ http://www.ahgonline.org/uploads/AHGFactSheet_web.pdf
  49. ^ Frontier Girls Contact Page
  50. ^ Michael L. Betsch. "Wiccans Offer Alternative to Boy Scouts". CNSNews.com. Retrieved November 8, 2006.
  51. ^ "Adventure Scouts USA — Adventure Has a New Name. Yours. Welcome, fellow Adventurers!". Adventure Scouts USA. Retrieved June 8, 2008.
  52. ^ "Navigators USA". Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  53. ^ "Kids for Earth-Scout leaders". Kids for Earth. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
  54. ^ "Earth Scouts a Programme of Earth Charter US and Parenting". Earth Charter U.S. Retrieved May 4, 2012.
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