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'''Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|سلمان ابن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}, ''{{transl|ar|Salmān bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ʾĀl Saʿūd}}'' {{IPA-ar|salˈmaːn bin ʕabdulʕaˈziːz ʔaːl saˈʕuːd|}}; born 31 December 1935) is the [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]] of [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]] and the head of the [[House of Saud]]. He had been Minister of Defence since 2011, and was Governor of [[Riyadh Province]] from 1963 to 2011. Salman became king on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half brother, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Douglas|last2=Hubbard|first2=Ben|title=King Abdullah, Who Nudged Saudi Arabia Forward, Dies at 90|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/23/world/middleeast/king-abdullah-who-nudged-saudi-arabia-forward-dies-at-90.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324|website=BBC News Middle East|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> He is a full brother of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]], who was king from 1982 to 2005.
'''Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud''' ({{lang-ar|سلمان ابن عبد العزيز آل سعود}}, ''{{transl|ar|Salmān bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ʾĀl Saʿūd}}'' {{IPA-ar|salˈmaːn bin ʕabdulʕaˈziːz ʔaːl saˈʕuːd|}}; born 31 December 1935) is the [[King of Saudi Arabia|King]] of [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]] and the head of the [[House of Saud]]. He had been Minister of Defence since 2011, and was Governor of [[Riyadh Province]] from 1963 to 2011. Salman became king on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half brother, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Douglas|last2=Hubbard|first2=Ben|title=King Abdullah, Who Nudged Saudi Arabia Forward, Dies at 90|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/23/world/middleeast/king-abdullah-who-nudged-saudi-arabia-forward-dies-at-90.html|website=New York Times|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-30945324|website=BBC News Middle East|accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> He is a full brother of [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|Fahd]], who was king from 1982 to 2005.

Revision as of 15:04, 24 January 2015

Salman
King of Saudi Arabia
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
King of Saudi Arabia
Reign23 January 2015 – present
Bay'ah23 January 2015
PredecessorAbdullah
Heir apparentMuqrin
Born (1935-12-31) 31 December 1935 (age 88)
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Names
Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud
HouseHouse of Saud
FatherAbdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
MotherHassa Al Sudairi
Religionwahabi Islam

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سلمان ابن عبد العزيز آل سعود, Salmān bin ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ʾĀl Saʿūd [salˈmaːn bin ʕabdulʕaˈziːz ʔaːl saˈʕuːd]; born 31 December 1935) is the King of Saudi Arabia, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and the head of the House of Saud. He had been Minister of Defence since 2011, and was Governor of Riyadh Province from 1963 to 2011. Salman became king on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half brother, King Abdullah.[1][2] He is a full brother of Fahd, who was king from 1982 to 2005.

Early life

Salman was born on 31 December 1935.[3] He is reported to be the 25th son of Ibn Saud.[3][4] His mother was Hassa Al Sudairi.[5] Salman and his six brothers make up what is referred to as the Sudairi Seven.[6] He was raised in Murabba Palace.[7]

Salman received his early education in the Princes' School in the capital city of Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud to provide education for his children.[8] He studied religion and modern science.[9]

Early experience

Salman's governmental experience dates back to the 1950s. King Abdulaziz appointed then-Prince Salman as his representative and the emir and acting mayor of Riyadh on 17 March 1954, when he was 19.[3][9] Later, he was appointed by King Saud as the official mayor of Riyadh at the rank of minister on 19 April 1955.[3][9] He resigned this post on 25 December 1960.[8]

Governor of Riyadh

Salman was appointed governor of Riyadh Province on 4 February 1963.[8] His tenure lasted for forty-eight years from 1963 to 2011.[9] As governor, he contributed to the development of Riyadh from a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis. He attracted tourism, capital projects and foreign investment inside his country. He favored geopolitical and economic relationships with the West.[10]

During his governorship, Salman recruited advisors from King Saud University.[11] In January 2011, he ordered action against Riyadh beggars "who try to take advantage of the generosity of people". All foreign beggars were deported and Saudi beggars were placed in a rehabilitation program by the Ministry of Social Affairs.[12]

Defence Minister

U.S. Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta with Salman at the Pentagon in April 2012

On 5 November 2011, Salman was appointed Minister of Defence, replacing his full brother, the late Crown Prince Sultan,[13] and late Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz was named as the governor of the Riyadh Province. Prince Salman was also named as a member of the National Security Council (NSC) on the same day.[14]

It is speculated that his appointment as defence minister occurred due to his qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature. It is well known that he actively deals with internal family problems and mediates disputes between family members. Second, Salman belongs to the middle generation in the royal family; therefore, he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally. Last, as a result of his long-term governorship, he developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles.[15]

In April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with U.S. President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron.[16][17]

Crown Prince

On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia shortly after the death of his brother, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz.[18][19] Prince Salman was also made deputy prime minister.[20] His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was considered by Reuters to be a signal that King Abdullah's cautious reforms are likely to continue.[20] On the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that Prince Salman takes a more diplomatic approach towards the opposition figures in contrast to other Saudi royals, but he cannot be considered to be a political reformer.[21] They also argued that like King Abdullah, Salman mostly focused on economic improvement rather than on political change.[21]

The Royal Court announced on 27 August 2012 that Salman was in charge of state affairs since King Abdullah was out of the country due to a personal holiday.[22] Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013.[23]

King of Saudi Arabia

Styles of
King Salman
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty
Alternative styleSire

As the appointed Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Salman became king of Saudi Arabia and the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques on 23 January 2015, immediately following the death of his half-brother, King Abdullah. Concurrently, Salman's half-brother, Muqrin bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, assumed the position of Crown Prince, also assuming the title of First Deputy Prime Minister.

The first Saudi king to assume the ancient style of the "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques" rather than "Your Majesty" was Fahd bin Abdul Aziz in 1986.[24]

Other positions

Salman, as Crown Prince and perhaps continuing as King, headed the family council, called The Descendants’ Council (Majlis al Uthra in Arabic), that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters, realizing consensus and to reduce publicly embarrassing behaviour of some family members.[25][26] He is also the chairman of the following organizations: King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (KAFRA),[27] King Abdulaziz Museum,[28] the Prince Salman Center for Disability Research and the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients. In September 2012, Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council.[29] He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such as Somalia, Sudan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.[10]

Influence

Salman is a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes. He is a prominent figure of the royal council, which allows him to select which princes will be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom.[10]

Salman and his family own a media group, including pan-Arab daily Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah.[30][31] Though he owns 10% of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), he is often referred by auditors as its owner.[30] He reportedly controls the organization through his son Prince Faisal,[30] who a former chairman of the concern. The SRMG publishes such daily papers as Arab News, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC).[32]

In a similar vein, Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists. He is said to be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al-Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and to Othman Al Omeir, who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph. King Salman is thought to have connections with the Elaph website.[33]

Views

In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism, Salman stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations,[34] but added "I know the assistance goes to doing good. But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities, then it is not the Kingdom's responsibility, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."[34]

Al Jazeera referred to Salman's views reported in a 2007 U.S. diplomatic cable.[35][36] Salman said that "the pace and extent of reforms depend on social and cultural factors, ... that for social reasons—not [religious] reasons—reforms cannot be imposed by the [Saudi government] or there will be negative reactions, ... [and] that changes have to be introduced in a sensitive and timely manner." According to the cable, he said that "democracy should not be imposed" in Saudi Arabia, since the country "is composed of tribes and regions and if democracy were imposed, each tribe and region would have its political party."[36]

Personal life

Salman in his youth

Salman bin Abdulaziz married three times.[37] His first wife was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi,[38] who died at the age of 71 in late July 2011.[39] She was a daughter of Salman's maternal uncle, Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,[39] who was one of the former governors of Asir Province.[40] Sultana Al Sudairi supported the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients and other charitable organizations in the country.[41] His children from this marriage are Prince Fahd, Prince Ahmed, Prince Sultan, Prince Abdulaziz, Prince Faisal and Princess Hussa (born 1974).[41]

His child from his second marriage with Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai is Prince Saud. His children from his third marriage with Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hithalayn are Prince Mohammed, Prince Turki, Prince Khalid, Prince Nayif, Prince Bandar and Prince Rakan.[42]

Salman in his 30s

His oldest son, Fahd bin Salman, died of heart failure at the age of 47 in July 2001.[43] His second son, Ahmad bin Salman, died after a heart attack in July 2002 at the age of 43.[44] Other son, Sultan bin Salman, became the first person of royal blood, the first Arab, and first Muslim to fly in outer space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51-G) in June 1985[45] and is currently the chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiques (SCTA). Abdulaziz bin Salman, another son, has been the deputy minister of oil since 1995.[46] Faisal bin Salman is the governor of Madinah province.

One of his younger sons, Mohammad, was his private advisor at the ministry of defense and at the Crown Prince Court.[47] Mohammad was appointed the minister of defence and head of the royal court on his father's accession to the throne in January 2015. [48] Turki bin Salman became the chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group in February 2013, replacing his elder brother Faisal bin Salman.[49]

Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan, having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York and Morocco, nearly from 2008 to 2011.[15] Prince Sultan described him as "the prince of loyalty" in a letter sent to him.[50] Salman was also King Fahd's most trusted advisor during his reign.[51][52]

His legal counsel was William Jeffress, Jr., of US-based firm, Baker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks from 2002 to 2010.[53]

Health

In August 2010, Salman underwent spine surgery in the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery.[54] He has had one stroke and despite physiotherapy, his left arm does not work as well as his right.[55] After his appointment as Crown Prince various analysts including Simon Henderson argued that he is suffering from dementia, possibly Alzheimer's disease.[56][57]

Awards

Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Al Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013.[7]

Ancestry

Family of Salman of Saudi Arabia
16. Turki bin Abdullah bin Muhammad
8. Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud
17. Hia bint Hamad bin Ali Al Faqih Angari Tamimi
4. Abdul Rahman bin Faisal
18. Mishari ibn Abdul-Rahman
9. Sarah bint Mishari bin Abdulrahman bin Hassan Al Saud
2. Ibn Saud
20. Mohammed bin Turki bin Suleiman Al Sudairi
10. Ahmed Al Kabir bin Mohammed bin Turki Al Sudairi
5. Sarah bint Ahmed al-Kabir bin Mohammed Al Sudairi
1. Sulayman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
24. Ahmed al-Kabir bin Mohammed bin Turki Al Sudairi
12. Muhammed bin Ahmed Al Kabir Al Sudairi
6. Ahmed bin Muhammed Al Sudairy
3. Hassa bint Ahmed Al Sudairi
28. Mohammed Al Suwaidi
14. Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi
7. Sharifa bint Ali bin Mohammed Al Suwaidi

References

  1. ^ Martin, Douglas; Hubbard, Ben. "King Abdullah, Who Nudged Saudi Arabia Forward, Dies at 90". New York Times. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  2. ^ "Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies". BBC News Middle East. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  3. ^ a b c d "Profile: New Saudi Defense Minister Prince Salman Bin Abdulaziz". Asharq Alawsat. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  4. ^ Andelman, David A. (30 May 2012). "Letter From Arabia III: Paranoia, or We're Surrounded!". World Policy Blog. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  5. ^ Winberg Chai (22 September 2005). Saudi Arabia: A Modern Reader. University Press. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-88093-859-4. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  6. ^ "An Heir to the Kingdom: New Crown Prince Salman" (PDF). The Diplomat. 35: 8–11. July–August 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  7. ^ a b "Crown Prince receives Lifetime Achievement Award in the field of Urban Heritage". National Built Heritage Forum. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  8. ^ a b c "His royal highness Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Ministry of Interior. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d "Ministers with portfolio". Saudi Embassy, Washington DC. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  10. ^ a b c "Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". PBS. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  11. ^ Kechichian, Joseph A. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print.
  12. ^ Riyadh Police round up 109 in Clampdown on Beggary Arab News 21 January 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011
  13. ^ "Saudi Arabia names Prince Salman as new defence minister". BBC News. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  14. ^ "The Allegiance Council". APS Diplomat News Service. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  15. ^ a b al Baker, Basheer (3 November 2011). "Prince Sulayman Seeks Balance in Saudi Transitional Period". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Saudi Prince dead, Salman likely successor". Trade Arabia. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  17. ^ "Al Saud move with speed to reconfigure top team after Nayef's death" (PDF). Gulf States Newsletter. 36 (926). 21 June 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  18. ^ Patrick, Neil (17 June 2012). "Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince's death raises succession questions". BBC. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  19. ^ Roberts, David (19 June 2012). "Saudi Succession after the Death of Crown Prince Nayef". RUSI Analysis. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  20. ^ a b McDowall, Angus (18 June 2012). "Saudi appoints Prince Salman as crown prince". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  21. ^ a b Allam, Abeer (26 August 2012). "Saudi Arabia: In a restless realm". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  22. ^ "Crown prince in charge as Saudi king leaves on holiday". Reuters. Riyadh. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  23. ^ "Saudi Crown Prince Salman launches Twitter account". Al Arabiya. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  24. ^ "Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz". Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  25. ^ Kapoor, Talal (2 July 2012). "Nayif's Passing – The Family Regroups". Datarabia. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  26. ^ Taheri, Amir (2012). "Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family". The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. 34 (3): 138, 143. doi:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725.
  27. ^ M. Taha, Sharif (5 May 2012). "Sharjah ruler among 18 to be honored by Prince Salyman". Arab News. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  28. ^ "In-Depth Study of King Faisal's Life Urged". Arab News. 11 May 2008. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  29. ^ "Saudi- Authority to monitor audiovisual media". MEFAFN. Arab News. 4 September 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  30. ^ a b c "Ideological and Ownership Trends in the Saudi Media". Wikileaks. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  31. ^ "9 Challenges Facing The New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia". Alifarabia. 30 October 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  32. ^ "Al-Faiz new editor in chief of Arab News". SRPC. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  33. ^ "Saudi succession issues" (PDF). GSN (Gulf States Newsletter). 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  34. ^ a b Brisard, Jean Charles (19 December 2002). "Terrorism financing. Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing" (PDF). the Security Council, United Nations. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  35. ^ Carlstrom, Gregg (16 June 2012). "Nayef's conservative policies to outlive him". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  36. ^ a b Gfoeller, Michael (1 April 2007). "Ambassador's farewell call on Riyadh Provincial Governor Prince Sulayman" (Document). WikiLeaks cable: 07RIYADH651. {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |accessdate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |archivedate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |archiveurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  37. ^ "Prince Sulayman Named Saudi 'Crown Prince'". Arab Times. Riyadh. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  38. ^ "Princess Sultana". Eugene Register Guard. 19 June 1983. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  39. ^ a b "Sultana, wife of Riyadh Emir, passes away". Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  40. ^ "Sultana bint Ahmad bin Muhammad al Sudairi". Datarabia. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  41. ^ a b "Kingdom mourns loss of princess". The Siasat Daily. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  42. ^ "Family Tree of Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud". Datarabia. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  43. ^ "Death of a Generous man". The Telegraph. 25 July 2001. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  44. ^ Bradley, John R. (23 July 2002). "Prince Ahmed's cousin killed on way to funeral". USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  45. ^ "First Arab astronaut makes a royal tour of space". The Windsor Star. New York. 20 June 1985. pp. B12. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  46. ^ "Saudi oil assistance to Pakistan proceeding slowly". Wikileaks. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  47. ^ "Prince Sultan arrives to Bahrain to attend Bahrain Grand Prix". Bahrain News Agency. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  48. ^ "Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman named defense minister". Al Arabiya. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  49. ^ "Prince Turki succeeds Prince Faisal as SRMG chairman". Arab News. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  50. ^ "Late crown prince's letter shows his deep love toward Sulayman". Arab News. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  51. ^ Wihbey, Paul Michael (1997). "Succession in Saudi Arabia: The not so silent struggle". IASPS Research Papers in Strategy (4). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  52. ^ Viorst, Milton (January–February 1996). "The storm and the citadel". Foreign Affairs. 75 (1): 93–107. doi:10.2307/20047470. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  53. ^ "Representative Engagements". Baker Botts L.L.P. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  54. ^ "King Sulayman bin Abdulaziz undergone successful surgery, Royal Court statement says". Gulf in the Media. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  55. ^ Henderson, Simon (10 April 2012). "The Man Who Would Be King". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  56. ^ Henderson, Simon (10 January 2013). "To Stop Iran, Get a New Saudi King". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  57. ^ Next after next… The Economist (Cairo). 5 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
Sulayman
Born: 31 December 1935
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Saudi Arabia
2015–present 		Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Muqrin
Saudi Arabian royalty
Preceded by Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
2012–2015 		Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Riyadh Region
1963–2011 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Minister of Defence
2011–2015 		Succeeded by
Preceded by First Deputy Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
2012–2015 		Succeeded by

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