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[[File:AkulaProjekt971U right.png|thumb|right|INS ''Chakra'' of the Indian Navy]]
[[File:AkulaProjekt971U right.png|thumb|right|INS ''Chakra'' of the Indian Navy]]
[[File:INS Chakra.jpg|thumb|right|''Chakra'' in the open sea, flying colours of the Indian Navy]]
[[File:INS Chakra.jpg|thumb|right|''Chakra'' in the open sea, flying colours of the Indian Navy]]
{{As of|2008}}, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2&nbsp;billion for the lease of ''Nerpa'' and another [[Shchuka-class submarine|Project 971 Shchuka-B]]-class submarine.<ref name="AFP">{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hD_OJemR184COjKR32WI3G3He4cw|title=More than 20 killed in Russian nuclear sub accident: spokesman|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|date=9 November 2008|accessdate=18 November 2008}}</ref> Of this, ''K-152 Nerpa'' will be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/russia-hands-over-nerpa-attack-submarine-to-india-162241 |title=Russia hands over Nerpa attack submarine to India |publisher=NDTV.com |date=30 December 2011 |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INS ''Chakra''.<ref name="moscowtimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/372216.htm |title=Nuclear Submarine Accident Kills 20 |publisher=[[Moscow Times]] |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref> ''Nerpa'' is the Russian word for the [[Baikal seal]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Baikal Seal|publisher=Seal Conservation Society|accessdate=21 November 2008|url=http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm}}{{dead link|date=August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = John Cross, Robert Charman | title = Healing with the Chakra Energy System | pages = 17–18|year=2006|publisher=North Atlantic Books|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=1-55643-625-4}}</ref> and ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]]'' is the mythical weapon of the Indian God Vishnu.
{{As of|2008}}, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2&nbsp;billion for the lease of ''Nerpa'' and another [[Shchuka-class submarine|Project 971 Shchuka-B]]-class submarine.<ref name="AFP">{{cite web|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hD_OJemR184COjKR32WI3G3He4cw|title=More than 20 killed in Russian nuclear sub accident: spokesman|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|date=9 November 2008|accessdate=18 November 2008}}</ref> Of this, ''K-152 Nerpa'' will be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/russia-hands-over-nerpa-attack-submarine-to-india-162241 |title=Russia hands over Nerpa attack submarine to India |publisher=NDTV.com |date=30 December 2011 |accessdate=19 July 2012}}</ref> After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INS ''Chakra''.<ref name="moscowtimes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/372216.htm |title=Nuclear Submarine Accident Kills 20 |publisher=[[Moscow Times]] |date=10 November 2008 |accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref> ''Nerpa'' is the Russian word for the [[Baikal seal]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Baikal Seal |publisher=Seal Conservation Society |accessdate=21 November 2008 |url=http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20081015073949/http://www.pinnipeds.org:80/species/baikal.htm |archivedate=15 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = John Cross, Robert Charman | title = Healing with the Chakra Energy System | pages = 17–18|year=2006|publisher=North Atlantic Books|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=1-55643-625-4}}</ref> and ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]]'' is the mythical weapon of the Indian God Vishnu.


[[Navy of India|Indian naval crews]] earlier trained to operate the submarine near [[St. Petersburg]] and another group of sailors was expected to arrive in [[Vladivostok]] in late 2008 for sea trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-10/europe/27949005_1_nerpa-sea-trials-nuclear-powered-submarine |title=No Significant Damage to Russian Sub|publisher=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=28 November 2008|date =10 November 2008}}</ref> The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine program, known as the [[Arihant class submarine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Russian_submarine_accident_kills_20/rssarticleshow/3692578.cms |title=Accident on Russian submarine meant for India kills 20. |publisher=The Economic Times|date= |accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref>
[[Navy of India|Indian naval crews]] earlier trained to operate the submarine near [[St. Petersburg]] and another group of sailors was expected to arrive in [[Vladivostok]] in late 2008 for sea trials.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-10/europe/27949005_1_nerpa-sea-trials-nuclear-powered-submarine |title=No Significant Damage to Russian Sub|publisher=[[Times of India]]|accessdate=28 November 2008|date =10 November 2008}}</ref> The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine program, known as the [[Arihant class submarine]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Russian_submarine_accident_kills_20/rssarticleshow/3692578.cms |title=Accident on Russian submarine meant for India kills 20. |publisher=The Economic Times|date= |accessdate=11 November 2008}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:31, 25 January 2016

For the first INS Chakra that served between 1988-1991, see Soviet submarine K-43.

INS Chakra
History
Russia
NameK-152 Nerpa
NamesakeBaikal seal
BuilderAmur Shipbuilding Plant, Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Laid down1993
LaunchedOctober 2008
Commissioned2009
FateTransferred on lease to the Indian Navy, 4 April 2012
India
NameChakra
Commissioned4 April 2012
HomeportVisakhapatnam
Statusin active service
BadgeINS Chakra Crest
General characteristics
TypeNuclear-powered attack submarine
Displacement8,140 tonnes (8,010 long tons) surfaced
Length108.0–111.7 m (354.3–366.5 ft) (sources vary)
Beam13.5 m (44 ft 3 in)
Draught9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)

INS Chakra is a 8,140-tonne (8,010-long-ton) Project 971[1][2] (or Project 518;[3] NATO: Template:Sclass-[1][2]) nuclear-powered attack submarine. Construction was started in 1993, but suspended due to lack of funding. The Indian Navy sponsored the building and sea trials of the submarine provided it was given to the Indian Navy on lease for 10 years. It was launched as K-152 Nerpa in October 2008 and entered service with the Russian Navy in late 2009. The submarine was leased to the Indian Navy in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service as INS Chakra II at a ceremony in Visakhapatnam on 4 April 2012.[4] The INS Chakra joined the Eastern Naval Command at Visakhapatnam.[5]

While K-152 Nerpa was undergoing sea trials in the Sea of Japan on 8 November 2008, a fire suppression system was accidentally initiated. The accident killed 20 civilian specialists and navy crew members and injured 21 others.

Construction

Nerpa was laid down at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur shipyard in 1993, but its completion was delayed for nearly a decade due to a lack of funds caused by the economic crisis of the early 1990s.[6] The partly constructed vessel was mothballed until 2004, when Rosprom (the Federal Agency for Industry) signed an agreement with the Indian government to complete the submarine and lease it to the Indian Navy. The vessel was intended to be completed by 2007, but underwent further delays. In 2007, it was transferred to the Vostok shipyard in the closed city of Bolshoy Kamen, Primorsky Krai, for fitting-out. It was launched in October 2008 for sea trials, following which it was due to be handed over to the Russian Defence Ministry.[7] Reports in the Indian media suggest that the resumption of construction was underwritten with Indian funding.[8]

The standards of the vessel's construction were criticised by several commentators. Alexander Golts, defence editor of the Yezhednevny Zhurnal newspaper, said that in the 1980s, the Amur shipyard turned out submarines "one after another, like pancakes,"[9] but from 1993 to 2008 had produced just one. "The old specialists had left, and the new ones lacked professionalism."[9] An unnamed worker at the Amur shipyard told Komsomolskaya Pravda that there were "questions about the quality of the metal that was used in building the nuclear submarine", some of which had been bought from China, and alleged that "when the first trials of the submarine were carried out water was leaking in between the seams! So it is not surprising that the work dragged on."[7]

During May 2009, the repairs were reported to be almost complete and new sea trials were planned for 15–20 June.[10] By October 2009, the work had still not been completed due to the shipyard's electrical supply having been disconnected. Nikolai Povzyk, the head of the shipyard, complained they had not been paid the 1.9 billion roubles (63.8 million dollars) owed for the work carried out on Nerpa.[11]

Lease to India

INS Chakra of the Indian Navy
Chakra in the open sea, flying colours of the Indian Navy

As of 2008, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2 billion for the lease of Nerpa and another Project 971 Shchuka-B-class submarine.[12] Of this, K-152 Nerpa will be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.[13] After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INS Chakra.[14] Nerpa is the Russian word for the Baikal seal,[15][16] and Chakra is the mythical weapon of the Indian God Vishnu.

Indian naval crews earlier trained to operate the submarine near St. Petersburg and another group of sailors was expected to arrive in Vladivostok in late 2008 for sea trials.[17] The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine program, known as the Arihant class submarine.[18]

After the 2008 accident, there were conflicting reports over the status of the lease. A Russian defence industry official denied that talks had been held with India on the delivery of the nuclear submarine. "Russia did not launch talks on a contract to supply India with the Nerpa nuclear-powered submarine."[19] General of the Army Nikolai Marakov stated that Russia would commission Nerpa and that it would join seven other Template:Sclass-s in Russia's Pacific Fleet. "The sum of $650–780 million, which Rosoboron export and the Amur Shipbuilding Plant had negotiated over a long period of time with the Indian Ministry of Defence, will now be found in Russia," he said.[20]

In May 2009, both Russian and Indian defence officials confirmed that Nerpa would be joining the Indian Navy by the end of 2009, after Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the yard and announced an immediate release of 1.2 billion roubles for the submarine's construction.[21]

On 28 December 2009, Nerpa was commissioned and joined the Russian Navy. The submarine underwent further adjustments in February 2010.[22] By August 2010, Russia was training a crew from the Indian Navy to sail the boat to India in fulfilment of the lease agreement.[23] INS Chakra was expected to be commissioned into the Indian Navy before October 2011.[24]

On 1 July 2011, Russian Navy chief Admiral Vladimir Vysotsky has been quoted as holding that "the Indian crew is now absolutely prepared for operating the submarine, which will be on a 10-year lease.[25]

On 23 January 2012, the home voyage under Indian control from the Russian port of Vladivostok to its Indian base Visakhapatnam, commenced.[26] Official Russian announcement of the transfer was still pending at that time.

The similarly named Chakra was a Charlie I-class submarine leased by India from Russia 1988–1992.

INS Chakra was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 4 April 2012.[27][28]

2008 accident

Main article: 2008 Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa accident
Russian submarine Nerpa
Date8 November 2008
LocationPacific Ocean, Sea of Japan, off the coast of Vladivostok[29]
Casualties
20 killed
21 injured
Accident occurred on board the Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa

An accident occurred aboard K-152 Nerpa at 8:30 PM local time on 8 November 2008,[30] during an underwater test run in the Pacific Ocean.[31] A total of 208 people – 81 military personnel and 127 civilians – were on board at the time of the accident.[6] At least 20 people were killed by asphyxiation[32] and at least 21 more were injured,[33] marking the worst Russian submarine disaster since Kursk sank in 2000.[34][35] Three of the dead were military personnel and the rest were civilians from the Vostok, Zvezda, Era and Amur shipbuilding yards who were members of the acceptance team.[36]

The incident involved the accidental triggering of a fire extinguishing system which sealed two forward compartments and released freon R-114B2 (dibromotetrafluoroethane)[37] gas into them.[6] According to survivors, those affected by the gas release were caught off guard and may not have been alerted in time due to warning sirens sounding only after the gas had already begun pouring in. Some of the victims were reported to have been unable to turn on breathing kits before they suffocated.[38]

On 10 November, a Russian Navy statement blamed the disaster on an "unsanctioned operation" of the fire suppression system aboard Nerpa.[6] Preliminary investigations concluded that the system had triggered automatically without human intervention. On 13 November, naval investigators announced that a crewman had turned on the system "without permission or any particular grounds".[39][40]

References

  1. ^ a b http://en.rian.ru/mlitary_news/20120123/170896950.html Russia Hands Over Nerpa Nuclear Sub to India
  2. ^ a b http://en.rian.ru/infographics/20090729/155661233.html K-152 Nerpa: Russian Akula II class nuclear attack submarine
  3. ^ Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has a working meeting with Roman Trotsenko, President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC)
  4. ^ "Russian-built nuclear submarine joins Indian navy". BBC News. 4 April 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
  5. ^ "Indian Navy Inducts Nuclear-powered Attack Submarine". Defense Media Network. 16 April 2012.
  6. ^ a b c d "Twenty Persons Perished Aboard a Submarine Due to a Defective Fire-Extinguishing System". Komsomolskaya Pravda. 9 November 2008.
  7. ^ a b "In Its First Trials the Submarine Nerpa Leaked at the Seams". Komsomolskaya Pravda. 9 November 2008.
  8. ^ "Shipping, Shipbuilding And Offshore News". Marine Log. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  9. ^ a b "Behind the Russian Sub Disaster". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  10. ^ New sea trials of Nerpa submarine set for June – paper RIA Novosti 13 May 2009
  11. ^ "Repairs of India-bound Russian sub hit by lack of funds: report". AFP. 8 October 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  12. ^ "More than 20 killed in Russian nuclear sub accident: spokesman". AFP. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  13. ^ "Russia hands over Nerpa attack submarine to India". NDTV.com. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  14. ^ "Nuclear Submarine Accident Kills 20". Moscow Times. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  15. ^ "Baikal Seal". Seal Conservation Society. Archived from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ John Cross, Robert Charman (2006). Healing with the Chakra Energy System. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN 1-55643-625-4.
  17. ^ "No Significant Damage to Russian Sub". Times of India. 10 November 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  18. ^ "Accident on Russian submarine meant for India kills 20". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  19. ^ "Russian defence official denies doomed sub meant for India". RIA Novosti. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
  20. ^ "Nerpa nuclear submarine to join Russian Navy – top brass". RIA Novosti. 18 November 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008.
  21. ^ India to acquire Russian nuclear submarine on lease by year end
  22. ^ "Russia's Nerpa nuclear sub to be 'fine-tuned' next month". Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  23. ^ Russian atomic sub leased to India — RT
  24. ^ K-152 Nerpa for the Indian Navy | Russia & India Report
  25. ^ "Russia to hand over India nuclear sub by year-end". The Times of India. 2 July 2011.
  26. ^ AFP (Agence France-Presse) (23 January 2012). "India sails new nuclear submarine home". Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  27. ^ Economic Times news article: INS Chakra: Govt inducts Russian-origin Akula II class Nerpa into Navy
  28. ^ India Today news article: INS Chakra formally inducted into Indian Navy
  29. ^ Unnithan, Sandeep (9 November 2008). "Freak accident on Russian N-submarine kills 21". indiatoday.intoday.in. Mumbai. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  30. ^ Loiko, Sergei L. (8 November 2008). "False fire alarm blamed in Russian sub deaths". The Columbus Dispatch. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
  31. ^ "Russia: Sub returns to base after 20 killed". CNN. Moscow: Associated Press. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 6 December 2008 suggested (help); Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  32. ^ Gutterman, Steve (8 November 2008). "Russian navy: sub accident kills more than 20". Moscow: Associated Press. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  33. ^ "Twenty die on Russian submarine". BBC. 9 November 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  34. ^ Syal, Rajeev (9 November 2008). "Twenty die in nuclear submarine accident". London: Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  35. ^ Faulconbridge, Guy (8 November 2008). "At least 20 die in accident on Russian nuclear sub". Reuters. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
  36. ^ Ren TV, Moscow, 2030 GMT 10 November 2008
  37. ^ "Fire on Board the Russian Navy Akula II Nuclear Submarine kills Twenty Russian Sailors". International Online Defence Magazine. 11 November 2008.
  38. ^ "Russian sub survivors: Freon killed as crew slept". Associated Press. 11 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.[dead link]
  39. ^ Матрос запустил смертельный газ на глазах у своего командира? (in Russian). Komsomolskaya Pravda. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.
  40. ^ Матрос включил систему пожаротушения на "Нерпе" от скуки (in Russian). Lenta.ru. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 18 November 2008.

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