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INS Vikrant (2013)

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For other ships with the same name, see INS Vikrant (1961).

INS Vikrant (2013)
INS Vikrant
History
India
NameVikrant
NamesakeVikrant (1961)
OperatorIndian Navy
Ordered2004
BuilderCochin Shipyard Limited
Cost₹23,000 crore (equivalent to ₹260 billion or US$3.1 billion in 2023)[1][2]
Laid down28 February 2009
Launched12 August 2013
Acquired28 July 2022[3]
Commissioned2 September 2022
HomeportINS Kadamba, Karwar
IdentificationPennant number: R11
Motto
  • जयेम सं युधिस्पृधः (Sanskrit)
  • "I defeat those who fight against me" (translated)
Nickname(s)IAC-1
StatusIn active service[4][5]
Badge
General characteristics
Class and typeVikrant-class aircraft carrier
Displacement
Length262.5 m (861 ft)
Beam62 m (203 ft)
Height59 m (194 ft)[7]
Draught8.4 m (28 ft)
Depth25.6 m (84 ft)
Decks14
Installed power
PropulsionTwo shafts
Speed30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)[9]
Range8,000 nmi (15,000 km; 9,200 mi)[10]
Crew196 officers, 1,449 sailors (including air crew)[11]
Sensors and
processing systems
Electronic warfare
& decoys
Armament
Aircraft carried
Aviation facilities12,500 m2 flight deck[21]

INS Vikrant (pronounced [vikraːnt̪ə])[22] is an aircraft carrier in service with Indian Navy. The carrier is India's fourth carrier and the first to be built in India. It was constructed by the Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) in Kochi, Kerala. The name Vikrant is a tribute to India's first aircraft carrier INS Vikrant (1961). Vikrant means "courageous" in Sanskrit.[23] The motto of the ship, "जयेम सम् युधिस्पृधः" (Sanskrit), means "I defeat those who dare to challenge me" (English). It is currently one of two active aircraft carriers in the Indian Navy, the other being the flagship INS Vikramaditya.

Work on the ship's design began in 1999. The keel was laid in 2009. The carrier was floated out of dry dock in December 2011[24] and launched in August 2013.[25] Basin trials were completed in December 2020,[26] and sea trials started in August 2021.[27] Its commissioning ceremony was held on 2 September 2022.[28] Aircraft flight trials will be completed in 2023.[27][29] The total cost of the project is approximately ₹23,000 crore (equivalent to ₹260 billion or US$3.1 billion in 2023) at the time of first sea trials.[1][2]

It is 262 metres (860 ft) in length, with a top speed of 28 knots (52 km/h; 32 mph) and endurance of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi). The ship has 2,300 compartments manned by 1,700 seamen. It has a hospital complex, cabins for female officers, eight kilometres (5.0 mi) of corridors, and eight generators capable of lighting up a city of 2 million people.[30]

Background

[edit]

In 1999, Defence Minister George Fernandes authorised the development and construction of an aircraft carrier, INS Vikrant, under the Project 71 Air Defence Ship (ADS).[31] By that time, given the ageing Sea Harrier fleet, the letter of intent called for a carrier that would carry more modern jet fighters. In 2001, Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) released a graphic illustration showing a 32,000-tonne (31,000-long-ton; 35,000-short-ton) STOBAR (Short Take-Off, Barrier-Arrested Recovery) design with a pronounced ski jump.[citation needed]

The aircraft carrier project received formal government approval in January 2003. By then, design updates called for a 37,500-tonne (36,900-long-ton; 41,300-short-ton) carrier to operate the Mikoyan MiG-29K. India opted for a three-carrier fleet consisting of one carrier battle group stationed on each seaboard, and a third carrier held in reserve, in order to continuously protect both its flanks, to protect economic interests and mercantile traffic, and to provide humanitarian platforms in times of disasters, since a carrier can provide a self-generating supply of fresh water, medical assistance or engineering expertise to populations in need for assistance.[32]

In August 2006, Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Arun Prakash stated that the designation for the vessel had been changed from Air Defence Ship (ADS) to Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC). The euphemistic ADS had been adopted in planning stages to ward off concerns about a naval build-up.[citation needed] Final revisions to the design increased the displacement of the carrier from 37,500 tons to over 45,000 tons. The length of the ship increased from 252 metres (827 ft) to 262 metres (860 ft).[33]

Repeat order

[edit]

Following the formal commissioning of Vikrant, a proposal was made to build another IAC class carrier before INS Vishal. By November 2023, a ₹400 billion worth proposal for a new carrier was on track to be approved by the Defence Acquisition Council — the country's top defence decision-making body headed by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh.[34][35]

The new carrier, which can hold at least 28 fighter jets and helicopters will displace 45,000 tons of water and will be flying the French Rafale jets initially, but will fly HAL TEDBF fighters in 2030s.[36]

As of March 2024, Indian Navy has been submitted the proposal to acquire another Aircraft Carrier to Ministry of Defence. IAC-2 will have an increased indigenous content than INS Vikrant (IAC-1). The major components which will be indigenised includes arresting gear system, restraining gear used to launch aircraft and Precision Approach Radar.[37][38]

Design

[edit]
A schematic diagram of INS Vikrant

INS Vikrant is 262 metres (860 ft) long and 62 metres (203 ft) wide, and displaces about 45,000 tonnes (44,000 long tons; 50,000 short tons).[39] It features a STOBAR configuration.[40] It can carry an air group of up to thirty-six aircraft,[41] including 26 fixed-wing combat aircraft,[42] and a mix of Dhruv MK-III, Sikorsky MH-60R and Kamov Ka-31 helicopters. The Ka-31 will fulfil the airborne early warning (AEW) role, MH-60R will provide anti-surface and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capabilities,[43] and Dhruv will be used mainly for search and rescue operations.[44]

Vikrant is powered by four General Electric LM2500+ gas turbines on two shafts, generating over 80 megawatts (110,000 hp) of power. The gearboxes for the carriers were designed and supplied by Elecon Engineering.[24][45][46]

The ship's combat management system (CMS) was developed by Tata Advanced Systems.[13] It is the first CMS developed by a private company for the Indian Navy and was handed over to the Navy on 28 March 2019.[47][48]

Components

[edit]

[49]

  • Flight deck: The flight deck measures an area of 12,450 square metres (134,000 sq ft). 12 fighter jets, 6 helicopters can be parked on the flight deck to respond immediately to an emergency situation. There is one shorter and another long runway accompanied by a 14° ski-jump for take-off. The flight deck is also equipped with 2 restraining gears for take-off, 3 arresting gears (20 tonne steel cables) for landing. The deck features non-skid paint and Saturn Lighting System for night-time operations.
  • Aircraft hangar: The hangar is situated 5 decks below the flightdeck and has a 20 aircraft-capacity. It is equipped with 2 hydraulic 360° rotatable turntables which is a circular revolving platform to turn an aircraft in any required direction. The carrier has 2 giant elevators of 30 tonnes (30,000 kg) payload capacity. This is opposed to the INS Vikramaditya which has only one elevator in the centre of the flight deck. The centre placement implies that the flight operations are needed to be stopped during elevator operations and vice versa. Vikrant’s elevator configuration negates out this limitation.
  • Damage Control HQ (DCHQ): It is tasked to prevent fire and flood on the vessel. There are over 3,000 fire sensors and 700 flood sensors on the ship. By taking the necessary steps, DCHQ can mitigating fire and flooding. DCHQ is staffed around-the-clock.
  • Operations (Ops) Room: It is responsible for all the decisions for all the operations of not only the ship but also of the Carrier Battle Group accompanying it. The decisions on which gun or aircraft is to be deployed, the formation of the CBG, etc. is planned and executed from the Ops Room. It includes the Combat Management System, weapons controls and sensors, electronic charts, radar controls among other equipments. The Maritime Domain Awareness System also gives an insight on the position of all ships present in the Indian Ocean Region.
  • Ship Control Centre (SCC): This is the command and control centre of the aircraft carrier. Every system onboard the ship is controlled and operated from the SCC.
  • The Bridge of the ship is commanded by the Captain of the ship. Beside the Bridge, the Flight Control Position (FLYCO) is located. This is similar to an air traffic control tower of any airfield. It has a height of 10 metres from the flight deck providing an all-round clear visibility of flight-deck, technical positions as well as the Helo landing spots. FLYCO is equipped with Automatic Weather Observations System (AWOS), a set of sensors which continually monitors various parameters crucial for flying such as temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction.
  • Medical facilities: The ship also houses a 16-bed hospital operated by five medical officers and 25 assistants. There are several wards inside the facility including medical/general ward, Isolation ward, female ward, casualty and ICU. It is capable to handle any kind of emergency onboard the ship itself. A CT scan facility is also present.

Carrier Air Group

[edit]
HAL Dhruv on board Vikrant during sea trials

Vikrant's air group can consist up to 26 Rafale M fighters[50] and up to 4 Kamov Ka-31,[51] or 2 HAL Dhruv NUH[52] or 4 MH-60R[53] helicopters.[2]

TEDBF and MiG-29K

[edit]

Earlier, the Indian Navy considered fielding MiG-29K,[54] and LCA Navy on Vikrant.[55] At the same time, in 2009, the then navy Chief Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma hinted that the Navy was carrying out a concept study for a more capable naval fighter,[55]

In 2016, the Navy announced that the Tejas was overweight for carrier operations, and other alternatives would be looked at.[56][57]

The maiden landing of a MiG-29K on board INS Vikrant (R11)

During the Aero India 2021, the concept of HAL TEDBF was unveiled.[58] The prototype of the TEDBF is to be readied by 2026 and its production is to begin by 2032. Naval Tejas being a technology demonstrator development of niche technology for deck based fighter operations, paving the way for TEDBF. Vikrant's Carrier Air Group's fighter jet component is fulfilled by 12 MiG-29Ks.[59] The Navy could also transfer a squadron of MiG-29K to INS Dega to form the Carrier Air Group of the aircraft carrier until the arrival of Rafale.[60]

MRCBF

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Dassault Rafale § Indian Navy.[edit]

In January 2017, Indian Navy released an Request for Information for its Multi-Role Carrier Borne Fighter (MRCBF) programme to form a fighter wing for INS Vikrant. Dassault CEO Eric Trappier stated that the Indian Navy may order up to 57 Rafales under MRCBF. The numbers were later reduced to 26 jets and was announced to be an interim solution until HAL TEDBF is operational.[61] The competition was between Rafale and the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet. Both the jets participated in the trials from the ski-jumps at the Shore-Based Test Facility (SBTF) at INS Hansa in January and June 2022 respectively.[62][63][64] In December 2020, Boeing Defense, Space & Security, in coordination with the United States Navy, had demonstrated F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's capability to operate from STOBAR carrier.[65][66][67]

As of 2 December 2024, the deal for 26 Rafale is to be positively signed by January 2025 and the negotiations are at one level short of being cleared by the Cabinet Committee on Security. The deal for large quantitates of Meteor missile and anti-ship weaponry is expected to be concluded in 2024 itself. The Navy deal will also include some of the Air Force Rafale requirements like 40 drop tanks.[68][69] The Rafale M squadron will be based at INS Dega, Visakhapatnam and will form the Carrier Air Group of Vikrant.[70]

Carrier Battle Group

[edit]

After commissioning, Vikrant was initially based at INS Kadamba at Karwar. However, the ship's home base will be changed to Visakhapatnam after the development of certain infrastructures in the Eastern Seaboard. This will lead to the operationalisation of a Carrier Battle Group (CBG) under the Eastern Fleet which will include the Delhi-class destroyers, [[Nilgiri-class frigate (2019)|Nilgiri-class frigates]] and [[Kamorta-class corvette|Kamorta-class corvettes]]. As of December 2024, an aircraft carrier berth is under construction in the naval outer area of Visakhapatnam Naval Base.[60][71]

Construction

[edit]
IAC-1 on its maiden sea voyage

Vikrant is the first aircraft carrier to be designed by the Warship Design Bureau (formerly Directorate of Naval Design) of the Indian Navy and the first warship to be built by Cochin Shipyard. Its construction involved participation of a large number of private and public firms.

The Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) created facilities to manufacture the DMR 249 grade steel in India.[24][72] Reportedly, 26,000 tonnes (26,000 long tons; 29,000 short tons) of three types of special steel for the hull, flight deck and floor compartments were manufactured at the Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand), Bhilai Steel Plant (Chhattisgarh) and Rourkela Steel Plant (Odisha). Due to this, Vikrant is the first ship of the Indian Navy to be built completely using domestically produced steel.[73]

The main switch board, steering gear and water tight hatches have been manufactured by Larsen & Toubro in Mumbai and Talegaon; high-capacity air conditioning and refrigeration systems have been manufactured in Kirloskar Group's plants in Pune; most pumps have been supplied by Best and Crompton; Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL) supplied the Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS), which is being installed by Avio, an Italian company; the gear box was supplied by Elecon Engineering; and the electrical cables are being supplied by Nicco Industries.[74] Fincantieri provided consultancy for the propulsion package while Russia's Nevskoye Design Bureau designed the aviation complex.[75]

The keel for Vikrant was laid by Defence Minister A.K. Antony at the Cochin Shipyard on 28 February 2009.[76][77] The ship uses modular construction, with 874 blocks joined for the hull. By the time the keel was laid, 423 blocks weighing over 8,000 tons had been completed.[78] In August 2011, the Defence Ministry reported to the Lok Sabha that 75% of the construction work for the hull of the lead carrier had been completed and the carrier would be first launched in December 2011, following which further works would be completed until commissioning.[79][80] On 29 December 2011, the completed hull of the carrier was first floated out of its dry dock at CSL, with its displacement at over 14,000 tonnes (14,000 long tons; 15,000 short tons).[45] Interior works and fittings on the hull would be carried out until the second half of 2012, when it would again be dry-docked for integration with its propulsion and power generation systems.[10][24] By late 2012, work commenced for the next stage of construction, which included the installation of the integrated propulsion system, the superstructure, the upper decks, the cabling, sensors and weapons.[81]

Launch

[edit]
INS Vikrant during its launch in August 2013

In July 2013, Defence Minister Antony announced that Vikrant would be launched on 12 August at the Cochin Shipyard. The ship was launched by his wife, Elizabeth Antony, on 12 August 2013.[82]

According to Admiral Robin Dhowan, about 83% of the fabrication work and 75% of the construction work had been completed at the time of launching. He said that 90% of the body work of the aircraft carrier had been designed and made in India, about 50% of the propulsion system, and about 30% of its weaponry. He also said that the ship would be equipped with a long range missile system with multi-function radar and a close-in weapon system (CIWS).[83] After the launch, Vikrant would be re-docked for the second phase of construction, in which the ship would be fitted with various weapons and sensors, and the propulsion system, flight deck and the aircraft complex would be integrated.[74]

Undocking and fitting-out

[edit]
INS Vikrant during its undocking in June 2015

Vikrant was undocked on 10 June 2015 after the completion of structural work. Cabling, piping, heat and ventilation works were scheduled to be completed by 2017 with sea trials to begin thereafter.[84] By October 2015, the construction of the hull was close to 98 percent complete, with flight deck construction underway.[85] The installation of machinery, piping and the propeller shafts was in progress by January 2016; it was reported, however, that there were delays in the delivery of equipment from Russia for the carrier's aviation complex.[86] By May 2017, the carrier's fitting-out was 62% complete, with trials of the auxiliary systems scheduled by late 2017.[11]

In February 2020, all major structural and outfitting work was declared complete.[87]

Harbour and sea trials

[edit]
Basin trials of the aircraft carrier

On 31 October 2019, Cochin Shipyard received a ₹30 billion (equivalent to ₹37 billion or US$450 million in 2023) contract for the Phase-III of the project.[88] This contract included funds for the harbour trials, sea trials and support for the ship during its weapons and aviation trials after its delivery.[89] In December 2019, it was reported the engines had been switched on.[90] By September 2020, Vikrant had completed harbour trials while the basin trials started from October 2020 to check propulsion, electric transmission and shafting systems.[91] On 30 November 2020, the basin trials were completed, paving the way for sea trials, the final phase of the IAC-I project.[92][93]

A Westland WS-61 Sea King approaches Vikrant while on sea trials.

In April 2021, it was reported that work had begun to integrate Barak 8 (or LR-SAM) on board Vikrant.[94][95][96] On 15 June 2021, Vikrant was moved to the Ernakulam Wharf in Kochi, Kerala.[97] On 4 August 2021, sea trials finally began.[98] The first phase of the sea trials was successfully completed on 8 August 2021.[99] The second phase of the trials was conducted on 24 October 2021,[100] followed by the third phase from 9–17 January 2022,[101][102][103] both of which were completed successfully.[104] On 10 July, the fourth and final phase of the sea trials was successfully completed. This phase involved integrated trials of most of the equipment and systems aboard Vikrant, including portions of the Aviation Facilities Complex.[105] On 26 May 2023 Indian built Mikoyan MiG-29K successfully landed on its deck during night sea trials lauding praise from defense ministry for Navy's dependence on Atmanirbhar Bharat.[106]

Completion and commissioning

[edit]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi commissioned INS Vikrant on 2 September 2022 in Kochi, Kerala.

INS Vikrant was delivered to the Indian Navy on 28 July 2022.[4] Prime Minister Narendra Modi commissioned INS Vikrant on 2 September 2022 in a grand ceremony at Cochin Shipyard.[28][107] Flight trials of its aircraft complement are expected to be completed by mid-2023, after which the ship will be fully operational.[27]

On 6 February 2023, two arrested landings and subsequent take-offs were carried out by a HAL Tejas Naval prototype followed by a MiG-29K.[108][59] On 22 March 2023, the Vice Chief of Navy Staff, Vice Admiral SN Ghormade, returned the bell originally placed on the previous Vikrant to Commodore Vidhyadhar Harke, the new ship's first commanding officer. In 1997, the bell of the decommissioned namesake ship was placed at the residence of Indian Navy Vice Chief, 5 Motilal Nehru Marg, New Delhi.[109]

Homeport

[edit]

In March 2020, it was revealed that after its commissioning, the Navy wants to lease a 260 m berth at Larsen & Toubro's shipyard in Kattupalli near Chennai between 2022 and 2030 to deploy INS Vikrant. This was an interim solution until the planned naval base INS Varsha at Rambilli near Vishakhapatnam would by ready.[110]

Again, it was reported in 2021 that INS Vikrant's home base will be changed from Karwar to Visakhapatnam after the development of certain infrastructures in the Eastern Seaboard.[60] As of December 2024, an aircraft carrier berth is under construction in the naval outer area of Visakhapatnam Naval Base. Until the construction ends for the permanent base, the carrier will periodically operate in the Eastern Seaboard.[71]

Project delays

[edit]

The construction plan originally called for the carrier to be launched in 2010,[111] sea trials to commence in 2013, and to be commissioned in 2016.[112][113] However, the project experienced some delays such as delay in the delivery of main gearboxes, aviation equipments etc., and cost overrun.[114] The supplier of gearboxes, Elecon, attributed it to technical complexities due to the length of the propulsion shafts.[115]

Part of the blame for the delay in delivery of Vikrant was attributed to the delay in the supply of aviation equipment from Russia. In response to a question in the Rajya Sabha, Sripad Naik, the Minister of State for Defence, stated: "Ship's targeted delivery was affected due to delay in supply of aviation equipment from Russia".[116] Later due to the Covid-19 pandemic, sea trials of the carrier were further postponed to late 2020,[117] but eventually began in August 2021. The carrier was commissioned on 2 September 2022.[118][119][120]

LCA Tejas maiden landing on board INS Vikrant (R11)

Service history

[edit]

In June 2023, Indian Navy showcased the dual carrier operations including INS Vikrant and INS Vikramaditya. The exercise included 35 aircraft including MiG-29K, MH 60R, Kamov Ka 31, Sea King, Chetak and HAL Dhruv. This helped in the integration of the aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy and displayed the maritime prowess of India.[121]

In November 2023, INS Vikrant achieved fully operational status. Following this, the Indian Navy, had two full Carrier Battle Groups (CBG).[122][123]

In mid February 2024, INS Vikrant along with INS Vikramaditya participated in Milan 2024 multinational naval exercise hosted by Indian Navy along with other ships, submarines and aircraft of friendly foreign nations. The concluding ceremony of the sea phase of the exercise was hosted on board INS Vikrant.[124]

In late February and early March 2024, INS Vikrant and INS Vikramaditya were deployed for conducting joint operations on various locations along the Indian coastline with escorts. In the first week of March, while INS Vikramaditya was hosting the first half of the Indian Navy's Biannual Naval Commanders' Conference 2024, both carriers launched MiG-29K fighters simultaneously. In addition, the carriers accommodated and conveyed numerous reporters to report on the commissioning ceremony of INS Jatayu, located on Minicoy Island in the Lakshadweep archipelago on the southwest coast of mainland India.[125]

On 20 August 2024, INS Vikrant officially joined the Western Fleet, when deployed for a multi-domain exercise and twin carrier fighter operations in the Arabian Sea along with the Carrier Battle Group (CBG) led by INS Vikramaditya. The CBG included Kolkata-class destroyers and Talwar-class frigates. This was done after the completion of the guarantee refit and refit trials at Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) where it was fitted with Barak 8 missiles and EL/M-2248 MF-STAR radar. The carrier air wing included 30 aircraft and helicopters along with MiG-29K.[126][127][128]

On 7 November 2024, the President of India Droupadi Murmu embarked on the indigenous carrier off the Goa coast from INS Hansa. The deployment included 15 frontline warships compromising 3 Kalvari class, 2 Shishumar class and 1 Sindhughosh-class submarine. Carrier operations of MiG-29K, missile firing drills, submarine manoeuvres and flypasts by 30 aircraft were also demonstrated.[129][130][131]

On 3 December 2024, it was reported that INS Vikrant is fully operational after achieving Final Operational Clearance (FOC) after various trials in November 2023 and integration with the Western Fleet in August 2024.[123][132]

Commanding officers

[edit]
Name Took command Left command Notes
Captain Vidhyadhar Harke VSM 7 May 2021 31 December 2023 First CO of Vikrant. Current CSO (Ops), Western Naval Command.[133]
Captain Birendra S Bains VSM 31 December 2023 Present Commissioning CO of INS Visakhapatnam (D66).[134][135]
[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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