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== History ==
== History ==
{{Main|Alfred Nobel}}
{{Main|Alfred Nobel}}
{{Audio|sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg|Alfred Bernhard Nobel}}, born on 21 October 1833 in [[Stockholm]] Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the [[inventor]] of [[dynamite]]. He owned [[Bofors]], a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its original business as an iron and steel mill. Nobel held 355 different patents, [[dynamite]] being the most famous. Nobel amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime, thanks mostly to this invention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolforchampions.com/biographies/nobel.htm |title=Biography of Alfred Nobel - Succeed through Studying Biographies |publisher=School for Champions |date=2001-12-08 |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6860 |title=Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896) - Find A Grave Memorial |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> in his [[villa]] in [[Sanremo|San Remo]], Italy where he had lived out the last years of his life.<ref name="sweden1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS15aa_Nobel_Prize-in_Sweden_and_the_world/The_Nobel_Prize_in_Sweden_and_the_world_FS15aa_Low.pdf |title=Si-Facts_FS15b_ENG.bak |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref><ref name="thelocal1">AFP, [http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/ "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"], ''[[The Local]]''(5 October 2009): accessed 14 January 2009.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml |title=History - Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref>
{{Audio|sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg|Alfred Bernhard Nobel}}, born on 21 October 1833 in [[Stockholm]] Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the [[inventor]] of [[dynamite]]. He owned [[Bofors]], a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its original business as an iron and steel mill. Nobel held 355 different patents, [[dynamite]] being the most famous. Nobel amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime, thanks mostly to this invention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schoolforchampions.com/biographies/nobel.htm |title=Biography of Alfred Nobel - Succeed through Studying Biographies |publisher=School for Champions |date=2001-12-08 |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6860 |title=Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896) - Find A Grave Memorial |publisher=Findagrave.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> in his [[villa]] in [[Sanremo|San Remo]], Italy where he had lived out the last years of his life.<ref name="sweden1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS15aa_Nobel_Prize-in_Sweden_and_the_world/The_Nobel_Prize_in_Sweden_and_the_world_FS15aa_Low.pdf |title=Si-Facts_FS15b_ENG.bak |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref><ref name="thelocal1">AFP, [http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/ "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"] {{wayback|url=http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/ |date=20091009000000 }}, ''[[The Local]]''(5 October 2009): accessed 14 January 2009.</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nobel_alfred.shtml |title=History - Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref>


Nobel's will expressed a request, to the surprise of many,<ref name="thelocal1"/> that his money be used for prizes in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[peace]], [[physiology]] or [[medicine]] and [[literature]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9056008 |title=Guide to Nobel Prize |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<ref>http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&size=largest</ref> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31&nbsp;million [[Swedish krona|Swedish ''kronor'']], to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.<ref name=Nobelwill>[http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/index.html "The Will of Alfred Nobel"], ''nobelprize.org''. Retrieved 6 November 2007.</ref> (As of 2008 that equates to 186 million US dollars.)
Nobel's will expressed a request, to the surprise of many,<ref name="thelocal1"/> that his money be used for prizes in [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[peace]], [[physiology]] or [[medicine]] and [[literature]].<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9056008 |title=Guide to Nobel Prize |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-15}}</ref> Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<ref>http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&size=largest</ref> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31&nbsp;million [[Swedish krona|Swedish ''kronor'']], to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.<ref name=Nobelwill>[http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/index.html "The Will of Alfred Nobel"], ''nobelprize.org''. Retrieved 6 November 2007.</ref> (As of 2008 that equates to 186 million US dollars.)

Revision as of 16:14, 21 July 2016

Nobel Foundation
Formation29 June 1900
HeadquartersStockholm, Sweden
The Nobel family
Members
Companies
Prizes
Institutions

The Nobel Foundation (Swedish: Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.[2] The Foundation is based on the last will of Alfred Nobel, the inventor of dynamite.[3]

It also holds Nobel Symposia on important breakthroughs in science and topics of cultural or social significance.

History

Main article: Alfred Nobel

Alfred Bernhard Nobelⓘ, born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm Sweden, was a chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite. He owned Bofors, a major armaments manufacturer, which he had redirected from its original business as an iron and steel mill. Nobel held 355 different patents, dynamite being the most famous. Nobel amassed a sizeable personal fortune during his lifetime, thanks mostly to this invention.[4] In 1896 Nobel died of a stroke[5] in his villa in San Remo, Italy where he had lived out the last years of his life.[6][7][8]

Nobel's will expressed a request, to the surprise of many,[7] that his money be used for prizes in physics, chemistry, peace, physiology or medicine and literature.[8][9] Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.[10] Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million Swedish kronor, to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.[11] (As of 2008 that equates to 186 million US dollars.)

Alfred Nobel's will from November 25, 1895

The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way:

The capital shall be invested by my executors in safe securities and shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind. The said interest shall be divided into five equal parts, which shall be apportioned as follows: one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery or invention within the field of physics; one part to the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement; one part to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine; one part to the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work of an idealistic tendency; and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity among nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses.

The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical works by Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm; and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my expressed wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, so that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be Scandinavian or not.

— Alfred Nobel, Alfred Nobel's Will[7][12]

The executors of his will were Ragnar Sohlman and Rudolf Lilljequist who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organize the prizes.[13] Although Nobel's will established the prizes, his plan was incomplete and, because of various other hurdles, it took five years before the Nobel Foundation could be established and the first prizes could be awarded on 10 December 1901 to, among others, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen.[7][14][15] As of December 31, 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor (approx. $560 million US Dollars).[6][16]

The Nobel Foundation

Portrait of Alfred Nobel by Gösta Florman

The Nobel Foundation was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900 specifically to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.[17] It is based on Nobel's last will and testament.[3] At the time Nobel's will led to much scepticism and criticism and thus it was not until April 26, 1897 that his will was approved by the Storting.[18] Soon thereafter they appointed the members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that was to award the Peace Prize. Shortly after, the other prize-awarding organizations followed; Karolinska Institutet on June 7, the Swedish Academy on June 9 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on June 11.[19][20] The next thing the Nobel Foundation did was to try to agree on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900 the Nobel Foundation's newly created statutes were promulgated by King Oscar II.[7][13]

In 1905 the Union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved which meant the responsibility for awarding Nobel Prizes was split between the two countries. Norway's Nobel Committee became the awarder of the Peace Prize while Sweden became the awarder of the other prizes.[13][18]

In accordance with Nobel's will, the primary task of the Nobel Foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left after him in a fund.[6][13] Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to represent the Nobel Prize to the outside world and to take charge of informal activities and issues related to the awarding of the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Foundation is not involved in any way in the process of selecting the Nobel laureates.[13][21] In many ways the Nobel Foundation is similar to an investment company in that it invests money in various ways to create a solid funding base for the prize and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is exempt from all taxes in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953).[22] Since the 1980s the Foundation's investments began to earn more money than previously. At the beginning of the 1980s the award money was 1 million SEK but in 2008 the award money had increased to 10 million SEK.[18][23]

According to the statutes the Foundation should consist of a Board with its seat in Stockholm. It should consist of five men. The Chairman of the board should be appointed by the King in Council.[24] The other four members should be appointed by the trustees of the prize awarding institutions. The Board's first task was to choose an executive Director from among the Board members. A deputy director should be appointed by the King in Council and two deputies for the other members were appointed by the Trustees. However, since 1995 all the members of the board have been chosen by the Trustees and the Execute Director and the deputy Director appointed by the board itself.[24]

Apart from the Board, the Nobel Foundation is made up by the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly, the Swedish Academy and the Norwegian Nobel Committee), the Trustees of the prize-awarding institutions and Auditors.[18][24]

Nobel Symposia

In 1965, the Foundation initiated the Nobel Symposia, a program that holds symposia "devoted to areas of science where breakthroughs are occurring or deal with other topics of primary cultural or social significance."[25] The symposia has covered topics such as prostaglandins, chemical kinetics, diabetes mellitus, string theory, cosmology, and the Cold War in the 1980s.[26] The Nobel Symposium Committee consists of members from the Nobel Committees in Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine; the Prize Committee for Economics; the Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation; and the Wallenberg Foundation.[25]

Other Nobel prizes announced by the Nobel Family

In 2007, the Nobel Charitable Trust, founded by Michael Nobel, Gustaf Nobel, Peter Nobel, and Philip Nobel, announced their plans to establish a new Nobel prize, the Michael Nobel Energy Award, that will award innovations in alternative energy technology. It will be the first new Nobel prize established by the Nobel family since Alfred Nobel established his prizes. However, it will be awarded by the Nobel Charitable Trust and not by the Nobel Foundation, although both are organisations founded by the Nobel family.[27][28]

The plan was announced at nanoTX 07. The Nobel Foundation quickly reacted by threatening legal action for "clear misuse of the reputation and goodwill of the Nobel Prize and the associations of integrity and eminence that has been created over time and through the efforts of the Nobel Committees".[29] The Director, Michael Sohlman, of the Nobel Foundation and the elected head of the Nobel family disapproved to the institution of the so-called 'Dr. Michael Nobel Award' as well as the Nobel Charitable Trust (NCT) and Nobel Family Benevolent society.[30]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Nobelstiftelsen Verksamhetsberättelse 2013 nobelprize.org Template:Sv
  2. ^ Lemmel, Birgitta (2000-06-29). "The Nobel Foundation: A Century of Growth and Change". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  3. ^ a b "The Nobel Foundation". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-12-19. The Nobel Foundation is a private institution established in 1900 based on the will of Alfred Nobel. The Foundation manages the assets made available through the will for the awarding of the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. It represents the Nobel Institutions externally and administers informational activities and arrangements surrounding the presentation of the Nobel Prize.
  4. ^ "Biography of Alfred Nobel - Succeed through Studying Biographies". School for Champions. 2001-12-08. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  5. ^ "Alfred Nobel (1833 - 1896) - Find A Grave Memorial". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  6. ^ a b c "Si-Facts_FS15b_ENG.bak" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  7. ^ a b c d e AFP, "Alfred Nobel's last will and testament" Archived 2009-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, The Local(5 October 2009): accessed 14 January 2009.
  8. ^ a b "History - Historic Figures: Alfred Nobel (1833-1896)". BBC. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  9. ^ "Guide to Nobel Prize". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  10. ^ http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=xu7j67w616m06488&size=largest
  11. ^ "The Will of Alfred Nobel", nobelprize.org. Retrieved 6 November 2007.
  12. ^ Alfred Nobel|"Alfred Nobel's Will", nobelprize.org, accessed 15 February 2007. (English version).
  13. ^ a b c d e "Nobel Prize" (2007), in Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:

    After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four different institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions.

  14. ^ "All Nobel Laureates". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  15. ^ "First Nobel Prizes: December 10, 1901", This Day in History, The History Channel. Retrieved 30 July 2006.
  16. ^ "Financial Management"nobelprize.org. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
  17. ^ Lemmel, Birgitta (2007-06-29). "The Nobel Foundation: A Century of Growth and Change". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  18. ^ a b c d "The Nobel Foundation - History". Nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on June 12, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  19. ^ "Nobel Prize History —". Infoplease.com. 1999-10-13. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  20. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. "Nobel Foundation (Scandinavian organization) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 2010-01-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ The Nobel prize: a history of genius ... - Google Böcker. Books.google.se. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Foundation - Financial Management". Nobelprize.org. 2008-12-31. Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
  23. ^ [1] Archived 2009-06-25 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ a b c "Statutes of the Foundation". Nobel Prize.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
  25. ^ a b "Nobel Symposia". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
  26. ^ "Complete List of Nobel Symposia from 1965 - present". Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
  27. ^ Nobel, Philip (2007-10-09). "Michael Nobel Energy Award". PRBuzz.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  28. ^ Nobel, Philip (2007-10-09). "Statement from the Nobel Charitable Trust Foundation regarding the Michael Nobel Energy Award". I-Newswire.com. Archived from the original on April 18, 2008. Retrieved 2007-10-18. {{cite news}}: External link in |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  29. ^ nanoPRwire (2007-09-24). "Michael Nobel Relieved of nanoTX'07 Activities After Protest from Nobel Foundation and Family Society". Nano Science and Technology Institute. Retrieved 2007-10-18.
  30. ^ Feder, Barnaby J. (2007-10-18). "The Nobel Prize That Wasn't". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-18.

59°20′15″N 18°04′28″E / 59.3376°N 18.0744°E / 59.3376; 18.0744

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